Traditional Definition Research Articles

People’s action for climate justice: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Increasing recognition of the multi-faceted injustices of climate change has led to growing interest in the actions people can take to advance climate justice (CJ). Yet, within the empirical literature on climate change action by everyday people, limited research has considered climate justice as a framework for action. To explore the current state of the literature on this critical topic, this systematic review examined 74 peer-reviewed articles (2008–2020) focused on CJ action. Within this rapidly-growing literature, we found that – in contrast to traditional definitions of action, which often emphasize individual behavioural shifts with consequences for the environment – people’s involvement in CJ action was largely framed as a collective pursuit with consequences for humanity. Moreover, in this multidisciplinary literature with data collected across 69 countries, CJ action was employed by children, youth, adults, and elders in diverse forms – from activism (e.g. protests) to community-based initiatives (e.g. restoration projects) – aimed at systemic change to prevent future climate-driven harms.

Autopoiesis through agency in virtual reality nonfiction

ABSTRACT Documentary filmmakers are gradually embracing immersive media to create novel Virtual Reality Nonfiction (VRNF) content. Over the past twenty years initial experimentation in this new medium has brought forward numerous linearly structured 360° documentaries that maintain a close link to traditional documentary modes. More recently, we have observed a shift from the relatively passive 360° cinema towards more open-world, non-linear, game-like interactive experiences that challenge traditional definitions of the documentary genre. Volumetric world-building techniques provide nonfiction creators with additional tools that afford ‘viewer-users’ spatial and interactive agency, leading to a heightened autopoietic realisation of the storyworld. VRNF creators have the potential to allow their viewer-users enhanced control over framing, temporal ordering of the plot and spatial unfolding of the diegetic world, thus inviting them to become actual co-creators of a deeply personal and personalized experience. This article addresses how VRNF may go beyond the mere ‘documentation’ of people, places or past events that existed in a pre-filmic reality and provide viewer-users through augmented agency a unique present-tense autopoietic experience that pushes the boundaries of traditional 2D documentary.

Varying Discourse and Use of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Shaanxi Huaxian Shadow Puppets

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) as an administrative category has been used in Chinese official discourse since the early twenty-first century. It tends to standardise in a systemic vision what practices should or should not be included in the updated definition of Chinese tradition. The role played by the central government is of utter importance, drawing on China’s administrative and legal framework. However, local dynamics and reasoning sometimes occur off the beaten track. Shadow puppet troupes are a good example of a long tradition all over China that almost disappeared during the Maoist era, but which was resurrected during the 1980s, and is now listed internationally as a form of ICH. In Hua County (Huaxian), Shaanxi Province, one of the practitioners discussed in this article belongs to a family renowned for its puppets, and he has participated in the revival of shadow puppet performances. The second case examined here is of a troupe performing in the Yongxing Fang tourist area in Xi’an. The leader of the troupe is registered on the list of heritage transmitters at the provincial level. The discourse and practice of these two troupes exemplify different attitudes towards official recognition. Analysing the Huaxian shadow puppets, I will try to find out if ICH is only a new label stuck on an older tradition or if it has a deeper influence on the survival of living traditions.

Concurrent Displacements: Return, Waiting for Asylum, and Internal Displacement in Northern Mexico

This paper explores the ways in which contemporary mobility dynamics in Mexico have changed over the last decade, leading to protracted displacement. It focuses on three populations: (1) the internally displaced due to violence; (2) Mexican nationals returning from the United States, both voluntarily and due to deportation; and (3) populations seeking asylum in Mexico and the United States. These three populations are not usually analyzed together and do not squarely fall under the traditional legal definitions. The paper outlines ways that situations of protracted displacement and insecurity present challenges in four interconnected arenas of life: housing, legal status, employment, and emotional well-being. For governments and local communities, protracted displacement requires immediate humanitarian responses and the development and implementation of public policies focused on integration. The paper concludes with a set of policy recommendations based on its findings.

Abstract P4-01-43: PyrotInib in combination with Capecitabine for trasTUzumab-REsistant, HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (PICTURE): a multicenter phase 2 trial

Abstract Background: Approximately 10% of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer have primary resistance to trastuzumab, leading to poor prognosis. Although several trials enrolled those hard-to-treat patients, there has been no strong evidence available for the clinical decision making. This multicenter phase 2 trial aimed to investigate the activity and safety of pyrotinib plus capecitabine only in those patients with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Methods: Patients from 17 sites in China received pyrotinib 400 mg once a day and capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 twice a day on days 1-14 every 21 days until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Based on the definitions used in prior clinical trials, primary trastuzumab resistance was defined as progression during trastuzumab treatment (Group 1) or within 12 months after completing trastuzumab treatment in the (neo)adjuvant setting (trastzuzumab should have been for ≥9 weeks, Group 2), or progression within 6 months after the initiation of trastuzumab treatment in the advanced setting (treatment should have been for ≥6 weeks, Group 3). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04001621. Results: Between June 2019 and September 2021, a total of 100 patients enrolled; 35 (35.0%) patients had hormone receptor (HR)-positive disease, and 65 (65.0%) had HR-negative disease. Prior use of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and antibody-drug conjugate was reported in 100%, 21.0% and 2.0% of patients, respectively. By the data cutoff on July 10, 2022, the median follow-up duration was 23.4 months (95%CI, 20.5-25.6) with 66 PFS events documented. Median PFS was 11.8 months (95%CI, 8.4-15.1) in the overall population. Patients in Group 2 (n=49) had the longest median PFS of 17.8 months (95%CI, 13.8-not reached), which was significantly different from either 8.2 months (95%CI, 3.0-20.7; p = 0.001) in Group 1 (n=21) or 5.6 months (95%CI, 4.1-6.9; p < 0.001) in Group 3 (n=30). No significant difference in median PFS was observed in subgroup by HR status (HR-positive: 9.7 months [95%CI, 6.4-18.4]; HR-negative: 12.3 months [95%CI, 8.2-17.8]; p = 0.764). Objective response rate was 70.0% (95%CI, 60.0%-78.8%). Overall survival data was immature. The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events included diarrhea (24.0%), palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome (9.0%), neutrophil count decreased (7.0%), hypokalemia (5.0%), and decreased appetite (5.0%). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: Pyrotinib plus capecitabine resulted in a promising PFS that crossed the pre-specified efficacy boundary in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer who met the traditional definition of primary trastuzumab resistance. Patients in Group 2 had a significant longer PFS than those in either Group 1 or Group 3, highlighting the need to re-define primary trastuzumab resistance and to clarify efficacy of new anti-HER2 biologicals for each subpopulation. Citation Format: Xichun Hu, Jun Cao, Yue’e Teng, Hui-Ping Li, Lili Zhang, Quchang Ouyang, Weimin Xie, Yueyin Pan, Zhenchuan Song, Xiaoling Ling, Xiaohong Wu, Jingwei Xu, Li Li, Liping Ren, Hong Wang, Dongxian Zhou, Jing Luo. PyrotInib in combination with Capecitabine for trasTUzumab-REsistant, HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (PICTURE): a multicenter phase 2 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-43.

The Impact of Climate Legislation on Trade-Related Carbon Emissions 1996–2018

We analyse the international impact on carbon emissions from national climate legislation in 111 countries over 1996–2018. We estimate trade-related carbon leakage, or net carbon imports, as the difference between consumption and production emissions. Legislation has had a significant negative and roughly similar impact on both consumption and production emissions. The net impact on trade-related emissions is therefore not statistically significant, neither in the short term (laws passed in the last 3 years) nor the long term (laws older than 3 years). We find a significant negative long-term impact on domestic emissions from laws passed by trade partners. This latter specification corresponds to the traditional definition of carbon leakage. Overall, we conclude that there has been no detrimental effect of climate legislation on international emissions.

New conceptualization and quantification method of first-flush in urban catchments: A modelling study

A major challenge for runoff pollution control lies in the quantification and identification of the first-flush. At present, there is a lack of reasonable theoretical methods to guide engineering practices. To remedy this deficiency, a novel method of cumulative pollutant mass vs. cumulative runoff volume (M(V)) curve simulation is proposed in this study. Subsequently, the first-flush phenomenon was redefined based on the M(V) curve simulation and demonstrate that the first-flush exists until the derivative of the simulated M(V) curve is equal to 1 (Ft′ = 1). Consequently, a mathematical model for first-flush quantification was developed. The Root-Mean-Square-Deviation (RMSD) and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC), as objective functions, were used to evaluate the performance of the model and the Elementary-Effect (EE) method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the parameters. The results indicated the satisfactory accuracy of the M(V) curve simulation and first-flush quantitative mathematical model. The NSE values exceeding 0.8 and 0.938, respectively, were obtained by analyzing 19 rainfall-runoff data for Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. The wash-off coefficient “r” was demonstrably the most sensitive factor influencing the model performance. Therefore, interactions between “r” and the other model parameters should be focused on to highlight the overall sensitivities. Overall, this study posits a novel paradigm shift from the traditional dimensionless definition criterion to redefine and quantify first-flush, which has significant implications for urban water environment management.

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

Social systems according to specific systems theory

The Specific Systems Theory (STS) proposes a system definition that describes them precisely based on six postulates that establish the sufficient and necessary elements for some real entity to be a system. This contradicts and rejects the traditional definition of Bertalanffy (1968), which mentions that a system is a conglomerate of interacting components. Based on the definition of system that is the main foundation of STS, the various types of social systems, which have been scarcely studied, are analyzed in this study. The literature that exists in this regard is abundant in arguments about their behavior, but all the arguments generated have been developed based on various concepts that have no relation to their systemic properties. In this work, social systems are analyzed from the perspective of their systemic characteristics, their systemic nature and their systemic properties. The definition of system that supports STS makes it possible to clearly and easily understand how social systems work and explain their behavior as systems and not simply as societies, which is the inadequate approach that has been used to discuss them until now.

Coal permeability behaviors and non-uniform deformations under various boundary conditions: Part 1 – Experimental observations

Permeability is a key parameter to evaluate the ability of coal reservoir for transmitting coalbed methane (CBM). Deformations of internal components of coal caused by the variations of physical fields control the evolution of coal permeability. And there is obvious non-uniform in the deformations of coal bulk and fracture due to the heterogeneity of coal. However, at present, the evolution of non-uniform deformation and its relationship with coal permeability are unclear. In this study, first of a two-part series, we completed a series of experiments to measure the permeability, axial strain, radial strain, overall strain and fracture strain of a coal sample under different boundary conditions (constant confining pressure, constant effective stress and uniaxial strain) at different injection pressures of carbon dioxide (0.2 MPa, 1.0 MPa, 2.0 MPa, 3.0 MPa, 4.0 MPa and 5.0 MPa). And we defined the comprehensive non-uniform deformation index (CNDI) as the ratio of the fracture strain to the overall strain to quantify the degree of the non-uniform deformation between coal bulk and fracture. The experimental results show that the deformation of the coal sample in the longitudinal joint direction is smaller than that in the transverse joint direction, which indicates that the mechanical properties of the coal sample is anisotropic in different directions. And there are obvious differences between the deformations of coal bulk and fractures. When the gas pressure is in the range of 0.2 ∼ 5.0 MPa, the non-uniform deformations are vaguely related to the change of gas pressure, but closely related to the type of boundary conditions. The influence of gas pressure under displacement-controlled boundary condition (uniaxial strain) on the CNDI is greater than that under stress-controlled boundary conditions (constant confining pressure, constant effective stress). In addition, we also observed the phenomenon by the experimental results of the constant effective stress group: the permeability decreases gradually with the gas pressure even after removing the influence of gas slip effect, which is inconsistent with the traditional theoretical solution under the constant effective stress condition. Based on the fact that coal sample is a heterogeneous body, we tentatively believe that one of the reasons for this inconsistency may be that the traditional definition of effective stress does not include the effect of gas adsorption.

Review: Public in Public History, edited by Joanna Wojdon and Dorota Wiśniewska

Review: <i>Public in Public History</i>, edited by Joanna Wojdon and Dorota Wiśniewska

Research on network cognition model and mechanism of intelligent information network

Intellectualization has been an inevitable trend in the information network, allowing the network to achieve the capabilities of self-learning, self-optimization, and self-evolution in the dynamic environment. Due to the strong adaptability to the environment, the cognitive theory methods from psychology gradually become an excellent approach to construct the intelligent information network (IIN), making the traditional definition of the intelligent information network no longer appropriate. Moreover, the thinking capability of existing IINs is always limited. This paper redefines the intelligent information network and illustrates the required properties of the architecture, core theory, and critical technologies by analyzing the existing intelligent information network. Besides, we innovatively propose a novel network cognition model with the network knowledge to implement the intelligent information network. The proposed model can perceive the overall environment data of the network and extract the knowledge from the data. As the model's core, the knowledge guides the model to generate the optimal decisions adapting to the environmental changes. At last, we present the critical technologies needed to accomplish the proposed network cognition model.

Cardiac resynchronization in heart failure: Recent advances and their practical implications.

Cardiac resynchronisation (CRT) improves survival and reduces heart failure hospitalisations, in symptomatic patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction with wide QRS despite guidelines indicated medical therapy. In patients with mild HF symptoms (New York Heart Association [NYHA], class II) CRT delays or reverses disease progression. Still, CRT is largely underused. The results of CRT Survey II indicates wide adoption of class I indications in European Society of Cardiology guidelines but with important national differences. As an example more patients in Poland had ischemic HF etiology and in NYHA III than in the overall CRT cohort. Similar patterns were seen in other countries suggesting that some patients such as those in NYHA II and with non-ischemic etiology may be especially underserved by CRT. But the Survey results also shows wide use in areas with week scientific evidence such in atrial fibrillation (AF) and when upgrading from ongoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator or right ventricular pacing to CRT. This practise may imply the belief of the physcian than CRT may but also highlights the need of randomised studies to elucidate CRT effects in such patients. Besides, gaps of evidence the review further discusses reasons for obstacles for CRT implementation and the challenges with the traditional responder definition which may deter the clinician from offering CRT therapy. Finally, the importance of sex and body size for electrical selection criteria for CRT are discussed. A person with small body size and/or female sex may may derive CRT benefit at shorter QRS durations than a bigger individual indicating the need ato shift to personalized medicine.

A Study on Characteristic Mode Equations of Radiation Problems Contrasted with Scattering Problems for Dielectric Bodies

This paper is concerned with the extractions of electromagnetic characteristic modes (CMs) for lossless dielectric bodies, for which spurious modes are prone to generate using the traditional definition of CMs based on the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) equations. It is found that the impedance matrix of PMCHWT equations cannot distinguish (i) which domain is the dielectric body and which domain is the background and (ii) from which domain the excitation source was applied. If the system is taken as a scattering problem, the spurious modes are solutions to a reverse media problem, i.e., exchanging the media of the dielectric body and the background space. However, if the system is taken as a radiation problem, no appropriate CMs that meet the specified boundary conditions are obtained. These phenomena indicate that CMs developed from scattering systems are not suitable for radiation systems. To clarify the issue, four cases with reverse media and with excitation sources in either domain are examined. The four cases are distinct in essence, but the PMCHWT equations cannot distinguish them. As a result, definitions of CMs for the four cases should be given along with their specific boundary conditions. Especially, the CMs for the radiation problems we consider here show that the excitation source inside the material object should be properly defined in order to be distinguished from scattering problems.

Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Kaligrafi Arab (Al-Khaṭtu Al-Naskhi) dalam Meningkatkan Mahārah Al-Kitābah pada Siswa Kelas IX di SMP Pesantren Putri Yatama Mandiri Gowa

It is known that students' scores for Arabic subjects are still very far below the KKM based on observations in class IX of the Putri Yatama Mandiri Gowa Islamic Boarding School (SKBM). The percentage of complete learning Arabic subjects required is 75. Overall 21 students excel under the SKBM during the pre-cycle. Since only 55% of class students have completed 85% of the required materials, the traditional definition of comprehensive learning has not been met. From the observation data, it is also known that some learning activities are still dominated by teachers, while students choose to do non-learning activities. Al-Khaṭtu Al-Naskhi, a paradigm for learning Arabic calligraphy, was used in a study to address this problem. This research is a classroom action research with two cycles and three meetings per cycle. Planning, executing, observing, and reflecting on tasks are included in each cycle. A total of 26 students of class IX of SMP Pesantren Putri Yatama Mandiri Gowa participated in the learning. Student learning outcomes are determined by pre-cycle evaluation exams, tests given after cycles I and II, and tests given at the end of each traditional learning cycle. The collected data was then examined subjectively and statistically. Learning outcomes data are studied numerically by using descriptive statistics, such as the average value, percentage, and minimum standard of value that must be achieved by students. As can be observed from the findings of hijaiyyah khaṭ naskhi writing skills, there are improvements in four areas as a consequence of the application of the Arabic calligraphy learning model (al-khaṭtu al-naskhi), which creates a pleasant learning environment and improves student learning outcomes. (1) There was an increase in teacher activity by 7.09 between cycles I and II. (2) The level of student activity in cycles I and II also increased by 7.64. (3) The class average increased by 21.15% from cycle I to cycle II, and (4) the presentation of learning completeness increased by 63.39% from cycle I to cycle II. As a result, the Al-Khaṭtu Al-Arab Naskhi Calligraphy Learning Model was successfully implemented.

Grounding human-object interaction to affordance behavior in multimodal datasets.

While affordance detection and Human-Object interaction (HOI) detection tasks are related, the theoretical foundation of affordances makes it clear that the two are distinct. In particular, researchers in affordances make distinctions between J. J. Gibson's traditional definition of an affordance, "the action possibilities" of the object within the environment, and the definition of a telic affordance, or one defined by conventionalized purpose or use. We augment the HICO-DET dataset with annotations for Gibsonian and telic affordances and a subset of the dataset with annotations for the orientation of the humans and objects involved. We then train an adapted Human-Object Interaction (HOI) model and evaluate a pre-trained viewpoint estimation system on this augmented dataset. Our model, AffordanceUPT, is based on a two-stage adaptation of the Unary-Pairwise Transformer (UPT), which we modularize to make affordance detection independent of object detection. Our approach exhibits generalization to new objects and actions, can effectively make the Gibsonian/telic distinction, and shows that this distinction is correlated with features in the data that are not captured by the HOI annotations of the HICO-DET dataset.

The prognostic value of including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the definition of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects over one third of the US adult population. Despite its close association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the traditional definition of MetS does not account for the presence of NAFLD. The present study thus aims to evaluate the inclusion of NAFLD in the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome on its accuracy of capturing individuals with metabolic dysregulation and its prediction of adverse events. Data collected from NHANES between 1999 and 2018 was analysed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes between individuals with metabolic syndrome from both the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (MetS) and the study's proposed diagnostic criteria (MetS2) were evaluated. Outcomes in both groups were evaluated with multivariate analyses, and further subgroup analysis on individuals matched with Coarsened Exact Matching was performed. Of 46,184 individuals included, 32.54% and 40.54% fulfilled MetS and MetS2 criteria respectively. Considering NAFLD in the definition of metabolic syndrome, a further 8.00% (n=3694) were included. MetS was significantly associated with all-cause (HR: 1.184, 95% CI: 1.110-1.263, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (SHR: 1.288, 95% CI: 1.233-1.347, p < 0.001), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). MetS2 was similarly associated with all-cause (HR: 1.175, 95% CI: 1.088-1.269, p < 0.001), CVD mortality (SHR: 1.283, 95% CI: 1.245-1.323, p < 0.001) and MACE. Inclusion of NAFLD allows for identification a greater proportion of the population with metabolic risk. This allows for early intervention and potential to lift some burden off the global healthcare system.

On systematically insufficient biosecurity actions and policies to manage infectious animal disease

Animal herds can contract infectious disease from outside or within a region. Even if biosecurity efforts reduce the risk of external infection, a herd may remain at risk from intra-region spread. We provide a simple discrete cost over expected benefit decision model of disease management in which an action can eliminate the risk of external infection and may reduce the risk of infection through intra-region spread. For simultaneous moves by herd-owners, the model is solved to show that insufficient protection is provided. Dominant strategy solutions apply when the action protects against extra-regional entry but not against intra-region spread. Mixed strategy solutions may emerge when the action provides partial protection against intra-region spread. In addition to directly reducing social loss, partial protection is shown to increase the private incentive to act. We then discuss animal healthcare action characteristics and what they mean for the appropriateness of public sector intervention. Many actions exhibit non-rivalry to the point of being anti-rivalrous, and so do not fit into the traditional definition of a public good. Many also generate positive externalities. Various policy options are possible, including subsidies and assignment of biosecurity action mandates to a set of herd-owners.

Applicability of the risk ranking methodology designed for water reservoirs to tailings storage facilities

The risks associated with operating water reservoirs and tailings storage facilities (TSFs) are different because of their different purposes, methods of construction and operation, and characteristics of the materials impounded and their flow behaviour. Regardless of the differences, these two types of structures are often put in the same category when it comes to risk assessment and the application of relevant methodologies, which may result in unrealistic outcomes. In this paper we investigate whether it is possible to apply the risk ranking methodology designed for water reservoirs to TDFs and overview the key differences between these two types of structures. We also provide a comparative analysis of the results obtained by conducting a risk assessment of the operation of a TSF, applying the method recommended by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), and analyse the results using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) technique. It is concluded that a more realistic evaluation of risk levels can be obtained by adopting a systematic approach to risk assessment in accordance with the traditional risk definition on which the FMEA technique is based.

Reporter gene assays and chromatin-level assays define substantially non-overlapping sets of enhancer sequences

BackgroundTranscriptional enhancers are essential for gene regulation, but how these regulatory elements are best defined remains a significant unresolved question. Traditional definitions rely on activity-based criteria such as reporter gene assays, while more recently, biochemical assays based on chromatin-level phenomena such as chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and localized RNA transcription have gained prominence.ResultsWe examine here whether these two types of definitions, activity-based and chromatin-based, effectively identify the same sets of sequences. We find that, concerningly, the overlap between the two groups is strikingly limited. Few of the data sets we compared displayed statistically significant overlap, and even for those, the degree of overlap was typically small (below 40% of sequences). Moreover, a substantial batch effect was observed in which experiment set rather than experimental method was a primary driver of whether or not chromatin-defined enhancers showed a strong overlap with reporter gene-defined enhancers.ConclusionsOur results raise important questions as to the appropriateness of both old and new enhancer definitions, and suggest that new approaches are required to reconcile the poor agreement among existing methods for defining enhancers.