Traditional Definition Research Articles

Taxonomy of Anthologies According to the Criteria of Delimitation

Anthologies have usually been approached in relation to the canon and have usually been criticised for their inclusions and omissions. Yet anthology criticism ought to firstly acknowledge that the selection process stems from a concrete understanding of literature, tradition and its categories–period, genre, theme. These categories applied to the field of anthology-making are referred to as the criteria of delimitation, which condition which texts are apt to be anthologised. For this reason, Menand’s definition of tradition and its categories is set forth alongside Hopkins’s classification of anthologies in order to preserve the latter’s precise divisions–comprehensive, period, and trade anthologies–, to revise its terminology–genre anthology instead of generic anthology–, to demarcate the categories of the criteria of delimitation–critical anthologies are left out because they belong to the realm of the selection process–, and to propose a new class–the denomination of group anthologies for those collections which focus on the representativity of social groups. Thus, the criteria of delimitation, derived from the categories of tradition, offer a possible taxonomy of anthologies: comprehensive, period, genre, trade and group anthologies.

Castillo Decorated Ceramics as Boundary Objects: A Technological Reappraisal of the North Coast Tradition from Peru During the Early Intermediate Period

ABSTRACT On Peru’s northern coast, the frequent findings of Castillo Decorated ceramics in Virú (200–600/700 BCE) and Moche (100–800 CE) archaeological contexts have led to definition of a northern coastal tradition. Presumably, these ceramics were produced by a community of potters who possessed and transmitted their own technical traditions for nearly eight centuries, independent of the elites. A recent study of Virú and Moche shaping techniques reveals that Castillo Decorated ceramics were mainly produced by hammering, a typical Virú percussion technique. However, one exception is found at the Uhle Platform at Moche, where some of these ceramics were manufactured by coiling, a Moche technique. To reconsider the North Coast tradition, in particular the spatial and chronological distribution of Castillo Decorated ceramics, I apply the boundary object concept to understand the use of two distinct and contemporary shaping techniques for production of the same vessel form.

Теоретико-методологические основания педагогического понятия «традиция православной культуры»

In the present article, the author attempts to identify and substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the pedagogical concept of the tradition of Orthodox culture. The article substantiates the relevance of the stated topic by the close attention of the Russian Orthodox Church and the policy pursued by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin.The works of domestic and foreign scientists who paid close attention to the study of the phenomenon of "tradition" and defined the concept of "tradition" are analyzed. In the article, these concepts are considered in relation to educational practice, namely the process of designing classes on spiritual and moral education. The expected results of such classes are indicated. The definitions of tradition given in the article are summarized. On this basis, the pedagogical concept of "traditions of Orthodox culture" is formulated.The article considers the traditions of Orthodox culture as a cultural and historical way of life of a certain group of people and the people as a whole, which preserves, transmits and reproduces in rituals and rituals, habits and skills, goal-setting and experience: moral categories of good and evil, spiritual and material values, examples and guidelines for moral choice and value self-determination; defines the ideal of personality and the means to achieve it, the foundations of unity and the rules of interpersonal relations, behavioral stereotypes and human ideas about the world, human life, people; reflected in scientific and creative human activity.The stages of entry into the tradition by a student are indicated from the lowest – the recognition of values, to the highest, at which the student builds a life strategy of his life path. The main conclusion of the article was the position that the theoretical and methodological foundations of the pedagogical concept of "traditions of Orthodox culture" are rooted in the "spiritual practice" of Orthodoxy - the experience of knowledge of God and, as a result, knowledge of the world and self–knowledge.

Morpho Evo-Devo of the Gynoecium: Heterotopy, Redefinition of the Carpel, and a Topographic Approach.

Since the 19th century, we have had countless debates, sometimes acrimonious, about the nature of the gynoecium. A pivotal question has been whether all angiosperms possess carpels or if some or all angiosperms are acarpellate. We can resolve these debates if we do not define the carpel as a closed megasporophyll but simply as an appendage that encloses the placenta or a single ovule. This redefinition may, however, lead to confusion because often it may not be clear whether the traditional (classical) definition of the carpel or the redefinition is implied. Therefore, a topographic approach is proposed that is compatible with the redefinition. According to this approach, gynoecia comprise one or more gynoecial appendages and placentas or single ovules that may be formed in different positions. Heterotopy refers to these different positions. In the context of evo-devo, which explores evolutionary changes in development, morpho evo-devo delves into spatial shifts of the placentas and ovules leading to heterotopy. Furthermore, it considers shifts in timing (heterochrony) and other processes leading to heteromorphy. Recognizing spatial shifting of the placentas or a single ovule and other evolutionary processes opens up new vistas in the search for the ancestor(s) of angiosperms and their gynoecia.

Revisiting the degree of quick-return of the linkage considering programmable input for contemporary mechanical systems

Starting from the programmable motion performance of modern actuation technology, this study elucidates that the degree of quick-return in a mechanical system is no longer entirely dependent on mechanism design. A theoretical framework is proposed for analyzing and synthesizing the degree of quick-return in contemporary mechanical systems based on time efficiency. This study adopts a functional perspective, first extending the traditional definition describing the degree of quick-return mechanism to encompass broader mechanical systems. Subsequently, we present a general formula for calculating the time-ratio and travel velocity-ratio coefficients under contemporary technological conditions, supported by a detailed mathematical derivation. Finally, a corresponding procedure is established for analyzing and synthesizing the degree of quick-return in a mechanical system, fostering improved collaboration between managers and designers. Case studies demonstrate that designers can achieve the desired degree of quick-return in mechanical systems and robots by leveraging time efficiency. The theoretical framework introduced in this paper is versatile and can benefit various industries, notably the field of robotics. This broadens the applicability of the degree of quick-return concept, marking a significant advancement in enhancing the time efficiency of mechanical systems.

WT1-related disorders: more than Denys-Drash syndrome.

Historically, specific mutations in WT1 gene have been associated with distinct syndromes based on phenotypic characteristics, including Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS), Frasier syndrome (FS), Meacham syndrome, and WAGR syndrome. DDS is classically defined by the triad of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) onset in the first year of life, disorders of sex development (DSD), and a predisposition to Wilms tumor (WT). Currently, a paradigm shift acknowledges a diverse spectrum of presentations beyond traditional syndromic definitions. Consequently, the concept of WT1-related disorders becomes more precise. A genotype-phenotype correlation has been established, emphasizing that the location and type of WT1 mutations significantly influence the clinical presentation, the condition severity, and the chronology of patient manifestations. Individuals presenting with persistent proteinuria, with or without nephrotic syndrome, and varying degrees of kidney dysfunction accompanied by genital malformations should prompt suspicion of WT1 mutations. Recent genetic advances enable a more accurate estimation of malignancy risk in these patients, facilitating a conservative nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) approach in select cases, with a focus on preserving residual kidney function and delaying nephrectomies. Other key management strategies include kidney transplantation and addressing DSD and gonadoblastoma. In summary, recent genetic insights underscore the imperative to implement individualized, integrated, and multidisciplinary management strategies for WT1-related disorders. This approach is pivotal in optimizing patient outcomes and addressing the complexities associated with these diverse clinical manifestations.

Managing Product Variety to Increase Sales in Used Automotive Closed-Loop Supply Chains

The relationship between product variety and sales has been extensively researched, but almost exclusively from the perspective of a new goods retail firm. Closed-loop supply chains for used goods, such as automobiles, offer unique challenges in terms of using reverse flows to create product variety at the retail location. Firms in used goods industries are unable to define their product mix a priori and may not even know which goods will be available to add to their sellable inventory. In this article, we use data from a used automobile retailer to explore these issues. A better understanding of the relationship between variety and sales can help used automobile retailers improve how they define and structure product variety at retail locations. Improved management of used automobile sales has obvious financial implications, but it also has important environmental implications, given the large contribution of passenger vehicles to overall emissions. This study implements a cluster analysis using consumer-facing variables to understand how customers view product variety for used automobiles. Our results show that three distinct classes of inventory exist, primarily driven by a key characteristic—body type—which differs from the traditional definition of product variety for new vehicles in the existing literature. A two-way fixed effects regression is then used to understand the relationship between product variety at the firm's retail locations and sales. The results demonstrate a nonlinear relationship between product variety and sales and, intriguingly, suggest that increasing product variety in some classes can be used to drive sales in others. Our findings yield important contributions for managers in used automobile firms and extend the broader literature on closed-loop supply chains. Specifically, our research demonstrates important differences in how product variety should be managed with used goods relative to new goods by a firm seeking to maximize sales.

Review of the Role of Bees as Ecosystem Engineers in Nature

Bees are a highly important group, providing a multitude of services to ecosystems, most notably through pollination. While much of the research on bees has traditionally focused on their role in pollinating a variety of wild and cultivated crops, this review paper expands the discourse by examining their functions as ecosystem engineers. Traditional definitions of ecosystem engineers exclude pollinators due to their nonphysical modifications of habitats for other species. However, contemporary studies challenge this perspective, recognizing pollinators as integral ecosystem engineers who offer a range of direct and indirect ecological services. For instance, bees’ pollination activities lead to the formation of dry fruits that subsequently serve as shelters for various organisms. In addition, ground-nesting bees modify soil composition through mechanisms such as aeration and bioturbation. This review aims to elucidate the transformative impact bees have as ecosystem engineers, thereby enhancing our understanding of their ecological importance.

Data quality assurance in research data repositories: a theory-guided exploration and model

PurposeThis study addresses the need for a theory-guided, rich, descriptive account of research data repositories' (RDRs) understanding of data quality and the structures of their data quality assurance (DQA) activities. Its findings can help develop operational DQA models and best practice guides and identify opportunities for innovation in the DQA activities.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyzed 122 data repositories' applications for the Core Trustworthy Data Repositories, interview transcripts of 32 curators and repository managers and data curation-related webpages of their repository websites. The combined dataset represented 146 unique RDRs. The study was guided by a theoretical framework comprising activity theory and an information quality evaluation framework.FindingsThe study provided a theory-based examination of the DQA practices of RDRs summarized as a conceptual model. The authors identified three DQA activities: evaluation, intervention and communication and their structures, including activity motivations, roles played and mediating tools and rules and standards. When defining data quality, study participants went beyond the traditional definition of data quality and referenced seven facets of ethical and effective information systems in addition to data quality. Furthermore, the participants and RDRs referenced 13 dimensions in their DQA models. The study revealed that DQA activities were prioritized by data value, level of quality, available expertise, cost and funding incentives.Practical implicationsThe study's findings can inform the design and construction of digital research data curation infrastructure components on university campuses that aim to provide access not just to big data but trustworthy data. Communities of practice focused on repositories and archives could consider adding FAIR operationalizations, extensions and metrics focused on data quality. The availability of such metrics and associated measurements can help reusers determine whether they can trust and reuse a particular dataset. The findings of this study can help to develop such data quality assessment metrics and intervention strategies in a sound and systematic way.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first data quality theory guided examination of DQA practices in RDRs.

A novel edge connectivity based on edge partition for hypercube and folded hypercube

Edge connectivity is often used to capture edge fault tolerance. As for most common networks, their edge connectivity is exactly equal to their minimum degree. Edge matroidal connectivity and conditional edge matroidal connectivity are two new graph edge connectivity parameters that can be defined when a partition of the edge set is given, for example when the network is built with different kinds of edges having different expected faultiness. And those two edge connectivity parameters can measure edge fault tolerance more than the traditional definition. The edge matroidal connectivity is based on the associated edge partition and the other is a generalization called conditional edge matroidal connectivity. We analyze these new parameters on hypercubes and folded hypercubes which are well studied networks. In this study, we consider their standard dimensional partition of the edges. This study leads to more structural insights about edge connectivity and yields many interesting questions.

Redefining the North Atlantic Oscillation index generation using autoencoder neural network

Understanding the spatial patterns of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is vital for climate science. For this reason, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is commonly applied to sea-level pressure (SLP) anomaly data in the North Atlantic region. This study evaluated the traditional EOF-based definition of the NAO index against the autoencoder (AE) neural network-based definition, using the Hurrell NAO Index (Station-Based) as a reference. Specifically, EOF and AE were applied to monthly SLP anomaly data from ERA5 (1950–2022) to derive spatial modes of variability in the North Atlantic region. Both methods produced spatial patterns consistent with the traditional NAO definition, with dipole centers of action between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High. During boreal winter (December to March), when the NAO is most active, the AE-based method achieved a correlation of 0.96 with the reference NAO index, outperforming the EOF-based method’s correlation of 0.90. The all-season Adjusted R-squared values were 50% for the AE-based index and 34% for the EOF-based index. Notably, the AE-based index revealed several other non-linear patterns of the NAO, with more than one encoded pattern correlating at least 0.90 with the reference NAO index during boreal winter. These results not only demonstrate the AE’s superiority over traditional EOF in representing the station-based index but also uncover previously unexplored complexities in the NAO that are close to the reference temporal pattern. This suggests that AE offers a promising approach for defining climate modes of variability, potentially capturing intricacies that traditional linear methods like EOF might miss.

Defining contemporary roles of the pharmacy educator: The essential first step in developing equitable faculty teaching workload

IntroductionFaculty workload policy has gained increased attention recently given the growing amount of faculty burnout leading to decreased productivity, worsened faculty morale, and impaired retention. Faculty are one of the most valuable resources of an academic institution; thus, it is essential that a clear picture of the “jobs to be done” are defined and valued. PerspectiveThe approach of a task force charged with developing a teaching workload policy is described. Through this work, it was recognized that essential roles of the contemporary pharmacy educator have not been defined, resulting in workload policies that might only value and recognize “traditional” educator roles. This led the task force to evaluate the forces driving change in education and to identify the roles of faculty as educators. The stepwise approach used to define nine essential roles of contemporary pharmacy educators is described. ImplicationsRoles of the educator have become more complex, and traditional definitions of these roles do not recognize and value the multifaceted nature of the job to be done. Consideration of contemporary definitions of educator roles is a critical first step for developing workload policies. The new definition of educator roles will allow the academic institution to have more clarity around total teaching effort and recognize the value faculty provide the institution. We believe this is the essential first step for the Academy when developing teaching workload policies that are fair and equitable, while also understanding the overall faculty needs for executing their educational enterprise.

Exploring the memory: existing activity-dependent tools to tag and manipulate engram cells.

The theory of engrams, proposed several years ago, is highly crucial to understanding the progress of memory. Although it significantly contributes to identifying new treatments for cognitive disorders, it is limited by a lack of technology. Several scientists have attempted to validate this theory but failed. With the increasing availability of activity-dependent tools, several researchers have found traces of engram cells. Activity-dependent tools are based on the mechanisms underlying neuronal activity and use a combination of emerging molecular biological and genetic technology. Scientists have used these tools to tag and manipulate engram neurons and identified numerous internal connections between engram neurons and memory. In this review, we provide the background, principles, and selected examples of applications of existing activity-dependent tools. Using a combination of traditional definitions and concepts of engram cells, we discuss the applications and limitations of these tools and propose certain developmental directions to further explore the functions of engram cells.

A Spectral/hp-Based Stabilized Solver with Emphasis on the Euler Equations

The solution of compressible flow equations is of interest with many aerospace engineering applications. Past literature has focused primarily on the solution of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problems with low-order finite element and finite volume methods. High-order methods are more the norm nowadays, in both a finite element and a finite volume setting. In this paper, inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas is solved with high-order spectral/hp stabilized formulations using uniform high-order spectral element methods. The Euler equations are solved with high-order spectral element methods. Traditional definitions of stabilization parameters used in conjunction with traditional low-order bilinear Lagrange-based polynomials provide diffused results when applied to the high-order context. Thus, a revision of the definitions of the stabilization parameters was needed in a high-order spectral/hp framework. We introduce revised stabilization parameters, τsupg, with low-order finite element solutions. We also reexamine two standard definitions of the shock-capturing parameter, δ: the first is described with entropy variables, and the other is the YZβ parameter. We focus on applications with the above introduced stabilization parameters and analyze an array of problems in the high-speed flow regime. We demonstrate spectral convergence for the Kovasznay flow problem in both L1 and L2 norms. We numerically validate the revised definitions of the stabilization parameter with Sod’s shock and the oblique shock problems and compare the solutions with the exact solutions available in the literature. The high-order formulation is further extended to solve shock reflection and two-dimensional explosion problems. Following, we solve flow past a two-dimensional step at a Mach number of 3.0 and numerically validate the shock standoff distance with results obtained from NASA Overflow 2.2 code. Compressible flow computations with high-order spectral methods are found to perform satisfactorily for this supersonic inflow problem configuration. We extend the formulation to solve the implosion problem. Furthermore, we test the stabilization parameters on a complex flow configuration of AS-202 capsule analyzing the flight envelope. The proposed stabilization parameters have shown robustness, providing excellent results for both simple and complex geometries.

Centrality-Based Equal Risk Contribution Portfolio

This article combines the traditional definition of portfolio risk with minimum-spanning-tree-based “interconnectedness risk” to improve equal risk contribution portfolio performance. We use betweenness centrality to measure an asset’s importance in a market graph (network). After filtering the complete correlation network to a minimum spanning tree, we calculate the centrality score and convert it to a centrality heuristic. We develop an adjusted variance–covariance matrix using the centrality heuristic to bias the model to assign peripheral assets in the minimum spanning tree higher weights. We test this methodology using the constituents of the S&P 100 index. The results show that the centrality equal risk portfolio can improve upon the base equal risk portfolio returns, with a similar level of risk. We observe that during bear markets, the centrality-based portfolio can surpass the base equal risk portfolio risk.

In search of tradition: A comparative analysis of wine production in Calabria (Italy) and British Columbia (Canada)

The relationship between tradition and the taste of terroir products is often set aside in the literature. In different contexts, tradition can serve different purposes, often identity-related, and be analysed as such. In the case of wine and terroir products, tradition also serves commercial purposes and therefore raises issues link to competition and inequality between producing regions. Based on two anthropological field studies on the wine industry, one in Cirò Marina, Calabria, Italy, and the other in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada, this paper proposes a materialist definition of tradition. Tradition can be defined as the opportunities and constraints of the past that explain the organisation of a given production in a particular place. This definition makes it possible to compare discourses on tradition with the historical reality that underlies them, in order to understand the elements that are favoured and those that are abandoned.

Not a slow burn: the urgent need for a protection mechanism for environmentally displaced persons – The Philippines

This article considers whether we should continue to try to force the experiences of environmentally displaced persons to fit the traditional definition of ‘refugees’; or whether we should instead recognize that certain inherent differences necessitate treating persons displaced by climate as a separate category of persons of concern. An argument is made in favour of the latter, which highlights the urgent need for the development and implementation of a specific protection mechanism to address climate displacement, given the lack of accommodation under the existing international legal framework on refugee protection. Also highlighted is the role of domestic legislation in the protection of environmentally displaced persons with a particular focus on the Philippines. The Philippines is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, with the displacement of numerous people every year due to the onslaught of typhoons and other disasters. In conclusion, recommendations are made for interim measures and future legislation to address climate displacement.

The Nature of War

The traditional definition of war given by classical authors is, that war is a violent conflict between sovereigns. This means that war cannot be outlawed by any higher authority, since the sovereign is the uppermost authority upon the lives of the persons that are subject to them. Only the sovereign has the right and the power to forbid the violent resolution of conflicts among their subjects, and as sovereign they are not subject to any higher worldly power, but only to the power of God. The obligations to God are for the most classical authors not of legal nature but constitute the realm of morality. Thus, the main question for the classical authors on war theory is the clarification of the moral conditions that justify a sovereign to wage war against another sovereign, the so-called theory of just war. Since the classical authors subordinate the concept of war under the concept of justice, the theory of just war includes reflections about the proper means of conducting a war from the point of view of justice. In other words, the theory of just war also formulates criteria for such acts that are considered as war crimes. In this essay I will not challenge the theory of just war itself, but the traditional definition of war in terms of exertion of legitimate violence. My alternative definition will be given in the third section of the essay, and relies on the Platonic concept of peace, and on the Aristotelian concepts of privation and analogy. I think that violence is not a constitutive characteristic of war, but the conceptual, i.e., logical consequence of its definition. In other words, the state of war can be declared and persist without any acts of violence. The use of violence is justified by the manifestation of the state of war.

Consuming our Pasts

Taking inspiration from post-humanist theory, I frame my work about human life, both past and present, in a way that attempts to avoid the traditional concretized definitions of humanity and culture that envision these subjects as separate from nature or the environment. Archaeologists may benefit from perspectives that envision humanity as only part of a much bigger and richer montage that makes up the world, life, and our interconnected being. This perspective allows us to explore the past in compelling ways. While food-focused archaeologists have long argued that food is much more than sustenance or calories, if we go a step further and envision nature from a perspective that assumes dimensions of a live essence and an active intricate existence, rather than something to be mastered or dominated, our understanding and appreciation of these complex relationships may deepen. The concepts that provide a foundation for my efforts to flesh out these connections are ‘human-nonhuman relationships’ and terroir. Using this framework, and multiple lines of evidence drawn from nearly two decades of field research on the Fiji Islands, I am working to grasp the subtle manner in which human identities, experiences, foodways, and nature connect and co-mingle in the present and the past.

‘To assume another name’: Race, gender, family and name changing in New York City, 1887–2012

AbstractThe name‐change petitions housed in the New York City Civil Court allow us to see the ways that Jewish families, cisgender women and transgender people throughout the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries used state mechanisms to challenge institutionalised antisemitism and traditional definitions of family and gender. At the same time, however, the petitions also indicate the oppressive elements of the state, as these groups increasingly felt it necessary to undertake the emotional and physical labour entailed in official name changing to establish the personal identity and familial authority that cisgender men are granted automatically in US legal tradition.