Definition Of Resilience Research Articles

Permutation Entropy: An Ordinal Pattern-Based Resilience Indicator for Industrial Equipment

In a highly dynamic and complex environment where risks and uncertainties are inevitable, the ability of a system to quickly recover from disturbances and maintain optimal performance is crucial for ensuring operational continuity and efficiency. In this context, resilience has become an increasingly important topic in the field of engineering and the management of productive systems. However, there is no single quantitative indicator of resilience that allows for the measurement of this characteristic in a productive system. This study proposes the use of permutation entropy of ordinal patterns in time series as an indicator of resilience in industrial equipment and systems. Based on the definition of resilience, the developed method enables precise and efficient assessment of a system’s ability to withstand and recover from disturbances. The methodology includes the identification of ordinal patterns and their analysis through the calculation of a permutation entropy indicator to characterize the dynamics of industrial systems. Case studies are presented and the results are compared with other resilience models existing in the literature, aiming to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results are promising and highlight a highly applicable and simple indicator for resilience in industrial systems.

Fish resilience as an ethical issue.

Fish resilience can be understood as the capacity of fish to successfully respond to a challenge so that they are able to function and flourish in much the same way as they did prior to the occurrence of the challenge. Resilience is a function not only of individual fish, but also of a whole fish population. Enhancing the resilience of fish requires both adapting the robustness of the animals and adapting the (production) environment to the specific needs of the fish. Rather than a mere biological capacity of fish, resilience also comes with ethical questions. These questions occur at four levels. First, in practice resilience often comes with a "rhetoric" of optimalization. The view that aquaculture that strives for resilient fish is good for both fish welfare and production is inherently normative. It assumes a 'win-win situation', but thereby makes certain normative assumptions. Second, especially when the win-win situation is not achievable, resilience means making trade-offs between preferred responses to challenges from the perspective of individual animals and groups or between individual housing and larger aquaculture systems. Third, the discussions on resilience and fish demonstrate the need to move beyond an animal welfare framework when discussing the treatment of fish in aquaculture. Recently, animal ethics has seen a turn towards centering animals' own agency. This means that we should not only focus on improving animal welfare, but also on asking what the animals themselves want and how they can be given more control over their situation. This may also impact the definition of resilience and how it is made operational. Finally, the use of the concept of resilience may reveal a certain moral outlook with regard to fish. On the one hand, resilience is portrayed as a positive characteristic of animals that enables improvement of the quality of life of fish. At the same time, it raises the question of how far we should stretch the "manufacturability" of fish. When we physically adapt animals so that they can cope with difficult circumstances we may be stretching moral boundaries. For example, this raises the objection that we are instrumentalizing animals. In this article, we reflect on these types of ethical issues and aim to show that the ethical dimensions of resilience need to be taken into account by professionals in aquaculture in order to make resilience operational and to contribute to a responsible interaction with fish in aquaculture.

Резильєнтність в атомній енергетиці: визначення та концептуалізація поняття

The paper presents an analysis of the concept of resilience within the framework of critical infrastructure, specifically focusing on nuclear energy. It offers a definition of resilience tailored to the nuclear sector, emphasizing the critical role in ensuring nuclear and radia-tion safety at nuclear power plants. The study draws a parallel between the resilience con-cept and the defense-in-depth strategy widely adopted in nuclear power plants, highlight-ing the importance of resilience in addressing high-impact, low-probability events. The research identifies key directions for advancing the understanding and application of resilience in nuclear energy, including the development of assessment methodologies that align with nuclear safety standards. The article underscores the potential benefits of integrating resi¬lience into existing safety paradigms, proposing that such integration could enhance the ability of nuclear power plants to anticipate, withstand, and recover from ex-treme disruptions (initia¬ting events), thereby contributing to the overall sustainability of nuclear energy systems.

What is a State-of-the-Art Definition of Supply Chain Resilience in 2024 – With a Systematic Literature Review

In light of escalating disruptions to global supply chains catalysed by events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war, the imperative of enhancing supply chain resilience (SCR) has become increasingly pronounced. The existence of varying definitions of SCR complicates efforts to quantitatively measure and assess resilience. To elucidate the essence of supply chain resilience, we conducted a meticulous systematic literature review (SLR) aimed at crystallizing a scientifically rigorous definition of SCR. Our SLR methodology involved comprehensive preparation and judicious paper selection, followed by a thorough analysis of supply chain resilience definitions. This analysis was conducted via the dimensions of three typical characteristics—preparedness, reaction, and recovery—and four foundational pillars—focus event, performance level, speed, and adaptive response. As a result, a robust definition of SCR is proposed, synthesizing insights from the three typical characteristics theory and the four pillars theory, supplemented with meaningful additions. The research contributes to developing frameworks for supply chain resilience measurement.

Resilience in Black Women: Lifeline or Double-Edged Sword?

Black women face many health disparities, many of which are tied to the stress of being a marginalized group member. Resilience, defined as the ability to bounce back from adversity and continue with life, has been introduced as a method to buffer the stress that Black women experience and improve their outcomes. However, there is not a universally agreed-upon definition of resilience in the literature. Thus, it is unclear how resilience works broadly, particularly for Black women. It is important to explore whether resilience is as positive as many scholars have perceived it to be. The current review analyzes 28 empirical articles that looked at stress, resilience, and health outcomes in Black women. The review revealed that there are many inconsistencies in how both stress and resilience are measured. Further, the positive effects of resilience seem to be largely context-dependent and vary depending on the demographic and health outcomes explored.

Translating resilience research to political practice – The case of the German Resilience Strategy

There is a gap between research in disaster resilience and the implementation of resilience via political strategies. This paper uses three frameworks from resilience research to analyse the 2022 German Resilience Strategy as a case study. It answers two questions: Does the German Resilience Strategy reflect resilience understandings from research and what are its strengths and shortcomings? Are such resilience frameworks useful for analysing political documents and what are their strengths and shortcomings? The resilience frameworks are Bruneau et al.’s 4Rs of resilience, Hollnagel's four cornerstones of resilience, and Thoma et al.’s resilience cycle. The paper uses qualitative content analysis to interpret the 345 recommendations for measures of the Strategy. The results show that the Strategy lives up to a holistic definition of resilience. It implicitly also embraces a complexity-informed understanding of resilience, but risks losing sight on adaptive capacity due to its broadness. The Strategy focuses on natural hazards, although it officially follows the all-hazard approach. There is a lack of recommendations on individual and societal disaster recovery. The three resilience frameworks are applicable for analysing political strategies. The 4Rs of resilience framework has a blind spot with respect to unknown disruptions. The four cornerstones of resilience framework bases on an innovative resilience conception and could be useful for disaster studies if it was more thoroughly translated to the latter's specifics. The resilience cycle framework is limited due to its cyclical approach, and it entails prevention, which is not part of resilience.

Dimensions of hospital resilience emphasized during the COVID-19 pandemic response: A systematic review.

Hospitals must maintain their effective operations during and after disasters. Due to the current increase in disasters, hospital resilience has drawn scholarly attention. This study aimed to review studies on the changes in the definition of hospital resilience after COVID-19, build a conceptual framework for careful measurement, and identify the main dimensions of hospital resilience emphasized during the COVID-19 pandemic. The initial phase of this study was a systematic review of articles published before the COVID-19 pandemic to extract the hospital resilience-related dimensions for the second phase. The second phase involved text-mining articles published both before and after the emergence of COVID-19. In the systematic review phase, 12 databases were searched from 2006 to January 2020, including Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, the Cochrane Library, Emerald, Springer, Science Direct/ELSEVIER, Google Scholar, and SID (for Persian language papers). Then, after COVID-19, articles published in these databases between January 2020 and May 2022 were evaluated using text mining. During the systematic phase, 17 out of 1530 papers published before COVID-19 were synthesized to collect components of hospital disaster resilience. These identified components were the inputs for the text-mining phase. The text mining on pre-COVID papers resulted in six clusters, with the highest weight (0.65) belonging to general resilience and disaster preparedness, while in the post-COVID text mining phase, including 70 papers, 8 clusters have been identified, with the highest weight cluster (0.78) focusing on the mental and psychological aspects of resilience among healthcare workers. Following the COVID pandemic, scholarly attention has shifted to the more personal dimensions of hospital resilience, including psychological resiliency. It seems necessary for policymakers to focus more on the individual and psychological resilience of hospital staff.

A quantitative research on climate resilience in coastal airports from the perspective of adaptation

Because of its distinct function and geographic conditions, the impact of climate change on the operation, safety, and income of airports in coastal areas is becoming increasingly significant. The measurement of climate resilience can help identify priority needs and measures to adapt to climate change, which is a crucial step in developing an aviation adaptation plan. At present, the concept of climate resilience is relatively complex and lacks a clear uniformity of composition, which has made it challenging to effectively support the development of adaptation strategies. Based on the definition of climate resilience, our first step was to construct an evaluation system for coastal airports to visually represent the level of climate resilience. Next, in this study, we introduced a coupling coordination and obstacle degree model to analyze the coordinated development and key drivers of climate resilience, which could be used to develop a targeted improvement strategy based on the calculation results. In the future, additional measures can be combined from the natural environment, socioeconomics, governance capacity, and climate change risk to enhance the capacity development of the aviation industry to address climate change and foster the establishment of a sustainable development model between the industry and the environment.

Resilience dimensions in health system performance assessments, European Union.

To explore the definition and operationalization of resilience in health system performance assessments in European Union countries. We conducted multiple empirical case study analyses. We identified relevant cases through a literature review from 2014 to 2023 using Google Scholar and through a snowball technique to retrieve additional information. We included only documents that explicitly mentioned resilience in health system performance assessments. We performed a content analysis to identify common patterns in defining resilience. The final sample consisted of six countries: Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Ireland and Italy. Each country adopted a distinct approach to conceptualizing resilience, with countries prioritizing specific aspects based on lessons learnt from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Some countries focused on maintaining essential health-care services and protecting vulnerable groups. Other countries prioritized management capacity, staff preparedness, digital health utilization and strengthening of primary health care. Content analysis revealed six resilience definitions derived from the key performance indicators: addressing unmet needs and maintaining outcomes; protecting vulnerable groups; acquiring and using resources; having trained and prepared staff in place; using digital health; and strengthening primary health care. Integration of resilience into the health profiles of European Union countries preceded its inclusion in national health system performance assessments, the latter of which became more prominent after the COVID-19 pandemic. Variations in interpretations within health system performance assessments reflect differences in indicators and policy responses.

A conceptual framework for measuring and improving the resilience of biosecurity systems

Abstract Resilient systems can absorb and recover from disturbances and adapt to changed conditions to maintain system functionality. Uncertainty about the meaning of resilience and the attributes it requires has limited the application of resilience thinking in biosecurity. However, considering increasing pressures from trade, travel and climate change, enhancing the resilience of biosecurity systems is likely to be critical to reduce the impacts of pests and diseases on economies, societies and environments. Here we provide a pathway for resilience thinking into risk management. Based on a literature review we discuss its benefits, develop an operational definition of resilience for biosecurity systems and identify the fundamental attributes that support resilience. We show that resilient biosecurity systems can anticipate disturbances, cope with low‐probability high‐impact events and adapt to new and changing circumstances. The status of biosecurity system resilience can be measured using evaluative rubrics, which give decision‐makers an overall performance rating and insight into system weaknesses. General measures, objective functions and simulation approaches are potential avenues for quantifying biosecurity system resilience in practice. Policy implications: Adopting resilience thinking into biosecurity risk management has the potential to reduce the damages caused by invading pests and diseases. If resilience thinking is used alongside traditional risk analysis, then regulators can more effectively address and prepare for the systemic consequences of high‐impact incursions and outbreaks of pests and diseases, which are unpredictable, low‐probability events. However, the design of resilience‐enhancing measures should be guided by economic principles and consider the rate of return of these measures over time.

Community resilience placed at the service of the climate-migration-conflict nexus understanding

In the frame of the so-called climate-migration-conflict nexus (CMCN), the potential correlation between these three dimensions has been widely explored. Furthermore, the literature calls for efforts to focus on responding to the impacts on society of this nexus through the development of forms of adaptation, mitigation and resilience. In particular, in the context of CMCN, the concept of community resilience has not received sufficient attention. More generally, this concept has not been the subject of homogeneous definitions such that it can be adequately operationalised in the analysis of CMCN. Bearing in mind the findings from CMCN research and referring to the existing literature on community resilience, we intend to make a theoretical contribution to the debate on this latter concept. The results will take the shape of an operational definition of community resilience that can also be applied in the context of CMCN. Consequently, this reflection may also contribute to overcoming the linear cause-effect approach that has been the subject of the majority of studies on CMCN, by taking into consideration a wider broader spectrum of geographical, political, social, cultural, demographic and economic variables.

Resilience in family caregivers of Asian older people with dementia: An integrative review.

To identify factors associated with resilience in family caregivers of Asian older people with dementia based on Luthar and Cicchetti's definition of resilience. Integrative review of resilience in family caregivers of Asian older people with dementia reported by studies with quantitative and qualitative research designs. Databases used for the literature search included CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. A total of 565 potentially relevant studies published between January 1985 and March 2024 were screened, and 27 articles met the inclusion criteria. Family caregivers were most commonly adult children of care recipients, female and providing care in their home. Two themes emerged from the review: factors associated with adversity (dementia severity, caregiver role strain, stigma, family stress, female gender, low income and low education) and factors associated with positive adaptational outcomes (positive aspect of caregiving, social support and religiosity/spirituality). In our review of Asian research, four new factors-caregiver role strain, stigma, family stress and positive aspects of caregiving-emerged alongside those previously identified in Western studies. A paradigm shift was observed from a focus on factors associated with adversity to factors associated with positive adaptational outcomes, particularly after the issuance of the WHO's 2017 global action plan for dementia. However, a gap remains between WHO policy recommendations and actual research, with studies often neglecting to address gender and socioeconomic factors. The review findings will broaden healthcare providers' understanding of resilience in dementia caregivers and use them to develop comprehensive programmes aimed at reducing factors associated with adversity and enhancing those associated with positive adaptational outcomes. This approach can be customized to incorporate Asian cultural values, empowering caregivers to navigate challenges more effectively. This paper is an integrative review and does not include patient or public contributions.

Burnout or not? Assessing the effect of digital employee resilience and its ef-fects on work stress

Purpose – The purpose of the study was to theoretically and empirically assess digital employee resilience and shed light on its antecedents and effect on work stress. Aims(s) – The study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for digital employee resilience. Furthermore, antecedents of both digital employee resilience and work stress were empirically analyzed, including the relationship between digital employee resilience and work stress. Design/methodology/approach— A thorough literature research was carried out to create a conceptual framework and definition for digital employee resilience and to derive hypotheses. Next, an online survey was conducted with a sample of 454 individuals. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM), and a multigroup analysis was performed. Findings – The study found positive effects of positive affect, digital literacy, self-efficacy, and perceived organizational support (POS) on digital employee resilience. Moreover, a negative effect of digital employee resilience on work stress was found. Role conflict, role ambiguity, and work overload are positively related to work stress. Limitations of the study – Limitations include the nature of the sample since only cross-sectional data on individuals from Germany was obtained. Moreover, digital employee resilience was measured in a particular context, e.g., working from home. Thus, exploring digital employee resilience using different samples and other contexts offers promising avenues for future research. Practical implications – The study helps HRM practitioners nurture digital employee resilience and address causes of work stress in a targeted way. Originality/value – This study is among the first to investigate digital employee resilience theoretically and empirically. It enriches the discourse on digital resilience by integrating various existing definitions and conceptualizations into a newly developed framework for digital employee resilience.

Family resilience of cancer patients: a concept analysis

Abstract Objective The concept of family resilience of cancer patients was discussed through literature review, which provided reference for nursing of cancer patients. Methods China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched, and the concept analysis method proposed by Walker and Avant was adopted. Results In this study, we defined the concept of family resilience, identified attributes, and analyzed the antecedents and consequences. The proposed operational definition of family resilience was: After a family member is diagnosed with cancer, the whole family can actively explore its own unique internal and external resources and advantages, strengthen self-regulation, jointly cope with the crisis by establishing close family relationships, providing mutual support to family members, and interacting with the outside world. Conclusions The definition of family resilience of cancer patients is conducive to the development of measurement tools and the improvement of family outcomes of adult cancer patients by intervening family resilience factors.

A trait-based approach to integrate resilience frameworks

Multiple context-specific resilience frameworks with explicit assumptions have limited their application over a wide range of complex systems. Ability to withstand and recover subsumes the core properties in multiple resilience definitions across disciplines. This study presents a generic framework using a spring-damper-mechanical-system (SDMS), as it provides suitable analogy, as spring and damper represent recovery and withstanding capabilities to an external force. Using SDMS framework, an integrated resilience index (IRI) was developed as a combined measure of recovery and withstanding capabilities of the system. IRI successfully distinguished SDMSs and diverse range of ecological systems based on their resilience properties. IRI solely depends on system's response and not limited to either a particular type of external forcing, or system with specific set of equilibria and criteria for bifurcations. Therefore, it overcomes limitations of traditional resilience frameworks, particularly in the context of engineering and ecological resilience frameworks applied in ecological systems.

Building resilience to a warming world: A contribution toward a definition of “Integrated Climate Resilience” specific for buildings - Literature review and proposals

With the forecast of a warmer world, with longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves, it becomes essential to have buildings that are resilient to a rapidly warming climate and able to withstand extreme temperature events.This research investigates the concept of buildings’ resilience. Specifically, the article collects definitions of resilient building found in 32 scientific articles referring primarily to thermal aspects and seeks to associate each definition with one of the two interpretations of resilience, namely the engineering and ecological ones, mainly identified within the theory on resilience. This aimed to assess whether there is a predominant and – more importantly – a clear understanding of resilience for buildings, to which extent this concept is well defined and clear, which is a topic that, to the best of our knowledge, no study on thermal resilience of buildings seems to have examined to date.Results showed a significant lack of consensus regarding the interpretation of buildings’ resilience within the selected literature. Such lack of consensus highlights the ongoing confusion about the concept of buildings’ resilience to the threats posed by the current and future climate; what should this concept include concretely? A certain discrepancy also emerged even between the interpretation used to define resilience and that used for its indicators. Furthermore, the available definitions are observed to be rather generic, not specific to buildings and, in any case, it does not seem easy to make them operative. In addition to the literature analysis, the article proposes a tentative approach, which could usefully arrive at an attempted definition of resilience that is specific to buildings and operative. Starting with buildings, the proposed “bottom-up” approach is innovative compared to the prevailing approach in the literature that starts with definitions of ecological and engineering resilience (top-down) instead. Furthermore, the article delivers a couple of considerations to be accounted for when applying the concept of resilience to buildings: the importance of considering not only extreme events but also climate change understood as an increase in average air temperature and the importance of also including the inherent resilience due to the presence of occupants, whose thermal adaptive behavior can mitigate the risk of power outages by making the building less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.By providing an operational tool for researchers, engineers and planners who intend to strengthen the resilience of the building in the face of climate change, the research contributes to achieving a clearer and shared understanding of how the concept of buildings’ resilience should be declined.

Towards Extensive Definition and Planning of Energy Resilience in Buildings in Cold Climate

The transition towards a sustainable future requires the reliable performance of the building’s energy system in order for the building to be energy-resilient. “Energy resilient building in cold climates” is an emerging concept that defines the ability to maintain a minimum level of indoor air temperature and energy performance of the building and minimize the occupant’s health risk during a disruptive event of the grid’s power supply loss in a cold climate. The aim is to introduce an extensive definition of the energy resilience of buildings and apply it in case studies. This article first reviews the progress and provides an overview of the energy-resilient building concept. The review shows that most of the relevant focus is on short-term energy resilience, and the serious gap is related to long-term resilience in the context of cold regions. The article presents a basic definition of energy resilience of buildings, a systematic framework, and indicators for analyzing the energy resilience of buildings. Terms such as active and passive habitability, survivability, and adaptive habitable conditions are defined. The energy resilience indicators are applied on two simulated Finnish case studies, an old building and a new building. By systematic analysis, using the defined indicators and thresholds, the energy resilience performance of the buildings is calculated and compared. Depending on the type of the building, the results show that the robustness period is 11 h and 26 h for the old building and the new building, respectively. The old building failed to provide the habitability conditions. The impact of the event is 8.9 °C, minimum performance (Pmin) is 12.54 °C, and degree of disruption (DoD) is 0.300 for the old building. The speed of collapse (SoC) is 3.75 °C/h, and the speed of recovery (SoR) is 0.64 °C/h. On the other hand, the new building performed better such that the impact of the event is 4 °C, Pmin is 17.5 °C, and DoD is 0.138. The SoC is slow 3.2 °C/h and SoR is fast 0.80 °C/h for the new building. The results provide a pathway for improvements for long-term energy resilience. In conclusion, this work supports society and policy-makers to build a sustainable and resilient society.

How healthcare team build Resilience to Stress

Introduction: This study explores how the interaction theory of stress and coping, the expansion and construction theory of positive emotions, and the conservation of resources theory can help healthcare teams resist stress. Community resilience has been overlooked in health research on individual resilience. This study examines the resilience of teams to overcome knowledge gaps. Methodology: A snowballing method was used to select 10 members of the oral and maxillofacial surgery team for the study. Zoom was used to conduct 10 semi-structured interviews with three study participants. What causes team stress? How is stress tolerance defined? What strategies does the team use to build resilience? Interviews were coded using thematic analysis. Results: Research has found that patient care, long working hours, conflicting work commitments and a lack of control contribute to employee stress. Transactional theories of stress and coping suggest that a problem- and meaning-centered approach can help people cope with a variety of stressors. Teams also leverage social capital, constructive criticism, and positive emotions. It turns out that people have different definitions of resilience. Resilience is defined as a quality, characteristic, or strategy for coping with stress. Conclusion: The paper concludes with recommendations for implementation. Research shows that unpleasant emotions are expressed in difficult, low-stress work situations. It supports the non-suppression of unpleasant feelings, their resolution, and solutions. Management needs to step in and teach team members to express uncomfortable feelings in a constructive way.

Developing a Conceptual Framework for Characterizing and Measuring Social Resilience in Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI)

Many cities are increasingly adopting blue-green infrastructure (BGI) to bolster their resilience against environmental challenges. Beyond its well-acknowledged environmental benefits, the role of BGI in enhancing social resilience is becoming an equally important area of focus. However, the integration of BGI in fostering social resilience presents complexities, stemming from the evolving and occasionally ambiguous definition of social resilience. Considering the broad application of BGI across various disciplines makes the evaluation of social resilience within a BGI framework complex. Consequently, a structured approach to develop a clear framework tailored to understanding and measuring social resilience in a BGI setting is needed. This study consolidates various existing frameworks of social resilience, especially utilizing the detailed 5S framework proposed by Saja et al. It integrates findings from an extensive review of literature on social resilience to develop a novel conceptual framework—the BGI Social Resilience Framework. This new framework specifically aims to capture the distinct social aspects and advantages associated with BGI. The BGI Social Resilience Framework is organized into a three-tier model, focusing on four critical aspects of social resilience—social values, social capital, social structure, and social equity—and explores how these aspects are interconnected. Characteristics and indicators are customized to accommodate the context of BGI in a way that integrates the physical and human dimensions within a comprehensive approach to measurement that uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Specifically, this research formulates a theoretical framework for BGI with the aim of investigating BGI strategies and viewpoints that bolster social resilience. The BGI Social Resilience Framework takes into account the varied demographics and the physical characteristics of urban areas to explore ways to create BGI spaces that are more inclusive and that contribute to the enhancement of social resilience.

Flood resilience: a review of evolving definitions

Flooding is one of the most complicated and prolific natural hazards that communities face. Added to this, more people will be affected by this hazard than any other in the future. Within recent years, there has been a notable shift in flood risk management from risk-based approaches to resilience-based. Considered a novel and necessary approach, yet no single definition of flood resilience exists. Leading to confusion surrounding the applicability of the concept. A systematic review of flood resilience definitions was hence conducted, covering a 5-year period from 2017 to 2021, resulting in 65 papers, supplemented by a narrative review (to include papers outside of the scope of the study), which added a further 11 papers. Results indicated that whilst there is no singular definition for flood resilience, there are similarities between definitions through the use of synonymous language. Whilst there is evidence of these definitions evolving over time, there is still confusion over the definition. Further research is required to further comprehend the definitions of resilience, helping to develop the use of resilience within flood sciences and corresponding flood risk management practices.