Definition Of Hierarchy Research Articles

OS-37 BEMSの活用に向けたグラフ画面とデータエクスポートの標準仕様の提案 : (第2報)BEMSの活用階層と管理手法の考え方

OS-37 BEMSの活用に向けたグラフ画面とデータエクスポートの標準仕様の提案 : (第2報)BEMSの活用階層と管理手法の考え方

Backcasting to identify food waste prevention and mitigation opportunities for infant feeding in maternity services

Food waste in hospitals is of major concern for two reasons: one, healthcare needs to move toward preventative and demand led models for sustainability and two, food system sustainability needs to seek preventative measures such as diet adaptation and waste prevention. The impact of breast-milk substitute use on health services are well established in literature in terms of healthcare implications, cost and resourcing, however as a food demand and waste management issue little has been published to date. This paper presents the use of a desk based backcasting method to analyse food waste prevention, mitigation and management options within the Irish Maternity Service. Best practice in healthcare provision and waste management regulations are used to frame solutions. Strategic problem orientation revealed that 61% of the volume of ready to use breast-milk substitutes purchased by maternity services remains unconsumed and ends up as waste. Thirteen viable strategies to prevent and manage this waste were identified. Significant opportunities exist to prevent waste and also decrease food demand leading to both positive health and environmental outcomes. Backcasting methods display great promise in delivering food waste management strategies in healthcare settings, especially where evidenced best practice policies exist to inform solution forming processes. In terms of food waste prevention and management, difficulties arise in distinguishing between demand reduction, waste prevention and waste reduction measures under the current Waste Management Hierarchy definitions. Ultimately demand reduction at source requires prioritisation, a strategy which is complimentary to health policy on infant feeding.

Hierarchical Bayesian models of cognitive development.

This article provides an introductory overview of the state of research on Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling in cognitive development. First, a brief historical summary and a definition of hierarchies in Bayesian modeling are given. Subsequently, some model structures are described based on four examples in the literature. These are models for the development of the shape bias, for learning ontological kinds and causal schemata as well as for the categorization of objects. The Bayesian modeling approach is then compared with the connectionist and nativist modeling paradigms and considered in view of Marr's (1982) three description levels of information-processing mechanisms. In this context, psychologically plausible algorithms and ideas of their neural implementation are presented. In addition to criticism and limitations of the approach, research needs are identified.

Abstract A19: Stathmin plays a role in both normal and transformed mammary gland

Abstract Normal mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ and displays complex tissue architecture, precise breast epithelial cell hierarchy and lineage plasticity regulation. These features are thought to underlie the high degree of both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of breast cancers (BC). We have recently made the observation that stathmin knock-out (STMKO) female mice do not breast feed their first litter. Stathmin (also called Oncoprotein 18, OP18) is a microtubule-destabilizing protein. It is overexpressed in many human malignancies, including breast cancer, especially in advanced/metastatic disease. The phenotype that we observed suggested that complete development of lactating mammary gland was not properly and/or timely achieved in the absence of stathmin. To evaluate if this was the case, we analyzed mammary glands from WT and STMKO mice at prepuberal stage, at puberty, at day 13.5 of pregnancy and one day post-partum. Whole mount observation of mammary glands indicated that stathmin loss greatly impacted on the development of the mature gland, which displayed lower number of branches and defective alveolar buds. Most evident defects were displayed in the architecture of one day post-partum glands. Our molecular analyses showed that especially the polarity and the proliferation processes were affected by the absence of stathmin in the breast tissue. Loss of polarity and deregulated proliferation are profoundly linked to epithelial tumorigenesis. We thus tested whether loss of stathmin had an impact on BC onset and/or progression, using a mouse model of HER2+ BC. Among the different BC subtypes, HER2+ tumors represent ~20% of invasive BC and display particularly aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. A splice variant of the human HER2 gene, called Delta16 HER2 (d16HER2), displaying enhanced transforming activity and associated with worse patients' survival, has been identified. We intercrossed STMKO with d16HER2 transgenic mice and analyzed tumor onset, growth and progression in the different backgrounds. Our analysis showed that STMKO profoundly impacted on both tumor initiation and proliferation. The effect of stathmin on proliferation seemed to be mainly cell-autonomous, as observable by injecting BC cells extracted from d16HER2-STMKO, in either WT or STMKO recipient mice. Thus, our results suggest that stathmin may play multiple roles in mammary epithelial cells. By regulating mammary epithelial cell polarity, it may be determinant in the definition of differentiation hierarchy, in cellular transformation and, eventually, tumor initiation. By regulating proliferation, it can affect tumor growth and burden. The unbalanced regulation of these critical processes certainly represents fertile ground for tumor initiation and may conceivably contribute to the great degree of tumor heterogeneity observed in breast cancer. Citation Format: Ilenia Segatto, Stefania Berton, Sara D'Andrea, Gustavo Baldassarre, Barbara Belletti. Stathmin plays a role in both normal and transformed mammary gland. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A19.

Hierarchy definition of UAV conceptual design parameters based on a diachronic process matrix

Achieving competitive advantages in product development may lead to significant efforts to identify and minimize product design and development cycles time and cost while improving product quality.

Developing Cultural Tourism Strategies in Lithuania

This paper determines that cultural tourism in Lithuania is significantly influenced by various different agencies which activities are not sufficiently integrated. The paper also analyses the theoretical models for strategic decision-making and possibilities of alternative strategic decisions in the area of tourism. A classification of strategic plans based on the current Lithuanian strategic planning system and the integration of the activities of separate agencies in the area of tourism is proposed. A new model for strategic decision-making based on the classical definition of strategic hierarchies and the specificities of cultural tourism as a business is then proposed.

The Tenacious Tributary System

Recently, some writers on Chinese foreign relations have argued that the tributary system is a useful concept for describing imperial China's relations with its neighbors, and that it can even serve as a model for the future of international relations in East Asia. An examination of China's historical practice of foreign relations shows that there was no systematic tributary system, but instead multiple relationships of trade, military force, diplomacy and ritual. Furthermore, China's neighbors did not accept the imperial center's definition of hierarchy and subordination, but interpreted ritual relationships in their own way. Even in the 1930s, when scholars invoked Chinese history to advocate peaceful relations, they recognized the importance of military force, colonial settlement and domination in East Asian state relationships. The current myth of the tributary system ignores historical reality and misleads us about China's true position in East Asia and the world.

Manifestar a Dios en el ser y en el obrar: la creación como orden jerárquico en el Comentario a las Sentencias de Sto. Tomás de Aquino / The Manifestation of God in Being and in Action: Creation as Hierarchical Order in the Commentary on the Sentences of Thomas Aquinas

In the Commentary on the Sentences of Thomas Aquinas, creation is conceived as a “hierarchical order”. This idea, which he takes from Dionysius the Areopagite, is related to the concept of similitude used to explain the relation between God and his creation, and to the idea that he create d it to manifest his goodness. In this article I show the importance that this idea of hierarchical order has when it is applied to creation in this early work of the Dominican friar. In the first place, I analyze the definition of hierarchy, and I especially focus on its relation with the idea of similitude and the importance Aquinas gives to the “law of hierarchy” as a law that ordains not only being but also the action of beings.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Cancer Stem Cells as Therapeutic Targets

Although early stage disease detection and treatment options for clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) improved in recent years, prognosis of patients with late stage ccRCC remains poor, mostly due to development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors resistance followed by disease progression. Cancer stem cells (ccRCC-CSC) model has focused a significant attention in recent years as a potential explanation for the tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, disease recurrence and metastasis of ccRCC and other cancers. Cancer stem cells have been proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, repopulation and growth that cause patients to succumb to renal cancer. Precise identification of ccRCC-CSC populations and definition of hierarchy of cells within ccRCC tumor including tumor initiating cells and tumor progenitor cells will facilitate accurate characterization of drug targets and ultimately contribute to more personalized and effective care. This mini-review discusses the potential strategies to inhibit the signaling pathways underlying stemness in an effort to treat renal cancer. Mechanism that could be exploited as a therapeutic target against drug resistant ccRCC-CSCs is summarized.

Constructing an information science resource ontology based on the Chinese Social Science Citation Index

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to construct a Chinese information science resource ontology and to explore a new method for semiautomatic ontology construction. Design/methodology/approach – More than 8,290 articles indexed in the Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI), covering the years 2001 to 2010, were included in this study. Statistical analysis, co-occurrence analysis, and semantic similarity methods were applied to the selected articles. The ontology was built using existing construction principles and methods, as well as categories and hierarchy definitions based on CSSCI indexing fields. Findings – Seven categories were found to be relevant for the Chinese information science resource ontology, which, in this study, consists of a three-tier architecture, 78,291 instances, and 182,109 pairs of semantic relations. These results indicate the following: further improvements are required in ontology construction methods; resource ontology is a breakthrough concept in ontology studies; the combination of semantic similarities and co-occurrence analysis can quantitatively describe relationships between concepts. Originality/value – This study pioneers the resource ontology concept. It is one of the first to combine informetric methods with semantic similarity to reveal deep relationships in textual data.

Research on Workflow Management Model Based on Ontology in Data Center

Workflow is a kind of automatic execution of business process partly or fully, according to a series of rules, documents, information or tasks which can be transferred and executed in different executor such in Data center. Modeling process workflow management model on ontology is divided into following steps based on: Determine professional field and category of Ontology; Important terms and concepts; Definition of class and class hierarchy; Define class attributes and surface properties, Because user demand always changes according to the development of economic, In workflow management system, user demand migration prediction system can give some help. There are two subsystems: Data Mining subsystem and migration of recommendation subsystem.

Convergence on Whose Terms? Reacting to Coups d'État in Guinea and Madagascar

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, numerous international actors have developed policy frameworks to address and ultimately prevent the resurgence of coups d'état in Africa. By reconstructing international reactions to the coups in Guinea and Madagascar, this article analyzes whether this trend has also engendered a convergence in practice. This, it argues, involves a struggle over defining the terms of such interventions, first with regard to how to re-build legitimate political orders and second in relation to the definition of roles and hierarchies that emanate from multiple and sometimes conflicting mandates to address such situations. Furthermore, while convergence is understood as generally ambiguous in its consequences, this article suggests that even successful convergence in practice comes with fundamental costs that can compromise the preventive aims of such interventions.

Integrating airline operational practices into passenger airline hub definition

Airlines operate over hub and spoke networks to take advantage of economies of scope, scale, and density as well as higher hub fares. The system of airline hubs, namely hub classification and spatial allocation, has been necessarily affected by the era of airline mergers in the first 13years of the 2000s. However, existing two-to-three-tier hub classifications and the set of metrics that define these tiers may not be sufficient to capture the changes in airline hub practices due to mergers. In this study, we seek to broaden the existing method of establishing a hub hierarchy by including operational metrics along with the classic accessibility and passenger metrics, and to utilize this re-defined hierarchy to examine airline hubbing practices before and after an era of mergers. Using k-means clustering on data from 2004 (pre-merger) and 2012 (post-merger) comprising the entire U.S. airline network, we find that hubs fall into more than three tiers and that flight frequency at a hub is a key variable in defining hub hierarchy. We find that the exclusion of frequency from hub hierarchy definition has geographic consequences, as we overstate the importance of small coastal hubs when frequency is not included as a metric. In addition, we find that hub hierarchies are well-defined post-merger, in contrast with pre-merger, such that the tier level implies a consistent, commensurate level of all metrics. This finding has implications for hub definitions across research and practice, including broadening the federal hub definition and including tiered hierarchies in the field of hub location modeling.

DISPERSIONLESS BIGRADED TODA HIERARCHY AND ITS ADDITIONAL SYMMETRY

In this paper, we firstly give the definition of dispersionless bigraded Toda hierarchy (dBTH) and introduce some Sato theory on dBTH. Then we define Orlov–Schulman's [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] operator and give the additional Block symmetry of dBTH. Meanwhile we give tau function of dBTH and some related dispersionless bilinear equations.

Discursive contests of corruption: The case of the Norwegian alcohol monopoly

We still know relatively little of the discursive processes that take place in representations of ‘corruption’ in the media. Based on a critical discursive analysis of the media coverage of a corruption scandal in the Norwegian alcohol monopoly, this study highlights four discursive contests around which sense was made of alleged corruption: (1) definitions of corruption, (2) organizational hierarchy and power abuse, (3) state/market relations, and (4) national moral identity. These contests illustrate not only the meaning‐making processes involved in articulating controversial organizational activities as instances of corruption, but also the catalysing and symbolic functions of such articulations in ongoing public debates. Based on the findings, it is argued that the scandal was not about corruption in particular, but rather unfolded as a materialization of wider social, political, and historical concerns and controversies. While the findings are context‐specific, similar processes are also likely to characterize media discussions of corruption more generally.

Waste or resource? Classifying and scoring dredged material management strategies in terms of the waste hierarchy

A well-designed approach for the selection of dredged material (DM) management option decisions identifies the trade-offs among various risks, costs, and benefits of multiple management alternatives. Whatever tools are applied to make and communicate decisions, it is critical that decision criteria and the parameters or indicators that are used to score or rank them are relevant, clear, and exhaustive, but not redundant. Alongside the more “traditional” ones, new criteria are emerging which consider statutory drivers, multi-scale assessments, sustainability and ecosystem issues. Increasingly, policies demand more sustainable sediment management (including a prioritization of beneficial re-use), waste minimization, and a consideration of the waste hierarchy. A consideration of such factors requires that DM management approaches are classified in terms of the waste hierarchy and that these classifications are used to develop transparent and meaningful indicators, criteria, and scoring methods that can be used to inform decisions. Waste hierarchy classifications and definitions (pollution prevention, processing, re-use, recycling, and disposal), are discussed and a framework for DM management option and technology classification is proposed. Methodologies are presented by which complete management scenarios, with multiple phases or components, can be ranked and scored based upon the fates of all project fractions in terms of the waste hierarchy. A hypothetical case study is presented in which 15 DM management scenarios are evaluated using two scoring systems. These had different strengths and weaknesses, but both allowed for consistent and transparent comparisons of complex DM management scenarios in terms of the waste hierarchy that could be used for project comparison and communication. The goal of any indicator or score designed to represent a decision criterion is to provide a relative measure to allow decision makers and stakeholders to balance potentially competing decision drivers for potentially vastly different management scenarios in a level, consistent and transparent manner. As the waste hierarchy is likely to become increasingly important as a regulatory driver, and as a factor that can be used to address sustainability, it is important to be clear about the assumptions and definitions that are being used to make these concepts relevant to DM and other aspects of sediment management; this paper provides a framework for discussion.

Classification and Coding Method of Mechanical Parts for the Design Process of Mass Customization

In order to meet the reusing requirements of mass customization(MC) ,the new demands of the parts classification and coding are proposed. Focusing on classification characteristics,the general process of parts classification and coding is discussed,such as data pretreatment,extraction of classification characteristics,definition of class and class hierarchy,and construction of multiple classification tree. The aim and the operation contents of all steps are described in detail. Based on the semantic relation,the classification model of parts is presented. The coding scheme is analyzed to meet the requirements of mass customization. Combined with the actual data in manufacturing enterprise,the operational and general method of parts classification and coding is achieved. The classification and coding system is developed on the basis of J2EE,which assists to construct the multiple classification tree and implement the coding scheme. The practice shows that the method realizes design reuse,simplifies retrieval process during configuration design and variation design and improves designer's work efficiency.

Caminhos que levam a Roma: recursos culturais e redefinições da excelência religiosa

A centralidade da aquisição de recursos sociais variados através de processos de internacionalização marca tendência generalizada na dinâmica de recomposição das elites e grupos dirigentes, inclusive a Igreja católica. Dentro desse campo de discussões, o artigo apresenta resultados que buscam dar respostas às seguintes questões: como se encaixaria, nesse processo, uma instituição profissional de caráter supranacional, sediada no Vaticano, com critérios e códigos próprios de recrutamento, seleção e ascensão tal como a Igreja católica? Quais as formas e o peso da circulação internacional na formação de seu corpo religioso e nas lutas pela definição de novas hierarquias de saberes? Que destinos, experiências e competências culturais se impuseram como mais valorizados no atual estado da instituição e como se distribuem as chances de acesso a esses recursos entre seus membros? Por fim, como são vividas e percebidas diferentes experiências de internacionalização de profissionais da Igreja e que lugar tal fenômeno ocupa entre os instrumentos de legitimação da instituição no espaço do poder?

Optimization of cortical hierarchies with continuous scales and ranges

Although information flow in the neocortex has an apparent hierarchical organization, there is much ambiguity with respect to the definition of such a hierarchy, particularly in higher cortical regions. This ambiguity has been addressed by utilizing observable anatomical criteria, based upon tract tracing experiments, to constrain the definition of hierarchy [Felleman D.J. and van Essen D.C., 1991. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate. Cereb. Cortex. 1(1), 1–47.]. There are, however, a high number of equally optimal hierarchies that fit these constraints [Hilgetag C.C., O'Neill M.A., Young M.P., 1996. Indeterminate organization of the visual system. Science. 271(5250), 776–777.]. Here, we propose a refined constraint set for optimization which utilizes continuous, rather than discrete, hierarchical levels, and permits a range of acceptable values rather than attempting to fit fixed hierarchical distances. Using linear programming to obtain hierarchies across a number of range sizes, we find a clear hierarchical pattern for both the original and refined versions of the Felleman and Van Essen [Felleman D.J. and van Essen D.C., 1991. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate. Cereb. Cortex. 1(1), 1–47.] visual network. We also obtain an optimal hierarchy from a refined set of anatomical criteria which allows for the direct specification of hierarchical distance from the laminar distribution of labelled cells (Barone P., Batardiere A., Knoblauch K., Kennedy H., 2000. Laminar distribution of neurons in extrastriate areas projecting to visual areas V1 and V4 correlates with the hierarchical rank and indicates the operation of a distance rule. J. Neurosci. 20(9), 3263–3281.), and discuss the limitations and further possible refinements of such an approach.

Empire of colonies: Self-stabilizing and self-organizing distributed algorithm

Self-stabilization ensures automatic recovery from an arbitrary state; we define self-organization as a property of algorithms which display local attributes. More precisely, we say that an algorithm is self-organizing if (1) it converges in sublinear time and (2) reacts “fast” to topology changes. If s ( n ) is an upper bound on the convergence time and d ( n ) is an upper bound on the convergence time following a topology change, then s ( n ) ∈ o ( n ) and d ( n ) ∈ o ( s ( n ) ) . The self-organization property can then be used for gaining, in sub-linear time, global properties and reaction to changes. We present self-stabilizing and self-organizing algorithms for many distributed algorithms, including distributed snapshot and leader election. We present a new randomized self-stabilizing distributed algorithm for cluster definition in communication graphs of bounded degree processors. These graphs reflect sensor networks deployment. The algorithm converges in O ( log n ) expected number of rounds, handles dynamic changes locally and is, therefore, self-organizing. Applying the clustering algorithm to specific classes of communication graphs, in O ( log n ) levels, using an overlay network abstraction, results in a self-stabilizing and self-organizing distributed algorithm for hierarchy definition. Given the obtained hierarchy definition, we present an algorithm for hierarchical distributed snapshots. The algorithms are based on a new basic snap-stabilizing snapshot algorithm, designed for message passing systems in which a distributed spanning tree is defined and in which processors communicate using bounded links capacity. The algorithm is on-demand self-stabilizing when no such distributed spanning tree is defined. Namely, it stabilizes regardless of the number of snapshot invocations. The combination of the self-stabilizing and self-organizing distributed hierarchy construction and the snapshot algorithm forms an efficient self-stabilizer transformer. Given a distributed algorithm for a specific task, we are able to convert the algorithm into a self-stabilizing algorithm for the same task with an expected convergence time of O ( log 2 n ) rounds.