Definition Of Architecture Research Articles

Edge computing: current trends, research challenges and future directions

The edge computing (EC) paradigm brings computation and storage to the edge of the network where data is both consumed and produced. This variation is necessary to cope with the increasing amount of network-connected devices and data transmitted, that the launch of the new 5G networks will expand. The aim is to avoid the high latency and traffic bottlenecks associated with the use of Cloud Computing in networks where several devices both access and generate high volumes of data. EC also improves network support for mobility, security, and privacy. This paper provides a discussion around EC and summarized the definition and fundamental properties of the EC architectures proposed in the literature (Multi-access Edge Computing, Fog Computing, Cloudlet Computing, and Mobile Cloud Computing). Subsequently, this paper examines significant use cases for each EC architecture and debates some promising future research directions.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КОНЦЕПЦИИ СОЗДАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СЕТЕЙ 5G/IMT-2020 В РОССИИ, КИТАЕ, США И ЕВРОПЕ

This article raises the question of the prospects for the development of 5G networks in Russia, China, the United States and Europe. Currently, there are four distinct generations of cellular communication in the world and in Russia. The development of each subsequent generation of communication as technical and economic capabilities improved and the spread of dominant standards occurred approximately every 10 years. The research community and industry in general agree that in the future it is impossible to meet future mobile traffic demand and application requirements simply by evolving the current fourth generation architecture. Instead, there is a need for a significant overhaul of the mobile network system: such an effort is commonly referred to as the future fifth generation (5G) architecture, and large-scale initiatives have been launched around the world to address this issue. The research community has already invested a very significant effort in identifying new individual technologies. The fact that all new offerings are labeled 5G has created a lot of confusion about what 5G really is. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the current state of the definition of 5G architecture and trends in the required technologies in Russia, the United States, China and Europe. Key contributions are: (1) analyze the 5G requirements defined by various global initiatives, highlighting the similarities and differences in 5G network development in Russia, China, the United States and Europe; (2) discuss current technology trends showing that there is broad consensus on the key factors driving 5G development in these countries; (3) strive to understand the new concepts that need to be developed with assistive technology to meet the desired requirements.

Morphological Definition of Actin Architecture at the T Cell Immunological Synapse

T lymphocytes (T cells) are the major mediators of adaptive immune response. They detect pathogens primarily via the interaction of their T cell receptor (TCR) with the cognate pathogen-derived peptide displayed in the context of MHC on the infected cell. A critical step in T cell activation is the formation of immunological synapse, a specialized cell–cell conjugate interface between the T cell and infected cell, where massive TCR-induced actin remodeling and polymerization take place. Dynamic actin polymerization at the immunological synapse is essential for T cell activation and subsequently, immune response.

Introduction of System Architecture Definition into the Conceptual Phase of A Project

Introduction of System Architecture Definition into the Conceptual Phase of A Project

ZMYSŁY W ARCHITEKTURZE

Optimisation of architectural design and its perception involves a comprehensive sensory analysis of the human body response to the stimuli received by the brain. Owing to sensual haptic characteristics, expressed through relevant motor activity, we can reliably create trends among the future users. Proper assessment and sensuality of architecture shall underlie justified, reference parameters predetermining a selection of appropriate measures shaping our daily life context. Opportunities which haptic spatial perception offers facilitate a short-cut in our research to model design processes. Implementation of sensory evaluation methodology into design processes will facilitate a congruent definition of architecture and improve its quality.

Characterisation of black skin stratum corneum by digital macroscopic images analysis.

Black skin medical images generally show very low contrast. Being in a global initiative of characterisation of black skin horny layer (stratum corneum) by digital images analysis, the authors in this study proposed a four-step approach. The first step consists of differentiation between probable healthy skin regions and those affected. For that, they used an automatic classification system based on multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks. The network has been trained with texture and colour features. Best features selection and network architecture definition were done using sequential network construction algorithm-based method. After classification, selected regions undergo a colour transformation, in order to increase the contrast with the lesion region. Thirdly, created colour information serves as the basis for a modified fuzzy c-mean clustering algorithm to perform segmentation. The proposed method, named neural network-based fuzzy clustering, was applied to many black skin lesion images and they obtained segmentation rates up to 94.67%. The last stage consists in calculating characteristics. Eight parameters are concerned: uniformity, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, smoothness, entropy, and average pixel values calculated for red and blue colour channels. All developed methods were tested with a database of 600 images and obtained results were discussed and compared with similar works.

Multi-Objective CNN-Based Algorithm for SAR Despeckling

Deep learning (DL) in remote sensing has nowadays become an effective operative tool: it is largely used in applications such as change detection, image restoration, segmentation, detection and classification. With reference to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) domain the application of DL techniques is not straightforward due to non trivial interpretation of SAR images, specially caused by the presence of speckle. Several deep learning solutions for SAR despeckling have been proposed in the last few years. Most of these solutions focus on the definition of different network architectures with similar cost functions not involving SAR image properties. In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a multi-objective cost function taking care of spatial and statistical properties of the SAR image is proposed. This is achieved by the definition of a peculiar loss function obtained by the weighted combination of three different terms. Each of this term is dedicated mainly to one of the following SAR image characteristics: spatial details, speckle statistical properties and strong scatterers identification. Their combination allows to balance these effects. Moreover, a specifically designed architecture is proposed for effectively extract distinctive features within the considered framework. Experiments on simulated and real SAR images show the accuracy of the proposed method compared to the State-of-Art despeckling algorithms, both from quantitative and qualitative point of view. The importance of considering such SAR properties in the cost function is crucial for a correct noise rejection and details preservation in different underlined scenarios, such as homogeneous, heterogeneous and extremely heterogeneous.

Self-organization maps (SOM) in the definition of a “transfer function” for a diatoms-based climate proxy

This study utilizes self-organizing maps (SOM) —a particular type of artificial neural network (ANN) — as a nonlinear analysis tool for identifying species that can be used as proxies for climate variables. Instrumental, environmental, and biological time-series data from the Alfonso Basin (Gulf of California) were analyzed. The analysis comprised three stages: (1) standardization and selection of biological databases; (2) elimination of noise in the time series data; (3) definition of an ANN architecture and assessment of differences between models built using either noisy or noiseless time series. Noise reduction improved the SOM outputs. A global structuring index was estimated to define the associative linkage between diatoms and climate variables. The results showed that diatoms identified are the most suitable proxies for reconstructing the main climate variables including precipitation, atmospheric temperature, and sea surface temperature. The method developed has the potential to improve the hierarchization and selection of variables that can be potentially reconstructed without a significant loss of climate information.

A preliminary design embodiment analysis through the graph theory implementation

The work presented in this article underlines the embodiment design phase aiming at the determination of different possible architectures of a system according to the energy vision combined with the graph theory. Indeed, the embodiment design phase presents the difficulty of organizing the design alternatives. This difficulty is due to the fact that the various components of the system are not yet fully defined, and there are many arrangement possibilities. In this context, we seek to structure a methodology for the preliminary definition of the technical system architecture, while respecting the TRIZ law of completeness of the system parts. We consider the availability of the transmission elements of the principal energy flow (functional flow). The modeling of the system will concern the flow ensuring the positioning of the system principal component called (contact flow). The modeling of an optimal system composed of the main elements (converter, transmitter, operator, and reference) with a graph ensures the possibility to propose various architectures based on the combinations of these components. The proposed approach consists of three principal phases: appropriate graph-system model association, inappropriate solutions elimination, full system definition, and decision making. An illustration of the methodology is carried out on a wind system example.

The Rise of the Architectural Fact

Through a Mediationist Theory of Architecture based on Jean Gagnepain’s much wider theory of mediation, this theoretical essay discusses the idea that is referred to here as the architectural fact. Its first section therefore presents the five hypotheses of Gagnepain’s theory of mediation and also the definition of architecture that he has suggested. The second part of the essay provides a more detailed definition of the architectural fact and an explanation of the rational principles of its emergence. It involves a clarification of the fundamental notions of form and formula, key concepts of the Mediationist Theory of Architecture. Deepening our understanding of the architectural fact, the essay’s third section attempts to explain how it arises within the design process. To do so it provides a contrasting study of, firstly, a series of Palladio’s villas, and secondly, the different versions of the Kimbell Art Museum as designed by Louis I. Kahn and his team.

Towards a Model‐Based approach to Systems and Cybersecurity: Co‐engineering in a Product Line context

ABSTRACTAs cybersecurity threats multiply and global public opinion becomes aware of cybersecurity attack's potential consequences, customers become more demanding regarding cybersecurity concerns in the products they acquire. Consequently, product providers should consider such concerns early in their solution's development life cycle. This paper presents how a model‐based approach can contribute to an effective co‐engineering effort between cybersecurity and product engineering during product architecture definition.

An open, integrated modular format: For flexible and intelligible architecture, engineering and construction design and production

The architecture, engineering and construction sector is fragmented, and its computer-aided design systems suffer data loss and errors in workflow between design and realisation. An open source, integrated, modular format is proposed to address the technological nature of these problems. Accordingly, this research updates the notion of the modular format as a more flexible and intelligible computational design method by leveraging knowledge from the computer science and manufacturing sectors where the design and realisation process is intentional and explicit. The research design of this article comprises a theoretical approach combined with an empirical case study. Principles of modularity are extracted from the computer science and manufacturing sectors to assist with a better definition of architecture, engineering and construction computer-aided design processes that use materials and resources more efficiently and sustainably. The methodology of the modular format contributes to the emerging concept of a building lifecycle management system for the architecture, engineering and construction sector.

Mimesis & Cie – The (un)walled man

From the Borromean knotting of concepts world, scene and obscene which represent the material, symbolic and mythological dimensions of our environment, the article explains the process of civilization at work in our societies. In our view, this process characterized itself by the obscene placing – to put behind the scene, in French mise obscène – of an important part of our environment. It is specific to the social animal that is the human being. When he stands on the scene, he always hides a part of his condition. The one he is ashamed because it places him in front of the ontological void that constitutes him.The modern movement radicalized this process by elevating the obscene placing up to a principle. This principle constitutes, in our opinion, a denial of together : the complexity of the human being, the fragility of his environment and the specificity of his condition. However, it was the way, followed by the moderns, to hide themselves the ontological void which they were nevertheless constituted. As a result appears a new man, a man without condition which, surrounded by the comforting decor of the scene, has lost the consciousness of both, its constitutive frailty (body and environment) and the destructive nature of its own way of life. If one refers to scientific forecasts, he now runs blindly towards an imminent ecological drama that could end with nothing other than the inhabitability of his own planet.This opens a double urgency: first, to identify and understand the devices at work in the process of obscene placing and subsequently, to reflect on how to change them. It being understood that human awareness would impact its behavior and, thus, would influence the catastrophic projections of our scientists.According to our interpretation of the Lacanian definition of primitive architecture, it can be considered as one of those devices because it allows the man to isolate the obscene from thescene (Jungers 2015). Hence, we hypothesize, to open what follows, that the plausibility of the mimesis is related to the mimetic power of architecture. Mimesis and mimetic would, therefore, be two sides of the same coin. Mimesis is ideational. It traditionally regulates the imitative arts in the way nature has to be represented. Mimetic is material. It allows some animals to survive in this nature by using, according to Roger Caillois, three strategies: intimidation, transvestism and camouflage.To clarify the links between mimesis and mimetic, we will draw hereafter, the contours of this particular animal that is the man, at the same time, talking, symbolic and social animal. On the way we will approach the issues of mimesis and mimetic which will allow us to conclude by pointing three devices used by architecture to hide the obscene: the wall (hiding), the type(meaning) and the parergon (sublimation). These three devices enable the human being not only to hide from himself the obscene, but more than that, to hide from himself that architecture which itself hides.

GenAtSeq GAN with Heuristic Reforms for Knowledge Centric Network with Browsing Characteristics Learning, Individual Tracking and Malware Detection with Website2Vec

Identification of individuals through the use of electronic footprints can be a security vulnerability and also a blessing in disguise. In this work, we have introduced how we can scale up and enhance representations using the generalized form of GAN architecture, capable of learning from generative features and differences in generalized representation. We applied the architecture for accurate person identification and person tracking using a series of browsing footprint patterns and, at the same time, can easily be extended for detection of anomaly, malware, and other browser-based phishing software activity detection. Our proposed GAN network is characterized for the detection of individuals through dissimilarity between real and generated samples and quantification of detected difference, both of which enhanced learning content. Our contributions are in the architectural definition of Generalized Attentive Sequential Generative Adversarial Network (GenAtSeq-GAN), identification of log characteristics for discrimination, and the procedure for scaling up the detection system. We achieved the effectiveness of 80.7% for GenAtSeq, 46 units higher than the older sequential GAN versions.

Design Parameters for the Early Development Phase of Battery Electric Vehicles

The derivation of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) architecture represents a challenging task for car manufacturers. For the early development of combustion engine architectures, the required design parameters can be derived from the analysis of previously-built model series. Regarding BEV architectures, the manufacturers do not yet have a reference series of vehicles on the basis of which they can derive the essential design parameters. Therefore, these parameters are mainly estimated at high cost in the early development phase. To avoid cost-intensive changes in the further course of development it is crucial to choose the right set of design parameters. For this reason, the aim of this paper is the identification of a minimum set of design parameters, derived from the current state-of-the-art of vehicle development by a structured literature comparison. We group the results according to our definition of vehicle architecture and discuss each identified parameter to explain its relevance. The sum of all parameters presented in this paper builds a minimum set of design parameters, which can be employed as a guideline for the definition of BEV architectures in the early development stage.

Modelling time variations of root diameter and elongation rate as related to assimilate supply and demand.

In a given root system, individual roots usually exhibit a rather homogeneous tip structure although highly different diameters and growth patterns, and this diversity is of prime importance in the definition of the whole root system architecture and foraging characteristics. In order to represent and predict this diversity, we built a simple and generic model at root tip level combining structural and functional knowledge on root elongation. The tip diameter, reflecting meristem size, is used as a driving variable of elongation. It varies, in response to the fluctuations of photo-assimilate availability, between two limits (minimal and maximal diameter). The elongation rate is assumed to be dependent on the transient value of the diameter. Elongation stops when the tip reaches the minimal diameter. The model could satisfactorily reproduce patterns of root elongation and tip diameter changes observed in various species at different scales. Although continuous, the model could generate divergent root classes as classically observed within populations of lateral roots. This model should help interpret the large plasticity of root elongation patterns which can be obtained in response to different combinations of endogenous and exogenous factors. The parameters could be used in phenotyping the root system.

ПРИНЦИПИ СТВОРЕННЯ СТІЙКОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ ГРОМАДСЬКИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ НА ПРИКЛАДІ СВІТОВОЇ ПРАКТИКИ

In the last decade, including in relation to architecture, it is widely used the concept of "sustainability". This term correlates with the Sustainable Concep development), adopted by the UN as a strategic direction since the 1980s. The UN Commission on Environment and Development "Our Common Future" is sustainable development is defined as the way in which ―the needs of the present generation are met without limiting the ability of the next generation to meet its needs. " In the article, the authors consider the concept of sustainable architecture, which has been developing in recent years and offers solutions to urban planning and architecture through sustainable development in the field of construction and architecture. Technical opportunities for the development of architecture of the XXI century. are impressive in scale. At the same time, more and more architects have to take into account the significant impact that their projects have on the development of urban and natural environments. Urban architecture is still going by creating high-rise projects and compacting urban development. Modern metropolitan cities, being held hostage to the past path of their development and still little changed approaches to them buildings are gradually becoming a multi-factor problem, threatening the peace and security of residents. One of the ways to solve this problem is the concept of sustainable architecture that has emerged in the last decade. Its use by experts proves thatArchitecture of the XXI century. not only can maximize comfort and safety space for people, but also able to change the appearance of cities and improve their true state. Sustainable architecture allows you to create projects that meet the needs of people and at the same time, they not only take care of the conservation of natural resources, but also improve their condition environment. Well-known British architect N. Foster metaphorically defines the stand architecture as "a way to reach the maximum with minimal means". In the context of these processes, it must be acknowledged that architects can have a significant impact on restoration ecological balance and ensuring a high quality of life for people, creating architectural an environment that satisfies human needs while preserving or even improving the state of nature. Such an architectural environment is sustainable. It should be noted at the outset that the term in the scientific literature is clearly defined missing. This article aims to clarify the definition of sustainable architecture and to specify its basic principles in the analysis of both theoretical works and existing architectural solutions. Because sustainable architecture focuses primarily on technology characteristics of objects, their aesthetic expressiveness and style qualities become certain a problem that is not addressed in this text but is clearly understood by the authors. The term "sustainable architecture" has become widespread, leading to some leveling its value. The absence of clear boundaries in the definition may make it possible to overlook a sustainable architecture that in reality is only indirectly related to resilience. Not only consumers and users can be misled by this definition architectural objects, but investors and participants in the construction process. Along with the term "sustainable architecture" is often used by such concepts as "green architecture", "eco-sustainable construction", "ecological architecture", "low-cost architecture", "high technology architecture", "bioclimatic architecture", "Energy efficient and smart construction". All of these concepts are related in various ways to the technology of construction and operation of buildings, which aims to reduce consumption energy and material resources while maintaining or improving quality buildings and the comfort of their indoor environment. However, not all of them indicate qualitative, generic features of architecture as an aesthetic kind of project activity. The authors show the evolution in the field of construction from energy efficient architecture - to green architecture and further to sustainable architecture. Refine definitions of sustainable architecture, explore principles and criteria for evaluating sustainable architecture of public buildings and structures. The main purpose of the article is to find out the essence of the concept of sustainable architecture, its necessity and perspective in modern urban planning. To accomplish this, some problems need to be solved. Expand the concept of sustainable architecture, explore the principles and criteria for evaluating sustainable architecture, analyze the world experience of creating sustainable architecture in concrete examples, and show the prospects for the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable architecture in the world and in Ukraine. Sustainable architecture is a must for the functional (utility), technical (durability) and aesthetic (beauty) properties. The article provides examples of world-class sustainable architecture projects that create sustainable architectural environments and clearly demonstrate their superiority over traditional objects. The concept of sustainable architecture is very relevant for Ukraine.

A Systematic Literature Review on ICT Architectures for Smart Mauritian Local Council

Purpose Cities have recognised information and communication technology (ICT) as a major enabler for transforming into “smarter” service providers. Mauritius is considering embarking on a smart island initiative, and as such, the existing towns in Mauritius have a major role to play in the transformation process. This study aims to focus on a systematic analysis of ICT architectures. This study proposes recommendations with regard to ICT infrastructures. This study elicits the contribution of those services towards the overall transformation of the towns, which in turn will form an integral part of the smart island initiative of the country. Design/methodology/approach A first step towards developing a smart ICT architecture is to understand what a smart ICT architecture constitutes of and the frameworks that can be used to develop these architectures. The main objectives of this systematic literature review (SLR) are as follows: understand what a smart ICT architecture consists of and derive a definition that will be used throughout the research for the development of ICT architecture for the smart local councils for Mauritius; analyse various frameworks, architectures and models that have been used in existing literature for the development of smart ICT architectures. Findings This SLR was conducted with a view to investigate ICT architectures with respect to smart governance. An in-depth review, followed by a critical analysis was performed based on the research questions set. The contribution of this study include the formulation of a definition for ICT architecture for smart local councils, which can be applied to any sphere characterised by similar aspects with reference to smart local governance. Albeit existing frameworks such as The Open Group Architecture Framework, Federal Enterprise Architecture and Zachman Framework, it was observed that in most cases, ICT architectures were built from scratch potentially because of specificities of each country/city. Originality/value This work proposes ICT architectures for smart local council.

AN MBSE-BASED APPROACH FOR THE DEFINITION AND EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING IT ARCHITECTURES

AbstractAs the complexity of the systems increases, so does the complexity of designing a suitable engineering IT architecture. Challenges reach from the definition of required and consistent functionalities and interfaces to the evaluation, which combination of IT tools fulfils the required functionality, usability and interoperability in the best way. Thus, we provide a procedure, methodology and modelling support for the definition of functional and logical engineering IT architectures and their holistic evaluation. The approach is part of an overall procedure and demonstrated in an example.

EXTRAPOLATION OF DESIGN GUIDELINES DURING THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PHASE: A METHOD TO SUPPORT PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

AbstractThe work aims at the definition of a design methodology able to drive designers in the definition of product architectures, starting from rough information available at the conceptual design. The methodology identifies design guidelines useful for the development of product architectures optimized for a given target (i.e. assembly, cost). The methodology is based on domains which combine attributes related to a specific aspect of the target. The exploratory application of the methodology was performed to address the equipment installation of a civil aircraft for assembly/installation target.