Definitive Source Research Articles

Factors Affecting Weights and Measures Officers in Revenue Collection: A Case of Weights and Measures Agency in Dar es Salaam

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting weights and measures officers (WMO) in revenue collection, a case at Dar es Salaam. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, whereas a sample size of 63 respondents that, include 59 WMO and 4 RM of WMA from Dar es Salaam were involved. A simple random sampling technique was used in the selection of WMO, and a purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of the regional managers (RM) of four administrative regions. Questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews were used for data collection. The collected quantitative data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analysed by using thematic analysis. The study found that lack of regular training on revenue collection, the existence of fraud, shortage of WMO and shortage of budget hinder their revenue collection at WMA. The study recommends that WMA should improve the provision environments of the service delivery to satisfy its customers. WMA needs to train its WMO in customer services, customer satisfaction and professional skills, WMA should look for sustainable and definite sources of revenue to generate funds for its budget, and WMA should put in place human resource policies, such as recognition policy and rewards, and training policy to enhance professional excellence and motivation of WMO to be results oriented

S3521 A Rare Case of Duodenal Leiomyoma

Introduction: Only 1–5% of gastrointestinal neoplasms are found in the small intestine. Adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, and neuroendocrine tumors are the most common malignant tumors seen in the small intestine, while gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyosarcomas, and leiomyomas are uncommon. The jejunum, ileum, and duodenum are the three most common locations for leiomyomas. We are presenting a rare case of a female with duodenal leiomyoma. Case Description/Methods: A 70-year-old female presented to the hospital with complaints of fatigue and weakness. Laboratory evaluation showed iron deficiency anemia with hemoglobin 7.5g/dl and hematocrit 25.4%. The patient reported an episode of black tarry stool about a week before the presentation. The patient received one packed red blood cell transfusion, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD) was performed to evaluate anemia. EGD revealed non-erosive gastritis and gastric erosions without any current or recent bleeding stigmata. A single large pedunculated polyp was found in the duodenum's first portion, extending into the second portion of the duodenum(a). Biopsy from the polyp revealed submucosal leiomyoma without any evidence of dysplasia or malignancy(b). The next day, a colonoscopy showed significant diverticulosis and non-bleeding internal hemorrhoids. The patient remained hemodynamically stable and was discharged home the next day. The patient presented about a month later with iron deficiency anemia again. Repeat EGD and colonoscopy performed this time showed no obvious source of bleeding. We also conducted a pill cam study, which also came back negative. (Figure) Discussion: It is unusual for leiomyomas, which are benign smooth muscle tumors, to develop in the gastrointestinal tract. Males are more likely than females to be diagnosed with duodenal leiomyomas in the 6th and 7th decades of life. The origin and pathology of these tumors in the gastrointestinal tract remain a mystery. Leiomyomas of the duodenum seldom cause symptoms. When a duodenal tumor is larger, it might cause more severe symptoms, such as bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. In our patient described above, we believe the leiomyoma caused bleeding, as no other definitive source of bleeding was found even after a complete evaluation. The case describes a rare duodenal tumor with an unusual presentation.Figure 1.: a. EGD showing a large pedunculated polyp extending from the first portion to the second portion of the duodenum. b. H&E stain showing submucosal benign spindle cell proliferation. No atypia, pleomorphism or mitotic activity.

Grammatical Constructions of Time and Date Nominations in the Russian and Chinese Languages

The work is the comparative study of lexical and grammatical means of expressing the idea of time in the Russian and Chinese languages. The main research method is the reverse reconstruction method, in which the studied grammatical model of the Russian language is first translated into Chinese, then the Chinese language model is sequentially reconstructed word for word in Russian while preserving the grammatical features of the Chinese language. The result of the work is an opportunity for the researcher (including the teacher of the Russian language who works in the Chinese audience and does not speak the students’ native language) to understand how the Russian lexical and grammatical model is seen by the native speakers of the Chinese language. With the help of this method the prepositionalcase constructions with the meaning of time (89 units) were investigated, the similarities and differences in the grammatical structure of these models were established. The textbooks and the teaching aids on Russian as a foreign language became the source of definition of these models. All studied lexical and grammatical models are combined into a parallel catalog created by reverse reconstruction and showing the zones of grammatical discrepancies when expressing the idea of time in two languages.

Reviews of Tax Planning in Indonesia: The Implementation & Analytical Approach

The Indonesian government to meet its expenditure needs, requires a definite source of funds every year. Sources of funds for the Indonesian government, among others, are obtained through non-tax revenues and tax revenues. The calculation of income tax in the year for taxpayers is based on the financial statements. Fiscal profit or loss is prepared based on commercial profit or loss which has been adjusted to tax regulations through reconciliation, the reconciliation will result in fiscal improvement. The use of the selection method for calculating income tax article 21 for employees can be one of the applications of taxation methods permitted by the Directorate General of Taxes which can be useful in saving from the tax burden borne by the company. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets only to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available so that the deductible temporary differences can be utilized (PSAK No. 46, par. 24), or if sufficient taxable profit will be available to compensate the balance. Compensable fiscal loss.

Breaking Points in the Context of Compliance with Arabic in the Soundness of Recitations. (Sîbeveyh, Kisâî, İbn Cinnî)

Pek çok sahih hadiste zikredildiği üzere, Kur’ân yedi harf üzere nâzil olmuştur. Bu yedi harfin farklı lehçeleri ifade ettiği konusunda kıraat âlimlerinin neredeyse ittifakı vardır. Bu yedi farklı lehçe olgusunun bir yansıması olarak, Kur’ân'ın yanlış okunmasını önlemeye yönelik çabalar, Hz. Peygamber dönemine kadar dayanmaktadır. Ancak Hz. Peygamber'in vefatından sonra insanlar, ihtilafa düştükleri kıraatleri sormak için kesin bilgi kaynağını kaybetmiş oldular. Bu bağlamda ihtilaf arttığında kıraat âlimleri, sahih kıraat ile sahih olmayan kıraati ayırt etmek için üç şart ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu üç şarttan birincisi kıraatin Hz. Peygamber’e mütevâtir olarak ulaşması, ikincisi Mesâhif-i Osman'a uygun olması, üçüncüsü ise herhangi bir Arap lehçesine uygun olmasıdır. Kıraat âlimleri, Araplar tarafından konuşulan bu lehçenin yaygın olmasının veya nahivcilerin üzerinde anlaşmaya vardığı bir lehçe olmasının şart olmadığını söylemişlerdir. Ebu İshak el-Hadramî (ö. 117/735), Halil b. Ahmed el-Ferahîdî (ö. 175/791) ve Yunus b. Habîb (ö. 182/798) gibi erken dönem nahivciler, kıraatlerin lehçelere uygunluğunu incelerken kıraatler ve râvileri hakkında olumsuz hükümler vermekten kaçınmışlardır. Sîbeveyh(ö. 180/796) ise kıraatleri Basra nahiv ekolünün kuralları ile değerlendirmiş ve bu kurallara uymayan kıraatleri yanlış veya çirkin olmakla itham ederek bu olguyu farklı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Kisâî (ö. 189/805) de kıraatlere hem kıraatçi hem de dilci kimliğiyle yaklaşmış, Sîbeveyh'in reddettiği birçok kıraati doğru kabul etmiş ve bunlara dayanarak yeni nahiv kuralları oluşturmuştur. İbn Cinnî(ö. 392/1002) de Sîbeveyh ve onu takip edenlerin reddettiği kıraatlerin nahivsel değerini ortaya koymak için el-Muhteseb’i yazmış, Sîbeveyh ve onu takip edenleri de eleştirerek bu olguyu kıraatçilerin istediği noktaya getirmiştir.

SRNA Analysis Evidenced the Involvement of Different Plant Viruses in the Activation of RNA Silencing-Related Genes and the Defensive Response Against Plum pox virus of 'GF305' Peach Grafted with 'Garrigues' Almond.

Plum pox virus (PPV) causes sharka disease in Prunus trees. Peach (P. persica) trees are severely affected by PPV, and no definitive source of genetic resistance has been identified. However, previous results showed that PPV-resistant 'Garrigues' almond (P. dulcis) was able to transfer its resistance to 'GF305' peach through grafting, reducing symptoms and viral load in PPV-infected plants. A recent study tried to identify genes responsible for this effect by studying messenger RNA expression through RNA sequencing in peach and almond plants, before and after grafting and before and after PPV infection. In this work, we used the same peach and almond samples but focused the high-throughput analyses on small RNA (sRNA) expression. We studied massive sequencing data and found an interesting pattern of sRNA overexpression linked to antiviral defense genes that suggested activation of these genes followed by downregulation to basal levels. We also discovered that 'Garrigues' almond plants were infected by different plant viruses that were transferred to peach plants. The large amounts of viral sRNA found in grafted peaches indicated a strong RNA silencing antiviral response and led us to postulate that these plant viruses could be collaborating in the observed "Garrigues effect."

Contemporary Contamination of Urban Floodplains in Chennai (India)

Fast growing coastal population centers face an increasing vulnerability to several emission sources of anthropogenic and industrial pollutants. The ongoing industrialization in emerging countries increases the environmental and human risk for people living in coastal megacities, especially in the global south of Asia. Extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfalls and resulting flood events, are projected to increase in frequency in the foreseen future, facing an increasing vulnerability to monsoon-induced floods and the release and distribution of xenobiotics causing harm to communities and the environment along a river’s pathway. To endeavor the unknown risks posed by these toxic floods and to assess the associated contamination distribution, the preserved organic geochemical signature from floodplain sediments is studied.This investigation evaluates the inorganic and organic pollutant assemblage in ten surface sediments along the Adyar and Cooum river in the urban areas of Chennai (southern India). Potentially toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) show a continuous concentration decrease downstream. Four main groups of persistent organic pollutants have been detected: petrogenic pollutants (hopanes, PAHs), urban wastewater pollutants (LABs, DEHA, methyl-triclosan, octocrylene), technical compounds (Mesamoll®, DPE, NBFA), and pesticides (DDX). While most organic compounds show source specific properties, the definite sources for others remain vague based on the multitude of potential sources and diffusiveness of anthropogenic emissions. The chosen approaches have shown that urban wastewater pollutants and several technical compounds are suitable to assess the anthropogenic-induced contamination in floodplain sediments. However, sedimentary archives in fast-growing, urbanized environments are influenced and superimposed by anthropogenic alterations.

A Typology of Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Development: An Analysis of Form, Function, Nomenclature, and Associated Applications

This study presents a typology of nature-based solutions (NbS), addressing the need for a standardized source of definitions and nomenclature, and to facilitate communication in this interdisciplinary field of theory and practice. Growing usage of the umbrella phrase ‘nature-based solutions’ has led to a broad inclusion of terms. With the diversity of terminology used, the full potential of NbS may be lost in the confusion of misapplied terms. Standardization and definition of commonly used nature-based nomenclature are necessary to facilitate communication in this rapidly expanding field. Through objective systemization of applications, functions, and benefits, NbS can be embraced as a standard intervention to address societal challenges and support achievement of the UN SDGs.

Efficacy of Early Video Capsule Endoscopy for Acute Overt Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding with Colonic Diverticulosis: A Prospective Observational Study

Background/Aims: Although most patients with presumptive colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB) do not undergo a small bowel investigation in clinical practice, no prospective study supports this management. We evaluated the utility of early small bowel capsule endoscopy (CE) after negative colonoscopy results. Methods: This prospective study evaluated the diagnostic yield of early small bowel CE (≤3 days from visit) for consecutive patients with acute-onset hematochezia, when colonoscopy found colonic diverticulosis but did not identify the definite bleeding source (n = 51; presumptive CDB). As a matched control for comparing clinical outcomes, presumptive CDB patients without CE (n = 51) were retrospectively extracted. Results: On CE for the prospective cohort, the rates of total positive findings, P2 findings (high bleeding potential according to the P classification), and blood pooling in the colon were 57%, 12% (ulceration, 8%; angioectasia, 4%), and 24%, respectively. The rates of rebleeding within 30 and 365 days were 16% and 29% in the prospective cohort with CE, respectively, and were not significantly different from those in the retrospective cohort without CE (10% and 25%, respectively). In addition, thromboembolism and mortality within 30 and 365 days were not significantly different between those with and without CE. Conclusion: Early CE detected a suspected small bowel bleeding source in 12% of acute-onset presumptive CDB patients but did not significantly improve major clinical outcomes. Therefore, routine CE is unnecessary for presumptive CDB patients after colonoscopy (UMIN000026676).

Pembatasan dalam Periwayatan Hadis (Taqlil ar-Riwayah)

This article discusses about the history of the development of hadith that occurred at the beginning of the development of Islam. The traditions that are known today are found in the books of hadith not just by accident, but through a long journey. Starting from the hadith conveyed by the Prophet, then memorized and recorded by the companions, there was even a prohibition from the Prophet himself in recording it, until there was a process where the hadith was arranged in the way it was narrated and finally the hadiths were recorded in a neatly arranged book. The existence of a prohibition on recording this hadith is certainly a problem as to how the hadith will be narrated, the loss of a definite source whether it is true that the hadith comes from the Prophet because there are no notes and reminders about the hadith. However, the restriction in narration (Taqlil ar Riwayah) both from the Prophet himself and from his companions was intended to keep the Qur'an from being mixed with hadith, because at that time the revelation of the Qur'an was taking place.

Konsep Perceraian Di Depan Sidang Pengadilan Perspektif Maqasid Al-Syari’ah Ibnu Asyur

The occurrence of divorce, which is increasing from year to year, cannot be separated from the public understanding about divorce, where it can be done anytime and anywhere by the husband. This is a problem that must be resolved, even if it is not suitable to Imam Shafi’i’s opinion, namely the divorce must be applied before a court hearing. This problem must be solved through maqasid sharia. Ibnu Asyur provides solutions; the Qur’an is the greatest and most definite source and contains more than one meaning, the determination and occupation of the problem must be carried out textual and contextual study deeply. The research purpose is to reveal maqasid sharia in the determination of divorce must be applied before the court hearing, especially Ibnu Asyur’s perspective. The method is descriptive qualitative by technique of data reduction, data display and taking conclusion. The results prove the divorce rate from 2015-2018 shows an increase. So according to Ibnu Asyur, Sharia texts are not only studied textually, but are contextual by considering the consequences of divorce and procedures that must be obeyed, and based on human nature in marriage, egalitarian between husband and wife, and freedom of attitude and opinion.

An overlooked source of nanosized lead particles in the atmosphere: Residential honeycomb briquette combustion

Atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution has attracted long-term and widespread concerns due to its high toxicity. The definite source identification of atmospheric Pb is the key step to mitigate this pollution. Here, we first report an overlooked source of atmospheric nanosized Pb particles using transmission electron microscopy and bulk sample analyses, finding that residential honeycomb briquette combustion emits large numbers of nanosized Pb-rich particles. We found that 33.7 ± 19.9 % of primary particles by number from residential honeycomb briquette combustion contains the crystalline Pb particles. These Pb-rich particles range in size from 14 to 956 nm with a mean diameter of 117 nm. Compared with raw coal chunks, honeycomb briquette combustion could emit less carbonaceous particles, but largely increase nanosized Pb particle emissions. This result is attributed to two key factors: (1) higher Pb content in honeycomb briquette (63.6 μg g−1) than that in coal chunk (8.5 μg g−1), and (2) higher Pb release rate for honeycomb briquette (62.3 %) caused by honeycomb structure than that for coal chunk (20.1 %). This study highlights that atmospheric and health implications of high emissions of toxic nanosized Pb from honeycomb briquette should be paid more attention in future research on ambient and indoor airs.

Investigating a cluster of pediatric oncology invasive fungal infections–Lessons learned

Background: In spring 2021, the infection prevention and control department at a pediatric academic medical center identified 3 oncology patients with concern for invasive Rhizopus spp infections. An in-depth investigation was conducted, but a common source of the fungus was not identified. In August 2021, an additional oncology patient with concern for invasive Rhizopus spp was identified, resulting in an extended investigation for possible sources of fungus. Methods: A multidisciplinary work group was assembled. The CDC Targeted Environmental Investigation Checklist for Outbreaks of Invasive Infections Caused by Environmental Fungi was used as a framework for conducting the investigation. Stakeholders were engaged throughout the process, including the hematology–oncology service, hospital leadership, environmental services, patient safety and quality, and facilities and engineering. The investigation included hospital incident command system (HICS) activation; visual inspection of patient rooms and common spaces; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) review; environmental sampling (surfaces, linen, and air); chart review; and process mapping. Results: By early October 2021, 2 environmental samples grew isolates (each at 1 CFU/m3) of the same species of Rhizopus as one of the affected patients. One sample was from a patient room, and the other from an outdoor garden space. No source of indoor amplification of Rhizopus was identified. The investigation revealed several opportunities for improvement: annual room maintenance schedules, use of gardens and outdoor spaces by at-risk patients, linen storage, construction and/or infection control risk assessment (ICRA) processes, and appliances used by families (eg, washing machines and refrigerators). Work streams were established to address each of these areas. Conclusions: No definite source was identified for the 4 invasive Rhizopus spp infections. This extensive investigation highlighted multiple opportunities for improvement; the changes implemented may prevent future invasive fungal infections in high-risk pediatric patients.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women Toward Iron Supplementation During Pregnancy in the Work Area of Pegasing Health Center Central Aceh in 2021

Background: This study aims to determine the extent of knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women toward the consumption of iron tablets in the working area of Pegasing Health Center, Pegasing District, Central Aceh Regency, in 2021.
 Methods: This research is descriptive research. The research sample was 35 pregnant women in the working area of Pegasing Health Center. Data were collected and measured using a questionnaire of 40 questions, 20 questions about knowledge, and 20 questions about attitudes.
 Results: The mother's knowledge about the definition and need for iron is in the sufficient category (41.86%), the impact of iron deficiency is in a good category (74.29%) the purpose of giving iron is in the good category (57.14%) containing a source of iron is in the sufficient category (65.71%) while the attitude of pregnant women to the consumption of iron tablets is in a good category (42.86%).
 Conclusion: Most of the respondents have a sufficient level of knowledge regarding the definition, benefits, and food sources of iron during pregnancy. Most pregnant women are well aware of the impact of iron deficiency and the purpose of iron tablet supplementation during pregnancy. The majority of respondents have a good attitude towards iron supplementation during pregnancy.

Marine macrolides as an efficient source of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors: A comprehensive approach of in silico virtual screening

Marine organisms are a definitive source of antibiotics and kinase inhibitors which provide cues for discovering novel drug leads. Marine macrolides are getting much attraction due to their enzyme inhibitory potential. The present study comprehensively dealt with the virtual screening and structure-based prediction of macrolide compounds against FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptors (FLT3). The FLT3 was chosen as a biological target against the 990 marine macrolides. Before the virtual screening of macrolide compounds, validation of molecular docking was carried out by re-docking of co-crystallized Gilteritinib within the FLT3. Among the selected 990 candidates of marine macrolides, 311 were failed due to the generation of insufficient conformers. Amongst the successful compounds, 22 compounds were also failed to dock within the receptor, while the remaining 657 marine macrolide entities elicited successful docking. The HYBRID Chemguass4 Score ranged from -10.17 to -0.02. This vast difference in the HYBRID ChemGuass4 score is attributed to the difference in binding potential with the receptor's binding pocket. The top ten compounds were selected based on the HYBRID ChemGuass4 Score lower than -8.0 against FLT3. The pharmacokinetics and ADME properties revealed the drug likeliness of the macrolides.

Environmental Safety: the Problem of Concepts or Sources of Errors

The basic concepts of environmental safety are analyzed. The sources of terms, definitions and concepts of environmental safety are considered. The reasons for the inconsistencies between Russian and European definitions, the causes of "confusion" in terminology are studied. A comparison is made of such approaches to the study and impact on nature as the "Michurinsky" approach and the approach from the position of the "precautionary principle". A distinction is made in the content characteristics of the concepts of safety and danger. The close relationship between the biodiversity of intraorganismal microflora and the environmental safety of the organism is substantiated, this relationship ensures ecological sustainability.

Novel Marker for Premature Ejaculation: Serum Leptin Level.

BackgroundLeptin, which was only discovered in humans in 1994, has recently been shown to have a possible link with premature ejaculation.AimTo evaluate whether serum leptin levels differed between patients with premature ejaculation and healthy men, and to analyze the changes in leptin levels before and after treatment.MethodsSix studies assessing the relationship between leptin and premature ejaculation published up to October 2021 were identified from multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane) and the data were analyzed by Stata software.OutcomesDifferences in leptin levels in premature ejaculation patients and healthy people, and changes of leptin levels in premature ejaculation population before and after treatment.ResultsAnalysis of studies assessing differences in leptin concentrations between patients with PE and healthy men showed that there was a statistically significant difference in leptin levels between PE patients and controls (WMD (95% CI) = 17.89 (8.64, 27.14), P < .001). On the other hand, the analysis of data from 3 studies describing serum leptin levels in PE patients before and after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) showed that there was a significant decrease with leptin levels in PE patients after treatment (WMD (95%CI) = 22.06 (17.21, 26.92), P < .001).Clinical ImplicationsIt is possible that leptin can be used as a new marker for premature ejaculation.Strength & LimitationsThe strength of this study is that it is the first meta- analysis to assess the differences of serum leptin levels between patients with premature ejaculation and healthy subjects and the changes of leptin levels before and after treatment in patients with premature ejaculation. A major limitation is that a greater heterogeneity was identified through our analysis, however we did not find a definitive source of heterogeneity.ConclusionThere was a statistically significant relationship between serum leptin levels and patients with PE. In addition, serum leptin levels in patients with PE decreased significantly after 8 weeks of treatment with SSRIs.Liu G, Zhang Y, Zhang W, et al. Novel Marker for Premature Ejaculation: Serum Leptin Level. Sex Med 2022;10:100509.

Review: Descendants of Aztec Pictography: The Cultural Encyclopedias of Sixteenth-Century Mexico, by Elizabeth Hill Boone

Review: <i>Descendants of Aztec Pictography: The Cultural Encyclopedias of Sixteenth-Century Mexico</i>, by Elizabeth Hill Boone

Angiographically Occult Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Yield of Repeat Angiography, Influence of Initial CT Bleed Pattern, and Sources of Diagnostic Error in 242 Consecutive Patients.

Nearly 20% of patients with spontaneous SAH have no definitive source on initial DSA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the timing and yield of repeat DSA, to clarify the influence of initial CT bleed pattern, and to characterize sources of diagnostic error in this scenario. We evaluated the yield of repeat DSA and clinical outcomes stratified by hemorrhage pattern on CT in consecutive patients with nontraumatic SAH with negative initial DSA findings at a referral center. Cases in which the culprit lesion was subsequently diagnosed were classified as physiologically occult (ie, undetectable) on the initial DSA, despite adequate technique and interpretation or misdiagnosed due to operator-dependent error. Two hundred forty-two of 1163 (20.8%) patients with spontaneous SAH had negative initial DSA findings between 2009 and 2018. The SAH CT pattern was nonperimesencephalic (41%), perimesencephalic (36%), sulcal (18%), and CT-negative (5%). Repeat DSA in 135/242 patients (55.8%) revealed a source in 10 patients (7.4%): 4 saccular aneurysms, 4 atypical aneurysms, and 2 arteriovenous shunts. The overall yield of repeat DSA was 11.3% with nonperimesencephalic and 2.2% for perimesencephalic patterns. The yield of the second and third DSAs with a nonperimesencephalic pattern was 7.7% and 12%, respectively. Physiologically occult lesions accounted for 6/242 (2.5%) and operator-dependent errors accounted for 7/242 (2.9%) of all angiographically occult lesions on the first DSA. Atypical aneurysms and small arteriovenous shunts are important causes of SAH negative on angiography. Improving DSAs technique can modestly reduce the need for repeat DSA; however, a small fraction of SAH sources remain occult despite adequate technique. These findings support the practice of repeating DSA in patients with a nonperimesencephalic SAH pattern.

Transportation of therapeutic and controlled drugs across international borders: a descriptive analysis of information available to travellers.

Transportation of medications across borders can present challenges for international travellers. We investigated the provision of official country-specific information available to individuals travelling with medications. Data from official government sources relating to restrictions on the transportation of medications for personal use were analysed to determine compliance with international recommendations and identify variation in practice between countries. Schedule 1 drug classifications and import restrictions for narcotic and psychotropic drugs varied widely between countries. Some countries do not conform to recommendations from the International Narcotics Control Board. Healthcare professionals should be broadly aware of country-specific restrictions on therapeutic drug transportation and be able to direct travellers to definitive sources of information.