Definite Noun Research Articles

I dette åbenbaringens lys — an example of word formation, incongruency, or maybe something completely different?

The article concerns constructions such as et herrens år in Danish where the first of the nouns is in the definite form (with a suffixed definite article), in the genitive case and functions as an attribute and not a determiner in relation to the following noun. The determiner (a definite or indefinite article, demonstrative pronoun, etc.), on the other hand, is not linked directly to the following noun but to the one that occurs in the last position of the whole phrase. This stands in contrast to the regular structure of the noun phrase where the determiner refers to the directly following noun (e.g., en bils ejer). In the case of the construction discussed here, however, the determiner refers to the last noun in the phrase (e.g., dette herrens år). Moreover, adjectives can occur before both nouns, but they will always refer to the last noun (e.g., en vældig kræfternes udfoldelse). The work discusses both the grammatical and semantical aspects of the construction. As demonstrated in the article, the construction should not be treated from the perspective of word formation, as it is rather an example of an attributive use of a definite noun in the genitive. Secondly, it is also interesting to point out that the semantic relations within the construction do not fully overlap with the grammatical relations, as from the semantic point of view the determiner, the adjectives, as well as the attributive noun, refer to the main noun. Thirdly, and most importantly, there are strong indications that here we are not dealing with just a few rare examples of a more literary style or certain fixed expressions, but with a regular grammatical construction. To conclude with certainty, however, it is necessary to complement this exploratory research with a corpus study, and preferably also a survey that could reveal the native speakers’ perception of the construction.

الشواهد النحویة فی الأحادیث النبویة فی کتاب سبیل الهدى بتحقیق شرح قطر الندى لمحمد محیى الدین عبد الحمید

عرض البحث للشواهد النحوية الواردة في الأحاديث النبوية في تحقيق محمد محيى الدين لکتاب قطر الندى المسمى سبيل الهدى بتحقيق قطر الندى ؛ لأهمية دراسة الأحاديث النبوية وما دار حولها من خلاف قديما وحديثا ولأنها تثري الدرس النحوي ؛ کما أن شخصية المحقق لها قدرها وشيوعها العلمي الذي يوجب علينا النظر في أعماله والإفادة منها، وقد قمت بدراسة المسائل النحوية في هذه الأحاديث النبوية من خلال التعرض للشواهد النحوية التي ساقها الشيخ محمد محيى الدين في الحديث فقط، حتى لا يتضخم البحث, و کان منهجي في هذا البحث، أن أذکر الحديث, وأخرجه من کتب الأحاديث النبوية، بعد أن أضع عنوانا للمسألة التي يدخل تحتها الحديث الشريف ، کما أني رتبت المسائل وفق ترتيب الألفية لأبواب النحو، ثم أذکر أراء العلماء فيها، ورأي ابن هشام، ثم رأي محمد محيى الدين, والشاهد النحوي في الحديث الشريف، ثم أذکر الرأي الراجح، فيما يبدو للباحث. وقد جاء البحث في مقدمة, وتمهيد, وخاتمة, وخمسة مباحث، أما المقدمة, فقد ذکرت فيها أسباب اختيار الموضوع، وأهميته، وخطة البحث، ومنهجي فيه, وأما التمهيد فقد عرفت فيه بابن هشام ، تعريفا موجزا، وبالشيخ محمد محيى الدين، وذکرت الاستشهاد بالحديث، وموقف العلماء منه، وموقف ابن هشام, ومحمد محيى الدين، وأما المباحث فهي کالتالي: المبحث الأول: تناول مسائل ( المعرب والمبني ) ،والمبحث الثاني في : (النکرة والمعرفة ) والمبحث الثالث: ( النواسخ ) ،والمبحث الرابع: ( إعمال المصدر، واسم الفعل ) والمبحث الرابع: ( الجوازم ). أما الخاتمة ، فقد ذکرت فيها أهم النتائج ، ثم ذيلت البحث بفهرس للموضوعات ، وثبت بالمصادر والمراجع ، والله من وراء السبيل. The Grammatical Evidence in the Prophetic Tradition in the Book “Sabil al-Huda” edited by “Qatr al-Nada” by Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid Khaled Abdullah Khudairi Yunus. Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah Abstract: This study is done due to the importance of studying The Grammatical Evidence in the Prophetic Tradition in the Book “Sabil al-Huda” edited by “Qatr al-Nada” by Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid, to refute suspicions occasionally raised around Prophetic Tradition in the past and present, to enrich grammatical lessons by making use of these Traditions, and to study the prolific works of Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid. I have studied the grammatical issues cited by Sheikh Muhammad Mohiuddin only in the Prophetic Traditions, so that the research will not be voluminous. My methodology in this research is to mention the hadith, and refer it to its original books of Prophetic Tradition, after I put a title to the issue under which the Noble Hadith is included. ،I also arranged the issues According to the order of Alfyatu-Ibn-Malik (the millennium) for the chapters of grammar, then I mention the opinions of scholars about it, the opinion of Ibn Hisham, the opinion of Muhammad Muhyiddin, and the grammatical witness in the Noble Hadith, then I mention what seems to me the most correct opinion. This study is in an introduction, a preface, a conclusion, and five chapters. As for the introduction, I mentioned the reasons for choosing the topic, its importance, the research plan, and my methodology in the study. As for the introduction, I introduced Ibn Hisham،s brief biography, and Sheikh Muhammad Mohiuddin and mentioned the Hadith verification, the position of the scholars on it, the position of Ibn Hisham and Muhammad Muhyiddin As for chapters of research, they are as follows: The first chapter: It dealt with the issues of (Al-Maarab and Al-Mabni) The second chapter: (Definite and Indefinite Noun), the third chapter: (The Nawasikh)،, the fourth chapter: (Transitive Infinitive and Present Participle). The most important results are summarized in the conclusion. The paper is entailed with index, bibliography.

Definitely saw it coming? The dual nature of the pre-nominal prediction effect

In well-known demonstrations of lexical prediction during language comprehension, pre-nominal articles that mismatch a likely upcoming noun's gender elicit different neural activity than matching articles. However, theories differ on what this pre-nominal prediction effect means and on what is being predicted. Does it reflect mismatch with a predicted article, or ‘merely’ revision of the noun prediction? We contrasted the ‘article prediction mismatch’ hypothesis and the ‘noun prediction revision’ hypothesis in two ERP experiments on Dutch mini-story comprehension, with pre-registered data collection and analyses. We capitalized on the Dutch gender system, which marks gender on definite articles (‘de/het’) but not on indefinite articles (‘een’). If articles themselves are predicted, mismatching gender should have little effect when readers expected an indefinite article without gender marking. Participants read contexts that strongly suggested either a definite or indefinite noun phrase as its best continuation, followed by a definite noun phrase with the expected noun or an unexpected, different gender noun phrase (‘het boek/de roman’, the book/the novel). Experiment 1 (N = 48) showed a pre-nominal prediction effect, but evidence for the article prediction mismatch hypothesis was inconclusive. Informed by exploratory analyses and power analyses, direct replication Experiment 2 (N = 80) yielded evidence for article prediction mismatch at a newly pre-registered occipital region-of-interest. However, at frontal and posterior channels, unexpectedly definite articles also elicited a gender-mismatch effect, and this support for the noun prediction revision hypothesis was further strengthened by exploratory analyses: ERPs elicited by gender-mismatching articles correlated with incurred constraint towards a new noun (next-word entropy), and N400s for initially unpredictable nouns decreased when articles made them more predictable. By demonstrating its dual nature, our results reconcile two prevalent explanations of the pre-nominal prediction effect.

Presupposition in Ghanaian and British Newspaper editorials

The paper explores presupposition and its triggers in Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. Using a model proposed by Khaleel (2010:529) based on Karttunen (n.d.) and Yule (1996), the researcher analysed thirty (30) editorials from the Daily Guide (Ghanaian) and The Guardian (British) which were published in 2017. The analysis revealed some similarities and differences in the Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. It was found that the frequently used trigger of the existential presupposition in both newspapers is the definite noun phrase. Again, it was found that the most used to trigger structural presupposition is the relative clause. The noticeable difference between the two is that in the Daily Guide, the structural presupposition is the most triggered (46.1%) whilst the existential presupposition (69.8%) is the most triggered in The Guardian.

Extracting Arabic Composite Names Using Genitive Principles of Arabic Grammar

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a basic prerequisite of using Natural Language Processing (NLP) for information retrieval. Arabic NER is especially challenging as the language is morphologically rich and has short vowels with no capitalisation convention. This article presents a novel rule-based approach that uses linguistic grammar-based techniques to extract Arabic composite names from Arabic text. Our approach uniquely exploits the genitive Arabic grammar rules; in particular, the rules regarding the identification of definite nouns (معرفة) and indefinite nouns (نكرة) to support the process of extracting composite names. Based on domain knowledge and Arabic Genitive Rules (AGR), the developed approach formalises a set of syntactical rules and linguistic patterns that initially use genitive patterns to classify definiteness within phrases and then extracts proper composite names from the unstructured text. The developed novel approach does not place any constraints on the length of the Arabic composite name and our initial experimentation demonstrated high recall and precision results when the NER algorithm was applied to a financial domain corpus.

Bestämdhet och indirekta anaforer i polska studenters inlärarsvenska

Abstract The aim of the research is to investigate how Polish learners of Swedish acquire the category of definiteness narrowed to the so-called indirect anaphors: definite noun phrases without any explicit antecedent, staying in a relation with a kind of “trigger”, an element in the text that is crucial for their interpretation. Previous publications about acquisition of definiteness in Swedish focus on the morphological development rather than the development regarding the choice of form. In my longitudinal study of students of Swedish at the Department of Scandinavian Studies at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, I analyse students’ grammar tests and essays with regard to this issue. With Schwarz’s classification of anaphors as a working basis a model for a learning route is developed, covering semantic, conceptual and inferential type of anaphors.

Presupposition Triggers of Teacher Talk in Higher Education

The present study is aimed at investigating the way of presupposition triggers realized in the lecturer talk. This qualitative research is conducted in English class of the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga by purposive sampling. The present study serves reading class recordings as the data. Reading class was chosen for the reason of similar process in making prediction on reading, i.e. schemata theory, with presumption on presupposition. It is equipped by observation and documentation in order to enhance confidence in the ensuing findings. The finding shows that presupposition triggers realized by the several categories; they are definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verb, iterative, verb of judging, temporal clause, comparison and contrast, non-restrictive relative clause, and question. The most frequent used category is definite description, with the simple structure of possessive construction and definite noun phrase. Another important result is the preference to use question as the next favored triggers.

Gahwat al-murra: the N + DEF-ADJ syntagm and the *at>ahshift in Arabic

AbstractMultiple varieties of Arabic attest a definite noun + adjective syntagm in which only the adjective is marked morphologically with the article, e.g., Lebanesebēt iz-zġīr“the small house”. The feminine ending*-ahis everywhere realized -(v)t, e.g., Baghdadisint il-māḍye“last year”. Most have assumed that it was originally appositional, and re-analysed as a construct, prompted perhaps by the loss of case (Hopkins 1984; Pat-El 2017). A few scholars (Reckendorf 1921; Retsö 2009) have argued that this syntagm was originally construct. In this article I draw on relevant Arabic data, including parallels with dialectaltanwīn, as well as comparative Semitic evidence, to argue that this syntagm is, diachronically and synchronically, one of apposition and not annexation. I propose that the feminine-athere represents a retention of proto-Arabic*-at, which was protected by the close relationship between a noun and following attribute. I conclude with a discussion of historical and comparative implications.

İngilis dilində müəyyən və qeyri-müəyyən ismi birləşmələrlə istifadə olunan determinativlər

In this article determiners used with definite and non-definite noun phrases in English language are studied. Determiners are words or phrases that precede a noun or noun phrase and serve to express its reference in the context. There are different kinds of determiners and each one serves a different function. These types include articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, possessives, and interrogatives.

"Five" as a typological number in the medieval Arabic grammatical tradition

In the Arabic grammatical tradition several categories comprising exactly five members can be found, e.g., the types of “meaningful things”, of definite nouns, of tanwīn, of definite article, of tawābiʿ etc. Given the importance of the number ‘five’ in Islam, it is natural to ask whether these categorizations are affected by the symbolical meaning of that number. This article examines some of these categorizations in order to check the extent to which they are linguistically or theoretically justified, and whether they use ‘five’ as a typological number. In order to answer these questions, the fivefold divisions are tested for consistency and the surrounding discourse is investigated.

METAPHORICAL CHAINS AND REFERENCE USAGE IN NEWSPAPERS: A MECHANISM FOR TEXTUAL COHESION

This article examines the phenomenon of metaphor in newspapers, focusing on the use of multiple metaphors of the same type used to form a coherent chain. These metaphoric chains are treated within the frame of Halliday’s Systemic Function Grammar (SFG) as a feature of textual cohesion. The different cohesion features recognised by SFG are briefly presented. Features including pronominal anaphora, ellipsis, and reference by definite noun phrases are, in different studies, believed to play the same role as generic ‘referencing’. On the other hand, as different words or expressions chosen within the same source domain, metaphoric chains are connected to the feature of lexical cohesion. They form a single network of links through the entire text, guaranteeing global cohesion. Many questions are left unanswered and thus the conclusions advocate for an extensive corpus-based study aimed at accounting for the relation of the two phenomena and the cultural motivations of the use of metaphors.

Definiteness projection

We argue that definite noun phrases give rise to uniqueness inferences characterized by a pattern we call definiteness projection. Definiteness projection says that the uniqueness inference of a definite projects out unless there is an indefinite antecedent in a position that filters presuppositions. We argue that definiteness projection poses a serious puzzle for e-type theories of (in)definites; on such theories, indefinites should filter existence presuppositions but not uniqueness presuppositions. We argue that definiteness projection also poses challenges for dynamic approaches, which have trouble generating uniqueness inferences and predicting some filtering behavior, though unlike the challenge for e-type theories, these challenges have mostly been noted in the literature, albeit in a piecemeal way. Our central aim, however, is not to argue for or against a particular view, but rather to formulate and motivate a generalization about definiteness which any adequate theory must account for.

Form-based and Content-oriented Noun Definition in Persian Speaking Children With Cochlear Implant in Compare With Their Normal Peers

Form-based and Content-oriented Noun Definition in Persian Speaking Children With Cochlear Implant in Compare With Their Normal Peers

“They used to follow Ø river”: The Zero Article in York English

Speakers of York English (UK) use a zero article with definite singular nouns (e.g., “They used to follow Ø river”), which is impossible in Standard English. We probe the possibility that this form is a remnant from Old English, when there were no articles as they are currently found in Modern English, rather than a more contemporary development. We trace the diachronic trajectory of the zero article in historical-descriptive grammars and test social and linguistic constraints on its use in York English in a logistic regression analysis. The results show that information structure is a significant predictor of the zero article across all generations of the community and that the zero article is used in the same way as it was used as far back as Old English. However, it exhibits heightened usage among the older and younger generations, exhibiting a U-shaped curve. We suggest that this pattern demonstrates longitudinal maintenance of a conservative feature, which is suppressed in middle-age as the result of social pressures. In this way, this case study adds insight into the fate of dialect features in contemporary speech communities. It also highlights the importance of combining insights from different strands in linguistics for understanding the evolution of syntactic variants like the zero article.

Differential Patterns of Children's Knowledge of Quantifier Meaning Revealed Under Different Tasks

This study examines children’s comprehension of quantifiers in Hebrew, using several tasks. We focused on a linguistic ambiguity related to universal quantifiers that express a distinction between collectivity and distributivity: all can be assigned with both a collective reading and a distributive reading (“a flower for all fairies” can be interpreted as an event with one flower or an event with multiple flowers), whereas each has a distributive reading only (“a flower for each fairy” is an event with multiple flowers). Unlike English, Hebrew has a single universal quantifier and thus, it expresses the collectivity/distributivity distinction using two morphosyntactic forms: one form (kol+ definite plural noun) is equivalent to all and has the two readings, and the other form (kol+ indefinite singular noun) is equivalent to each and has only one reading. We examined how Hebrew-speaking preschoolers (4-6 years) understand sentences in the two forms, and how they resolve the ambiguity of the ambiguous form, while focusing on the type and presence of contrast in three preference tasks: Experiment 1 used a conventional picture-matching task where the collective and distributive meanings were contrasted using two pictures (meaning contrast); Experiment 2 used a sentence-matching task where the two morphosyntactic forms were contrasted using two sentences (linguistic contrast); and Experiment 3 used a novel drawing task including instructions in one form (no contrast). In all tasks, adults showed a consistent response pattern, matching the ambiguous form (equivalent to all) to the collective reading and the distributive form (equivalent to each) to the distributive reading. Children, on the other hand, were extremely affected by the task, showing adult-like performance pattern in the picture-matching task, but not in the other tasks. This suggests that children can distinguish between the two morphosyntactic forms, but they do not fully attain adults’ preference pattern. The differences between the tasks can be attributed to the salience of the contrast, task experience, or working memory. The results highlight the need for a careful selection of language tasks both in basic research and in clinical assessment.

Reunited after 1000 years. The development of definite articles in Icelandic

AbstractThis article traces the diachronic development from the Proto Norse demonstrative hinn via the Old Icelandic definite article(s) to the Modern Icelandic article system. This demonstrative gave rise to two distinct article elements during the Viking period that are well-attested from Old Icelandic onwards, a freestanding and a suffixed article.Based on evidence from Old Icelandic, I argue for a categorial distinction between an adjectival and a nominal article, which does not entirely coincide with a mere morpho-phonological distinction. The former, which mostly occurs as a freestanding element, is a genuine component of AP, not an immediate constituent of the nominal extended projection. The latter, which only occurs in suffixal form, heads a low projection in the extended nominal projection and has scope only over the noun. For Modern Icelandic, on the other hand, I will adopt the idea that free and suffixed articles are two surface manifestations of the same element.The diachronic perspective is complemented by an examination of the development of seven adjectivally modified definite noun phrase patterns. This empirical survey reveals several surprising facts: The standard pattern of modification in Modern Icelandic was virtually non-existent prior to the 17th century, and double definiteness persisted until the early 20th century. Likewise, certain modificational patterns otherwise found in Mainland Scandinavian were dominant between the 16th and 19th century. This latter observation points to a competition between two adjectival articles hinn vs. sá similar to the one that had taken place earlier in Mainland Scandinavian. In Icelandic, however, sá did not replace hinn, and, in the long run, a pattern not comprising an adjectival article became the dominant one.

Theory of Mind and referring expressions after Traumatic Brain Injury

ABSTRACTBackground: This study focused on the linguistic consequences of damage to Theory of Mind (TOM) in patients after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). It was designed to extend a previous study that tested the consequences of TOM impairment (aTOMia) on referring abilities in right-hemisphere damaged patients.Aims: To explore whether aTOMia in patients with TBI affects their use and comprehension of various referring expressions (definite and indefinite noun phrases, proper names and pronouns).Methods and Procedures: We identified individuals with TOM impairment (aTOMia) in a group of 15 TBI patients using a battery of six types of TOM task. We then tested two groups of TBI patients: participants with aTOMia and participants without aTOMia, compared to a control group of non brain-damaged participants. Four TOM-related language tasks assessed their ability to vary the use of referring expressions according to the knowledge of the discourse partners.Outcomes and Results: Five of the participants showed TOM impairment (aTOMia), whereas ten showed intact-TOM ability. The two groups did not differ according to most neuropsychological measures, or on grammatical performance. On the TOM-related language tasks the participants with aTOMia performed consistently worse than the participants with TBI and intact-TOM, and the control group.Conclusions: Individuals after TBI do not form a homogenous group regarding their TOM abilities. Some patients show TOM-related language impairment, and should be considered for language evaluation and treatment focusing on aspects of language that depend on TOM ability.

La sintaxis del elativo en árabe clásico y árabe moderno escrito

El presente estudio ofrece una visión diacrónica de algunas de las construcciones propias del elativo árabe, partiendo de las etapas tempranas del árabe clásico. Desde entonces, el elativo ha experimentado un desarrollo notable y ha producido varios usos sintácticos desconocidos para los gramáticos árabes clásicos. Especialmente interesante es la evolución histórica y las relaciones semánticas entre las tres estructuras que expresan habitualmente la noción del superlativo en el árabe escrito moderno: 1) elativo + sustantivo singular indeterminado en genitivo (akbaru madīnatin), 2) elativo + sustantivo ñural determinado en genitivo (akbaru l-muduni), y 3) elativo usado como atributo de un sustantivo determinado (al-madīnatu l-akbaru), todas ellas traducibles como “la ciudad más grande”, pero diferentes entre sí en ciertos aspectos. Se puede observar una tendencia a crear simetrías en el sistema sintáctico del elativo como atributo adjetival, por una parte, y, por otra parte, la forma de expresar una gradación comparativo - superlativo mediante la misma estructura sintáctica (atribución adjuetival) que solo difiere en cuanto a la (in)determinación. Además, una estructura que solo se documenta de forma marginal en árabe clásico, es decir, los elativos de esquema C1uC2C3ā + sustantivo plural en genitive, pasa a ser usado de forma frecuente en el árabe escrito moderno. El plural que le corresponde, C1uC2C3āayāt, es una innovación cuya expansión, particularmente en el lenguaje periodístico, se puede atribuir a la tendencia a la desambiguación.

Inappropriate Choice of Definites in Turkish Heritage Speakers of German

The appropriate use of (in-)definites can be notoriously difficult for language learners to acquire, suggesting that this linguistic domain is particularly prone to instability in language acquisition. The current study investigates whether heritage speakers also have difficulties in this domain. We report the results from a questionnaire study investigating heritage speakers’ sensitivity to contextual cues to the appropriate use of (in-)definites both in their native language (Turkish) and in their second, societally dominant language (German). The results show that Turkish heritage speakers over-use definite noun phrases in contexts that normally require an indefinite noun phrase in both Turkish and German, in comparison to non-bilingual Turkish and German-speaking controls. This indicates that sensitivity to pragmatic constraints on the use of (in-)definites is reduced in languages that were acquired under conditions that differ from those of typical monolingually raised speakers, regardless of the age at which these languages were acquired or how definiteness is expressed morphosyntactically. Instead, our heritage speakers’ daily use of Turkish proved to be the strongest predictor for their performance. Together, our findings indicate divergent attainment in both of our heritage speakers’ languages, with pragmatic constraints on the use of (in-) definites being weakened in both Turkish and German.

L1 Transfer Effects in the Production of Generic Plurals in L2 Arabic

AbstractThis study examines first language (L1) English transfer in the acquisition of plural noun semantics in second language (L2) Arabic. Drawing on previous research on the L2 acquisition of plural noun interpretation, the study presents and discusses new production data of specific and generic definite plurals by English‐speaking learners of Arabic at beginning (n = 15), low‐advanced (n = 15), and high‐advanced levels (n = 11). The results from 2 meaning‐based elicitation tasks showed that the beginning group heavily transferred their L1 English generic bare plurals in the production of target‐like Arabic generic definite plurals. The low‐advanced group fluctuated between bare and definite plurals. Only the high‐advanced group, who had studied Arabic in an immersion setting combined with very structured classroom instruction, showed considerable stability in their production of target‐like definite plurals. A careful analysis of the textbook series the beginning and low‐advanced groups were taught from showed that the semantics of plural nouns, and more broadly, the semantics of the definite article, were not explicitly taught. The study concludes that the L1 effects in mapping definite and bare plural nouns to their meanings are exacerbated in the absence of explicit instruction. Further pedagogical implications for teaching form‐meaning mappings for articles are discussed.