Definition Of Characteristics Research Articles

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS REPORTED IN MICROINVASIVE ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

OBJECTIVE To assess patterns of histopathological outcomes reported in microinvasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCmi) cases. STUDY DESIGN An online search in major databases was performed without period restriction, in which 2,024 publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were obtained. After screening and eligibility, 4 studies were selected. The risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. A descriptive synthesis was conducted. RESULTS All 4 publications were retrospective, reporting a total of 116 OSCCmi patients, with a male predominance (1.6:1) and a mean age of 55.9 years. The main parameters considered for microinvasion were tumor thickness (TT) (range 4-10mm) and depth of invasion (DOI) (range 0.02-5mm). Definition, cut-off values, and assessment of microscopic features were not standardized. Other relevant measures, such as perineural or lymphovascular invasion and pattern of invasive front were barely described, and cytological/architectural characteristics were not considered. CONCLUSION TT and DOI are currently the primary histopathological criteria used to define OSCCmi. Nonetheless, the outcomes of this systematic review showed the absence of standardized quantitative parameters to render the diagnosis of incipient OSCC. Therefore, additional studies aiming to standardize histopathological outcomes to report OSCCmi are of utmost importance. To assess patterns of histopathological outcomes reported in microinvasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCmi) cases. An online search in major databases was performed without period restriction, in which 2,024 publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were obtained. After screening and eligibility, 4 studies were selected. The risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. A descriptive synthesis was conducted. All 4 publications were retrospective, reporting a total of 116 OSCCmi patients, with a male predominance (1.6:1) and a mean age of 55.9 years. The main parameters considered for microinvasion were tumor thickness (TT) (range 4-10mm) and depth of invasion (DOI) (range 0.02-5mm). Definition, cut-off values, and assessment of microscopic features were not standardized. Other relevant measures, such as perineural or lymphovascular invasion and pattern of invasive front were barely described, and cytological/architectural characteristics were not considered. TT and DOI are currently the primary histopathological criteria used to define OSCCmi. Nonetheless, the outcomes of this systematic review showed the absence of standardized quantitative parameters to render the diagnosis of incipient OSCC. Therefore, additional studies aiming to standardize histopathological outcomes to report OSCCmi are of utmost importance.

Validating a Physics-Based Automatic Classification Scheme for Impact Echo Signals on Data Using a Concrete Slab with Known Defects

Impact echo (IE) is capable of locating subsurface defects in concrete slabs from the vibrational response of the slab to a mechanical impact. For an intact slab (“good” condition), the frequency spectrum of the IE is dominated by a single peak corresponding to the slab’s “thickness resonance frequency,” whereas the presence of subsurface defects (“fair” or “poor” conditions) could manifest in various ways such as multiple distinct peaks at frequencies higher, or lower, than the thickness resonance. In previous research, the authors have proposed a frequency partitioning of the spectrum for IE signal classification. Firstly, the thickness resonance frequency band is identified using a data-driven approach and then the IE signals are represented by their energy distribution in three bands—frequencies less than, within, and greater than the thickness resonance. Following this feature extraction, an unsupervised clustering approach is used to identify the centroids for each signal class—good, fair, and poor—which are further used to classify any test signal into one of the three aforementioned classes. The classification is developed by training on unlabeled IE signals from real bridge deck data (the Federal Highway Administration’s [FHWA’s] InfoBridge dataset) without making use of any labeled data. This study aims to validate the proposed methodology on a labeled dataset of eight reinforced concrete specimens constructed at the FHWA Advanced Sensing Technology Nondestructive Evaluation laboratory having known artificial defects. Our findings indicate that the physics-based feature definition and the method developed on real bridge data are robust and can classify IE signals in the labeled data with moderate accuracy.

Explicit topology optimization for graded lattice flexoelectric nanostructures via ersatz material model

AbstractThis work proposes a moving morphable component (MMC)‐based topology optimization approach for designing graded lattice flexoelectric nanostructures, which are generally considered to have better flexoelectric properties. To this end, the infill structure is described with the use of a set of components. A coordinate perturbation is made to the topology description functions of the components to achieve a graded distribution of the flexoelectric materials. Resorting to the explicit parameters of the components, the singular disconnected structure can be naturally controlled with the use of lower/upper bound constraints. To ensure the continuity in the approximation of the PDEs of flexoelectricity, an ersatz material model is developed by combining isogeometric analysis (IGA) with MMC. Since MMC provides definite feature sizes in the optimization result, the complicated infill lattice can be manufactured by additive manufacturing directly. The flexoelectric performances of the design results from the proposed approach are demonstrated through both numerical examples and experimental measurements. It is shown that the obtained novel infill lattice structures have better flexoelectric performance when compared with traditional structural configurations.

Market and cadastral value of real estate. Value and application in the Russian Federation

This article outlines the concepts of market and cadastral value of real estate objects, their comparative analysis, definition features and possible application.

Definition and characteristic features of a ‘cultural flashpoint’: a case study of Exploring Masculinities, a controversial gender and education programme in Ireland

ABSTRACT The concept ‘cultural flashpoint’ (CF) has not been fully defined or described. The authors test this concept through the prism of a controversial gender-focused Irish school programme, Exploring Masculinities (EM). Adopting an instrumental case study methodology, they use media content analysis to develop a temporal trajectory of the CF, describe its shape, explicit and implied contentious themes, and its process. They identify characteristic features of a cultural flashpoint: (i) a focal issue, event and/or object; (ii) conflict; (iii) bounded time period; (iv) the involvement of exo- and multi-sectoral individuals and groups; (v) randomness, opaqueness and conflation among its expressions; and (vi) broadly cultural and not confined to its sector of origin. They offer a definition of a CF and suggest it as a conceptual device for identifying, analysing and understanding contestation about educational (and other) change occurring in the context of wider and more long-standing cultural, social and political movements.

A technical vision system for controlling the movement of a quadcopter

In this paper, based on the analysis of possible options for the autonomous movement of a quadcopter along a predetermined trajectory, the combination of a technical vision system (TVS) and IMU is proposed. Flying through a system of navigation landmarks was applied to solve navigation tasks during autonomous movement along a predetermined route using TVS. There are several approaches to implementing TVS to control UAV movement, depending on the accepted landmark system and the features of the route definition. For the previous description and further detection of navigation landmarks in the TVS image, the application of feature extraction methods is proposed, as it enables the selection of objects of different structures, including natural landmarks. A block diagram of a quadcopter control system with the application of TVS is developed. A methodology for calculating the main parameters of the TVS units is proposed, based on the specified requirements for the accuracy of the quadcopter's heading determination by navigation landmarks. The paper also proposes an algorithm for controlling the movement of a quadcopter using a system of visual navigation landmarks which define the flight route. After finding the image of the next navigation landmark in the TVS frame according to the selected feature system, its center and position in the frame relative to the quadcopter's heading are determined. The obtained data is used to determine and change the direction of the movement of the quadcopter by changing the yaw angle, which is transmitted to the control system. The suggested approaches may be useful in solving various problems of using TVS for controlling UAV movement.

Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Esophagus with SMARCA4 Deletion Expressing Synaptophysin: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus is an entity that is included in WHO classification of digestive systems fifth edition (2018). The definition of this entity is a malignant esophageal epithelial tumor that lacks definite microscopic features of squamous, glandular, or neuroendocrine differentiation. It is a challenging diagnosis to make due to lack of diagnostic criteria. We report a case from a 45 years old man with a mass in the lower third of esophagus. Biopsy showed an epitheloid neoplasm with sheet like growth pattern and no glandular formation. The tumor cells had prominent nucleoli and indistinct cell borders. There were occasional rhabdoid cells. By immunostains, tumor cells were focally positive for pankeratin, keratin 7, synaptophysin, negative for CDX2 and p40, INSM1, chromogranin, and CD56. Background intestinal metaplasia (Barrett esophagus) was present. Next generation sequencing of the tumor revealed SMARCA4 deep deletion. The tumor showed loss of SMARCA4 by immunostain. This case demonstrates that undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus with SMARCA4 deletion can express synaptophysin. Awareness of this entity is important for the correct classification of this tumor.

Skin Cancer Detection by Feature Extraction using Neural Networks

One of the most serious diseases, human cancer is primarily brought on by various molecular changes and genetic instability. Skin cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in people. We will research and examine them using various segmentation and feature extraction approaches in order to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Due to the high concentration of melanoma-Here, we provide our skin, in the dermis layer of the skin, our focus is on the identification of malignant melanoma skin cancer. Here, we applied our ABCD rule dermoscopy [1] technology for the identification of malignant melanoma skin cancer. In this system, there are several steps for melanoma skin lesion characterization, including image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, and feature definition for skin features. Lesion characterization and classification methods are then determined by the lesion's characterization and features. We employed LBP to extract the texture-based features as well as symmetry detection, border detection, color detection, and diameter detection in the feature extraction process for digital image processing. Here, we suggested using a convolutional neural network to distinguish between stages of healthy skin and skin illness.

Bilateral bifid condyle mandibula features in panoramic radiography: a case report

Objectives: The aim of this case report is to describe radiographically the specific features of bifid mandibular condyle that frequently found incidentally on panoramic radiographs.
 Case Report: A 24-year-old man came to the Installation of Dental Radiology RSGM UNPAD brought a referral letter for a panoramic photograph. From anamnesis is known patient have complaints of pain in the jaw joints left and right at the time of open mouth. Panoramic radiographs show mesioangular dental impaction of 48, and edentulous tooth 36 and presence of bifid condyle on the right and left condyle. Bifid condyle usually becomes incidental finding on routine panoramic radiographic examination. Bifid condyle features can be shown by depression or notch on the superior surface of condyle. Bifid condyle can provide a "heart-shaped" from the frontal view. For a definite feature can be seen with other modality such as CBCT. Sometimes there is also a change in the mandibular fossa to compensate the morphological changes of the condyle.
 Conclusion: Bifid condyle mandible is a variation in the shape of the condyle whose cause is not known with certainty. The bifid condyle gives the "heart-like" appearance that is often found on accidental panoramic radiographs. Generally, cases of BMC do not require treatment unless they cause symptoms.

Жанровые параметры инфоцыганского текста

The article raises the problem of identifying the online marketing fraud text as a virtual genre. This type of Internet communication remains linguistically understudied. The research objective was to determine the specifics of the genre of online marketing fraud texts in line with modern genre studies. The research relied on the method developed by T. V. Shmeleva, who identified the following genre parameters: dictum-modus content, purpose, author, and addressee. The study featured 30 accounts of popular bloggers known in Russia as infogypsy or online marketing fraudsters. Online marketing fraud, or infogypsyism, is a special type of manipulative Internet communication aimed at obtaining commercial benefits by selling an information product, which, as a rule, possesses neither intellectual nor practical value for the consumer. The speech genre model projected onto the obtained material showed a high epistemological significance. The article introduces the definition and genre-forming features of the online marketing fraud text. Further research is needed to identify the dominant strategies and tactics for promoting information products by bloggers in social networks.

Measurement of Frailty

Frailty is a clinical syndrome observed in older adults that associates with poor health outcomes. Despite the attempt to standardize its definition and clinical features, the complexity and the multiplicity of the physiologic dysregulations observed in frailty have led to the development of innumerous assessment tools. Herein, we highlight frequently used assessment tools for frailty describing the criteria, pros and cons regarding clinical feasibility, reliability, and validity as well as risk predictability. We further compare the 2 well-established landmark frailty assessment tools, the Physical Frailty Phenotype and the Frailty Index, in an attempt to unravel how such distinct methodologies prevail as the most commonly used clinical tools to prevent adverse outcomes worldwide.

Overactive Bladder Patients With and Without Urgency Incontinence: A Spectrum of One Condition or Different Phenotypes?

ABSTRACT The International Continence Society classifies overactive bladder (OAB) as a storage symptom syndrome characterized by “urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, usually with increased daytime frequency and nocturia.” Although heterogenous in nature, some OAB patients exhibit only frequency and urgency (“OAB-dry”), whereas others exhibit frequency and urgency with urgency incontinence (“OAB-wet”). This study aimed to further explore the unique features of each of these diagnoses via comparison of data for women seeking lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) care, including data such as physical examination findings, self-reported symptoms, and demographic data. Better understanding of OAB-wet and OAB-dry definitive features may lead to more effective treatment. Through the LURN (Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network)—sponsored via the research network NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)—physical examination, demographic data, and questionnaire data were obtained for women seeking LUTS-based care at 6 centers in the United States. Enrollment entailed categorization of patients into urinary incontinence subtypes, as determined by LURN clinical staff from patient LUTS Tool responses. Subgroups included both OAB-dry and OAB-wet categories, as well as a control LUTS group lacking symptoms. The multicenter data set found 545 LUTS-presenting women, with 84 patients being defined as OAB-wet, 56 patients defined as OAB-dry, and 67 patients defined as the control population. The study population was predominantly White (83%), with mean age of the cohort as 58.8 ± 14.1 years. Demographics did not vary between the categories. The groups experienced very similar symptoms, except OAB-wet patients had urgency incontinence, and OAB-dry reported significantly more bladder pain, incomplete emptying, and straining to urinate. Both OAB groups exhibited identical levels of frequency, nocturnal, urgency, and level of bother. Both OAB groups experienced more bother than controls. However, bother for OAB-wet was directly related to severity of incontinence, and bother for OAB-dry was directly related to pelvic floor tenderness on examination. These results may indicate that the individual conditions hail from divergent etiologies, which contradicts traditional disease concepts. Since OAB-dry patients commonly report sensations of incomplete emptying, bladder pain, and straining to urinate, the authors hypothesized that these symptoms may represent a pelvic floor muscle dysfunction rather than a true bladder pathology. This hypothesis is based on the significant overlap between bladder symptoms of OAB-dry and bladder symptoms in high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction (HTPFD) patients (or those with myofascial pelvic pain). Possible causes were this to be the case might be changes in muscle function leading to alterations in the resting angle of the urethrovesical junction and irritation of the bladder neck or urethra. In addition, neuromuscular dysfunction may lead to symptoms of HTPFD and OAB. Strengths of this study include its large study parameters involving multiple centers across the nation, including all patients seeking care for LUTS. Because most women in the study were White, generalizability of the study to a more diverse patient population is limited. In addition, patient self-reporting of incontinence type lacked simultaneous objective testing. Moreover, significant pelvic pain excluded patients from this cohort, which may have excluded patients with more severe forms of OAB-dry from the study population. Although traditionally grouped and treated together under a larger OAB diagnosis, OAB-wet and OAB-dry have unique symptomatic features, suggesting divergent etiologies. Unique symptoms such as pain, a feeling of incomplete emptying, and straining with urination all suggest pelvic floor myofascial dysfunction for OAB-dry patients. Further examination of a distinct pathophysiology for these 2 groups is warranted.

QUALITY RATE DETERMINATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF THE GENUS LAMIUM L. SPECIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE

The aim of the work. Studying the peculiarities of the morphological and anatomical structures of leaves, stems and flowers of some Lamium L. species growing widely in Western Ukraine with the definition of diagnostic features of their raw materials. Materials and Methods. The objects of the research were the air-dry and freshly harvested and fixed in a mixture of glycerin-alcohol-water (1: 1: 1) raw materials of some Lamium L. species. The raw material has been examined with the naked eye and with a magnifying glass (x10) in daylight. The anatomical features of plants' organs have been studied on the prepared epidermis and preparations from the surface under a microscope Delta Optical Genetic Pro (Poland). The obtained data has been recorded using schematic drawings and photographs. Results and Discussion. The analysis of diagnostic features of Lamium galeobdolon plant raw material have been performed with herb of Lamium album L., Lamium glaberrimum (C. Koch) Taliev, Lamium purpureum L. which can be impure. The features have been established: numerous simple thin-walled 1–2–3 cellular hairs. At the base of the hairs there are weak nodular swellings of the basal cell, the base is slightly expanded and immersed in the base, which is formed by several epidermal cells. On the epidermis of the stem and leaves there are glands that have a short 2-cell stalk and 4- or 5-6-cell spherical head. Other studied species of the genus Lamium are characterized by the following features. Lamium album: multicellular and unicellular hairs, glandular hairs with a unicellular stalk and 8–12 cell head; and also with a unicellular leg and a two-, four-cell head. Lamium purpureum: typical are simple two-celled hairs with a coarse warty surface, head hairs and branched hairs are on the inside of the corolla tube, essential oil glands. Lamium glaberrimum: short two-celled with wide cavity hairs with a warty surface, tortuous epidermis of the lower side of the leaf blade and underdeveloped glands are rarely found. Conclusion.The morphological and anatomical studies of leaves, stems, and flowers of Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz (syn. Galeobdolon luteum Huds.) comparatively with the aboveground organs of Lamium album L., Lamium glaberrimum (C. Koch) Taliev, and Lamium purpureum L. have been conducted. The diagnostic features of raw materials of these species have been established. The obtained results will be used to develop the parameters of standardization of the studied Lamium galeobdolon plant raw material.

Temporality of trauma (reflecting on the book by Zh. T. Toshchenko)

This article introduces the reader to reflections on the fundamental scientific publication of Zh.T.Toshchenko. The intersection of the discourses of historical time and social trauma is explained as a still poorly studied phenomenon of reality. All sections of the book are analysed in detail, in the form of a round table with scientists interested in the subject of the monograph under discussion. The article shows Toshchenko's interest in detailing the conceptual apparatus of the book, his desire to reveal concepts, paradigms, theories and definitions, integrating scrupulousness in the analysis of cases and examples with a generalisation of world and national history. The article contains an analysis of the disclosure in the monograph of the categories of progress, evolution and revolution, the definition of generic and specific features of the society of trauma in the absence of a development strategy and state ideology. In unison with the new bestseller, the article gives an example of a revolution in the discourse of the refraction of time in Russian history as a motley non-linear temporality of 1917 and the entire 20th century. A dramatic traumatic intersection of historical time by the event of a revolution that shook the world and overturned the established system of social coordinates was revealed. The article emphasises the conclusion about the Russian trauma as a result of historical upheavals that exposed the crisis of civilisation, the relationship between Russia and the West, the people and the intelligentsia, power and society. The temporal turn turns out to be a useful tool for understanding the concept of trauma of society, that has come into trend of modern scientific directions. The article provides with additional examples of traumatic events and cases of optimisation in Russian education and healthcare. Monographic conclusions relate to overcoming the trauma of society by means of achieving the strategic goal of development - social justice, solving social problems, eliminating inequality and mobilising creative potential. The article reveals the merits of the monograph, including interdisciplinarity and universality, original analytical perspectives and conceptual possibilities. The article also contains recommendations for universities to create a special course for undergraduate and graduate students on the basis of the book´s content.

Customer Relationship Management: A Literature Review Approach

This paper reviews the literature of CRM definitions in order to highlight the impact and the confusion around definitions of CRM. It is emerging the new perspectives in Customer relationship Management. It addresses some issues in the literature review, which constitutes a significant difficulty in the CRM adopting process. The numerous CRM definitions, the advancement in technology and customer knowledge emerging new perspectives in CRM. Content Analysis is carried out to summarize the most features of CRM definitions in Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Management, and Information Systems within ten different classifications which shows the diverging aspects of CRM definitions. A voluminous literature review has been accumulated and categorized into ten categories. The CRM definitions and categories are reviewed and listed in chronological order in Appendix-A. The paper introduces several fresh perspectives for the diversity of CRM definitions and shows CRM as a comprehensive, integrated framework around all aspects of the organization as well as customers’ lifestyles. The list of CRM definitions could provide a great help for academics as well as practitioners in the field of CRM.

Functional paradigm in Russian studies: from the functioning of units to the regulatory concept of language

Today the Russian language has gone beyond Russia and forms the planetary Russian-speaking world, so Russian language studies, whose subject matter is traditionally considered the literary form of the language, seeks to reach a new level of comprehension of both the language and individual facts. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that at the present stage ideas of synthesis come to the fore in linguistics, there are tendencies to develop a theory of language integrating the latest achievements of different areas of linguistics on a single basis. In accordance with this, the aim of the research is to compare the regulative concept of language in the works of A.N. Rudyakov with the works of other linguists in order to establish the key features and principles of a new linguistic paradigm and define language as a regulatory system based on linguistic functionalism. Deductive, analytical-theoretical and modeling methods describe the current state of the scientific linguistic paradigm and general linguistic problems associated with the concepts under study. The key features of the modern scientific linguistic paradigm are established, since without defining theoretical guidelines, modern language science loses its practical value. As a result, the authors substantiated that the new paradigm is not only an appeal to new material and new research methods, but the creation of a fundamentally new theory that will take into account the role of language in society, its ontological, functional essence. Based on the definition of the key features of the functional approach to the language and its units, the authors demonstrate that linguistics not only borders on other sciences, but is in some way an integral part of them, the basis of the human Universe. In the future, the presented material allows us to see that the change of the scientific paradigm, despite the objective difficulties, today is a prerequisite for the further development of linguistics. It also outlines a range of theoretical and practical tasks that modern linguistics faces and which can be solved within the framework of a new paradigm.

A novel devaney chaotic map with uniform trajectory for color image encryption

The design of chaotic image encryption algorithms has become a hotspot. This paper first proposes a novel Devaney chaotic map with uniform trajectories to overcome the problems of weak chaotic behaviors and uneven trajectory distribution of the existing chaotic systems. We prove that our chaotic map possesses the three principal features of the Devaney definition and preserves uniform trajectory distribution through symbolic dynamics and the probability theory. In addition, simulation experiments show that our chaotic map has the advantages of fast efficiency and high security. Then, we design a color image encryption algorithm, which uses our Devaney chaotic map to generate digital chaotic pseudo-random sequences, and improves the confusion and diffusion structure of existing image encryption algorithms from the perspectives of pixels and planes. Although our algorithm does not use the hash value of plain images, it achieves excellent diffusion and confusion ability. Therefore, it avoids the failure of decryption caused by the tampering of hash value in the transmission process. Experimental results show that our image encryption algorithm can well resist probabilistic attacks and differential attacks.

Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare type of primary liver cancer. It is a complex "biphenotypic" tumor type consisting of bipotential hepatic progenitor cells that can differentiate into cholangiocytes subtype and hepatocytes subtype. The prognosis of patients with cHCC-CC is quite poor with its specific and more aggressive nature. Furthermore, there are no definite demographic or clinical features of cHCC-CC, thus a clear preoperative identification and accurate non-invasive imaging diagnostic analysis of cHCC-CC are of great value. In this review, we first summarized the epidemiological features, pathological findings, molecular biological information and serological indicators of cHCC-CC disease. Then we reviewed the important applications of non-invasive imaging modalities-particularly ultrasound (US)-in cHCC-CC, covering both diagnostic and prognostic assessment of patients with cHCC-CC. Finally, we presented the shortcomings and potential outlooks for imaging studies in cHCC-CC.

High anti-interference fault diagnosis method for PMSG drive system based on feature clustering optimization

Driven by the “double carbon” goal, the security of wind power integrated system is importance and highlighted. The open circuit fault in switch of PMSG drive system often occurs, with high concealment and obvious load characteristics. Generally, the data-driven diagnosis method needs try many times to find feature parameters, choose several of them and obtain large sample size to distinguish the fault. To solve these shortages, a fault diagnosis method based on cluster analysis is proposed to this paper. The features are projected into the 3-D space. These features, who can classify into 6 clusters, are retained. Further, the intra-class distance and the inter-class distance are used to measure the retained features. By this measurement, the distinguish ability and deformation degree of these features is assessed. In order to keep the highlight ability, the assessed features are composed to serval groups, which have two features with diffident codes. After the above process, the definitive features are chosen and used to train the BPNN. Finally, the open circuit fault diagnosis of PMSG drive system under multi wind speed and multi switch open circuit fault is realized by the trained BPNN. The definitive feature not only ensures the anti-interference performance of fault diagnosis, but also avoids the blindness of fault diagnosis feature extraction, which has certain engineering practical significance.

State Crime

Definitions evolve and are often unable to catch up with the actions they attempt to describe. The following pages intend to convey the definitional uncertainty that surrounds state crime, its ever-changing nature and the permanent difficulties we encounter when trying to grasp its definite features.