Defense Units Research Articles

The Emergence of Global Maoism: China's Red Evangelism and the Cambodian Communist Movement, 1949–1979 by Matthew Galway

<i>The Emergence of Global Maoism: China's Red Evangelism and the Cambodian Communist Movement, 1949–1979</i> by Matthew Galway

Occupational Exposure to Nonionizing Radiation and Risk for Malignancy in Young Adults.

Nonionizing radiation (NIR) is considered "possibly carcinogenic to humans," and therefore, exposure of young military personnel raises concerns regarding increased risk for cancer. The aim of our study was to compare the cancer incidence in exposed and nonexposed populations in order to gain better understanding of their risk. A longitudinal retrospective cohort study, between 2009 and 2018, was conducted. Israel Defense Forces (IDF) aerial defense units service members, with NIR exposure (range of 2-300 GHz, below the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines), were compared with a similar sociodemographic group of service members without NIR exposure. Both groups were followed for cancer incidence (all-cause and specific malignancies). Kaplan-Meier analysis of cancer-free survival and univariate and multivariable logistic regressions for possible confounders and risk factors were performed. This analysis was repeated on a matched 1:1 control group. Exposure and comparison groups included 3,825 and 11,049 individuals, respectively. Forty-one cases diagnosed with cancer were identified during the follow-up time (mean 4.8 [±2.7] years), 13 (0.34%) of which were reported in the exposure group, and 28 (0.25%) were reported in the comparison group. The odds ratio (OR) for cancer incidence in the exposure vs. control groups was 1.34 (95%CI, 0.70-2.60), P-value = 0.3807. The results remained unchanged after adjustment for sex, age at enrollment, service length, socioeconomic status, and military occupation (adjOR = 1.38 [95%CI, 0.67-2.82], P = 0.3818). Our study did not find an increased short-term risk for cancer in young adults exposed to NIR radiation as compared with unexposed young adults.

Partially constrained group variable selection to adjust for complementary unit performance in American college football

Given the importance of accurate team rankings in American college football (CFB) – due to heavy title and playoff implications – strides have been made to improve metrics for team performance evaluation, going from basic averages (e.g. points scored per game) to metrics that adjust for a team's strength of schedule, but one aspect that's yet to be accounted for is the ability of team's offense and defense to complement one another, termed ‘complementary football’. American football is unique because the same team's offensive and defensive units typically consist of separate player sets that don't share the field simultaneously, which tempts one to evaluate them independently. Yet, some aspects of your team's defensive (offensive) performance may directly impact the complementary unit, e.g. turnovers forced by your defense could lead to easier scoring chances for your offense. Our main goal is to identify the most consistently influential features of complementary football in a data-driven way, subsequently adjusting each team's offensive (defensive) performance for that of their complementary unit. To achieve that, for the 2009–2019 CFB seasons, we incorporate natural splines with group penalty approaches, conducting partially constrained optimization to guarantee the full adjustment for the strength of schedule and home-field factor.

Kurdistan under new attacks

The Turkish November 19, 2022, attack on Rojava dubbed Operation Claw-Sword was reputedly launched in retaliation for the earlier November 13 bomb attack on Istanbul’s sleek shopping district known as Istiklal Street that killed six people and wounded at least 80 more. Although it made no sense for the Kurds to attack Istanbul and thus invite new Turkish wrath, Turkey quickly blamed the PKK and its kin Syrian Democratic Forces/Democratic Union Party/Peoples’ Defense Units (SDF/PYD/YPG) in Rojava for the atrocity despite their quick denial. On November 22, Turkey escalated these air strikes by hitting an SDF/PYD/YPG military base adjacent to the main US military base in northeastern Syria housing some of the approximately 900 remaining few but strategically important troops the United States still maintains in Syria. No U.S. casualties were reported. However, a Pentagon spokesman declared that the Turkish airstrike had “directly threatened” U.S. troops stationed in the area. Thus, there is the danger of disastrous miscalculations that could lead to Turkish clashes with the United States. Although there is no credible evidence about who perpetrated the original bombing in Istanbul, one might speculate that some rogue Turkish intelligence element carried out a false flag operation to win support for Erdogan’s upcoming reelection scheduled for June 18, 2023. The PKK and SDF/PYD/YPG have accused Turkey of having used such attacks as a pretext for invasions in the past. General Mazloum Abdi (aka Mazlum Kobane), the SDF commander, claimed the reputed bomber, Ahlam Al-Bashir, was related to ISIS jihadists via her brothers and past husbands, some of whom were killed in battles against Kurdish forces. Also possible is a reputed rogue PKK element, such as the so-called Kurdistan Falcons/Hawks blamed in the past for similar violent atrocities. A jihadist group might also be responsible. Meanwhile, the midterm elections in the United States paradoxically both strengthened and weakened U.S. president Joseph Biden’s hand in all this.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ЗМІНИ ЛУЦЬКОЇ МІСЬКОЇ РАДИ В УМОВАХ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The analysis of the evolution of the institutional structure of the Lutsk City Council in the conditions of administrative and territorial reform on the basis of decentralization in 2014–2023 has been carried out. Quantitative and qualitative changes of its executive committee, departments, administrations, offices and commissions, depending on the socio-economic development of the country and the policy of the central government have been shown. Attention has been focused on the processes of decentralization, which are accompanied by the transfer of powers of state authorities to localities. The progress of the implementation of the tasks «Concept of reforming local self-government and organization of territorial power in Ukraine», the requirements of the laws of Ukraine «On access to public information», «On state registration of legal entities and individuals», «On the authorization system in the sphere of economic activity», Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers «On the town-planning cadastre», etc. has been revealed. The positive changes that took place during the researched period in the activities of the Lutsk City Council in the direction of greater transparency, controllability and accountability to the territorial community have been proven. The positive experience of the city council in bringing services closer to the city population through a specially created department − the Center for the provision of administrative services in the city of Lutsk has been attested. With the aim of providing the Armed Forces of Ukraine, territorial defense units, other military formations, internally displaced persons and communities in need of humanitarian aid with food and non-food items, the Lutsk central aid point has been operating in the city since February 25, 2022.

Jamming Threats in Free-Space Optics

Free space optical (FSO) technology has recently found a strong foothold in the telecommunication market due to its technical superiority and high-end applicability. Its technological advancement has caused rising implementation of FSO systems in defence, aerospace, and telecommunication industries. Although it is cutting edge, the fundamental benefits of this technology may be adversely affected by several foreign elements such as atmospheric turbulence, physical obstructions, and weather conditions. Along with these natural disrupting phenomena, for the deployment of FSO systems in security-constrained sectors like military and defence units, where extra data protection mechanism is needed, fabricated adversaries like jamming become feasible which is concerning for FSO applicability. It therefore becomes a challenging task to decipher legitimate FSO data in the presence of jammers and to secure an FSO system from jamming activities. On this account, a detailed discussion on jamming effects in FSO communication systems is showcased in this article. Also, the potential efforts to mitigate jamming in FSO networks are highlighted.

Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for measuring efficiency in the defense sector

The way to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending, which is a top priority for any government in any country, implies the introduction of Performance-Based Budgeting (PBB). One of the more advanced government-wide performance budgeting systems that uses performance information systematically in the preparation of the government budget is program budgeting. It is important to keep in mind that without systematic development and use of program performance information and adequate and effective performance indicators, program budgeting in the defense sector does not make sense as a tool to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the defense resource management process. Only by defining and tracking success can it be known if the defense organizations and units perform efficiently and effectively. In this article, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was considered as an excellent mathematical programming tool that can be used to measure, evaluate, and analyze the efficiency of the defense organizations, in particular of the infantry battalions of the infantry brigades under the Eastern and Western Commands of the Georgian Defense Forces (GDF), on the delivery of readiness. A sample DEA model was proposed to measure the efficiency of the abovementioned units. Some recommendations to facilitate the use of the DEA and other statistical tools to measure and evaluate the performance of the GDF units were also proposed.

SOCIAL WELFARE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL DEFENSE

Social welfare of workers in the field of professional protection is discussed in the article; on the basis ofscientific research it was found that in the result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation, the full-fledgedsocial protection of people of certain professions, employees of civil defense bodies and units and their families, inparticular, remained under threat. The forms of social welfare for certain categories of citizens defined by theConstitution of Ukraine have been revealed. A list and brief description (according to main target groups, scope ofregulation, purpose of adoption, significance and relevance) of the main acts of current legislation in the field of socialprotection and social security of target groups is provided. The Articles of Chapter X of "Social and legal protectionof the rank and file members of the civil protection service, employees of administrative bodies and civil protectionforces, and persons dismissed from the civil protection service" of the Civil Protection Code of Ukraine have beencommented on. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature and consideration of the articles X of the Civil DefenseCode of Ukraine, it has been proven that the state takes care of the social welfare of the rank and file members of thecivil defense service and their family members, providing assistance in matters of rehabilitation, housing, vacation,monetary assistance, etc. It is noted that one of the defining elements in the regulation of public relations in the socialsphere is the compliance with the principle of proportionality between the social protection of citizens and the financialcapabilities of the state, as well as guaranteeing the right of everyone to a sufficient standard of living.

РАЗВИТИЕ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ТЕЛЕМЕДИЦИНСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Abstract. Currently, the development and implementation of digital medicine is closely related to the use of IT technologies. They, in turn, provide Internet navigation of population in the healthcare system, disease prevention and healthy lifestyle organization and clinical telemedicine, as well as support for scientific clinical solutions. Over the last 5 years, the Arkhangelsk region has made a significant advance in the implementation of telemedicine technologies. The number of medical organizations that can carry out telemedicine consultations has increased many times. At the same time, more than 80 % of telemedicine studios are located on central district hospitals and outpatient clinics. The most frequently employed specialists for telemedicine consultations were physicians in the following areas: x-ray (14%), traumatology (9.5%), surgery (9%), neurosurgery (8.5%), hematology (8%), neurology (7.5%), cardiology (7%). A particular place in the telemedicine system in the Arkhangelsk region is taken by the Perinatal Center of the Arkhangelsk Regional Clinical Hospital, which was started in 2018. It is equipped with all the necessary medical and technological equipment. It organizes the work of auxiliary offices with the use of telemedicine technologies: obstetric external consulting room; neonatal remote consulting room. If necessary and in order to ensure emergency medical evacuation of patients from hard-to-reach areas, the obstetric remote consultation center is in constant cooperation with the regional center of the Disaster Medicine service, civil defense, emergency situations and disaster response units and medical organizations entrusted with the functions of providing emergency specialized (sanitary aviation) medical care.

Independent Effects Of Hypoxia And Altitude On Human Physiology

PURPOSE: Decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is often used to simulate the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen decreases experienced during high altitude sojourns. Therefore, we aimed to independently investigate hypoxia and altitude by isolating oxygen concentration and barometric pressure. METHODS: 18 subjects completed 3 trials (sea level, hypoxia, altitude). 90-minute duration and intensity matched hypoxic stimuli were induced via decreased FiO2 or 4,200 m ascent. Relative tissue oxygenation change and cardiovascular variables were measured during rest and a 3-minute step-test. RESULTS: Muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) were not different across environments during rest or exercise (p > 0.339) with alterations noted during rest to exercise transitions (p < 0.001). Resting brain O2Hb at hypoxia and altitude were lower than sea level (p < 0.012), but not different than each other (p = 0.278). Exercising brain O2Hb was lower at altitude than sea level (p = 0.007) similarly trending compared to hypoxia (p = 0.066). Exercising brain O2Hb was not different between hypoxia and sea level (p = 0.158). Brain HHb at hypoxia and altitude were higher than sea level (p < 0.001), but not different than each other (p = 0.158). Exercise HR at hypoxia (141 ± 4 beats·min-1) and altitude (141 ± 3 beats·min-1) were lower than sea level (127 ± 44 beats·min-1, p < 0.002), but not different than each other (p > 0.208). Exercise stroke volume at altitude (109.6 ± 4.1 mL) was higher than hypoxia (97.8 ± 3.3 mL) and sea level (99.8 ± 3.9 mL, p < 0.010) with no differences between hypoxia and sea level (p = 0.481). Exercise cardiac output at hypoxia (13.8 ± 0.6 L) and altitude (15.5 ± 0.7 L) were greater than sea level (12.6 ± 0.5 L, p < 0.006) with altitude greater than hypoxia (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During acute hypoxic stimuli, skeletal muscle maintains oxygenation while the brain does not. Tissue oxygenation may be mediated by environmentally driven cardiovascular compensation. FiO2 decreases may not satisfactorily simulate all physiological outcomes experienced during altitude induced barometric pressure decreases. Funding: Department of Defense United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DOD USAMRMC: W81XWH-15-2-0075).

The legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine

The article analyzes the legal foundation for the participation of citizens in the territorial defense of Ukraine and volunteer formations of the territorial communities during armed aggression. The concepts of territorial defense, resistance movement and national resistance are considered.&#x0D; The purpose of national resistance is understood as increasing the defense capability of the state, giving the defense of Ukraine a comprehensive character, and helping to ensure the readiness of Ukrainian citizens for national resistance.&#x0D; It has been systematized the information on the status of the territorial defense of Ukraine at the end of February 2022 and it was identified the problematic issues that the territorial communities faced in the process of organizing resistance forces in the subordinate territories during the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.&#x0D; There are some problems that the communities faced in organizing resistance forces on their territories at the beginning of the war. Among them there were singled out: the lack of coordination of the activities of volunteer battalions, military administrations and law enforcement agencies; problems of identifying certain groups of the population as volunteer formations; lack of proper financial and logistical support for territorial defense units of the Armed Forces and volunteer formations.&#x0D; It has been analyzed the main components of the territorial defense, including military, civil and military-civilian. The features of the creation of volunteer formations and territorial communities and the procedure for their recruitment are considered, as well the requirements of volunteers under the legislation of Ukraine.&#x0D; It is noted that the basis of volunteer formations of territorial communities should be the citizens of Ukraine who have completed military service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine or the service of other military formations and law enforcement agencies.&#x0D; It has also been defined the rules in accordance with which the citizens can participate in repelling and deterring the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and other states, including the rules that regulate the procedure for purchasing the firearms and the ammunition for it, as well as the procedure for its use in a military conflict.

New sights on the impact of spatial composition of production factors for socioeconomic recovery in the post-epidemic era: a case study of cities in central and eastern China.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp economic contraction. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the spatial composition of production factor (SCPF) and socioeconomic recovery is still missing. Here, we applied the contrasting status of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in cities in central and eastern China as natural laboratories. From the perspective of the spatial composition of land (SCL) and the dependence on the inflow population (DIP), four quantifiable indicators (resilience, impact, sensitivity, recovery speed) were used to analyze the adaptability of SCPF to the epidemic lockdown. The results indicate that appropriate SCPF is a prerequisite for a complete “land-population-industry” nexus. The built-up area proportion is below 74.38%, with higher adaptability to epidemic shocks. The range of rural built-up proportion conducive to economic recovery is 10.18%-15.18%. The proportions of various land types inside the city's defense unit should also be constrained. Similarly, DIP is advocated to be maintained below 17.5%. For urban-rural fringe areas, the response to epidemic prevention and socioeconomic recovery are rapid. This observation-driven study indicated that COVID-19 is a shocking reminder for policymakers, to improve the socioeconomic recovery ability from the spatial composition of production factor perspective in the post−COVID−19 era.

DETERMINATION OF PROBABILITIES OF INVOLVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL AND RESCUE DEPARTMENTS TO ELIMINATION OF EMERGENCY EVENTS

The article presents the development of an approach to assessing the probabilities of operational activities of civil defense units. Existing approaches to modeling operational activities do not fully meet the requirements for the accuracy of estimating the parameters of activities at low intensity of emergencies. This fact is explained by the limited data available for analysis. The article considers the case when up to three emergencies can occur with the involvement of three units. As a result of the study, the calculated equations were obtained, which allow to estimate the probabilities of finding civil defense units in the process of liquidation of emergencies.

The war in Ukraine through the prism of foreign media

On February 24, 2022, Russian President Putin launched a large-scale unprovoked war against Ukraine, destroying Ukrainian cities and towns using artillery systems of volley fire, air strikes and missile attacks. The Armed Forces of Ukraine, territorial defense units and the entire people of Ukraine rose up to fight against the barbaric invaders.&#x0D; The article examines the statements and assessments of well-known Western politicians, military, scientists and analysts on the barbaric nature of Russia's aggression against Ukraine, the nature, course and possible options for further development and end of hostilities, world community's sanctions against the aggressor. Based on foreign media reports, it has been proven that the plan of Russian dictator Putin, aimed at the so-called "demilitarization" and "denazification" failed in the early days of the war. It is substantiated that in the future, without achieving their goal, the Russian invaders will try to wipe out peaceful cities and villages, destroy civilian population, infrastructure, and unleash the genocide of the Ukrainian nation. It is convincingly proved that Ukraine will win.

Multi-Sensor Data Fusion for Target Tracking Using Machine Learning Techniques

Target detection using multi fusion data is one of the common techniques used in military as well as defence units. The usage of a wide variety of sensors is now possible due to modern data fusion technology. The major problem is the existing multi-sensor fusion technique is loss of data and delay is message transfer. To overcome the existing problems, proposed work includes optimization, machine learning, and soft computing techniques. Multi Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF) is becoming an increasingly significant field of study and is being explored by a broad range of individuals. Data defects, outliers, misleading data, conflicting data, and data association are some data fusion concerns. In addition to the statistical advantages of more independent observations, the precision of an observation may be improved by using a variety of different types of sensors. Target tracking has earned a lot of attention in recent years in the realm of surveillance and measurement systems, particularly those in which the state of a target is approximated based on measurements. Academics as well as implementers in the fields of radar, sonar, and satellite surveillance are interested in the bearings-only tracking (BOT) problem. The BOT is the sole option available in many surveillance systems, such as those found aboard submarines. Significant difficulties arise because of the constrained observability of target states based only on bearing measurements. The work that is suggested tackles the limitations of EKF and its derivatives in controlling MSDF within the context of BOT. Specifically, the study identifies divergence as a primary challenge and works to devise solutions for it. It is recommended that two key methods of fusion, data level and feature level (or state level), be investigated in depth. This is in recognition of the fact that the MSDF may increase observability, thereby reducing the tendency of the tracking algorithm to diverge and realizing a better estimate of the states. The Information Filter, which is a casting of the Kalman Filter, and its expansions are employed via extensive simulation to lessen the influence of initial assumptions on the convergence of MSDF tracking algorithms. This is accomplished by using the Kalman Filter.

Encouragement of scientific development of modern, economical anti-missile defense systems principles against expensive ignition-artillery and other means as a direction in the modern military conditions of Ukraine (information-cognitive and scientific-encouraging aspects of improving the defense doctrine of Ukraine in the conditions of russian aggression)

The article, based on the primary analysis, revealed high cost and low efficiency and contradictions in the functioning of the anti-aircraft, especially anti-missile defence of Ukraine during hostilities. It is suggested to clarify the terminological apparatus in this specific sphere of defence activity of society. The problem is considered both in the global and international, as well as regional, branch military conditions of the functioning of the voluntary association of territorial communities of Ukraine, territorial defence, etc. It is noted that air defence is carried out by air defence troops of land units and fighter aircraft in cooperation with air defence troops of the country, and in the case of hostilities in the area of the sea coast – with air defence units of the navy. It is established that most Western and European Commonwealth armed combine air defence exclusively with conventional forces (i.e., army, navy and air force), as a separate wing, or as part of the artillery. It is assumed that from a practical point of view, Ukraine may need ground air defence more than aviation. In the paper the interrelationships of the development of the air defence system within the framework of the development of the European Commonwealth in the interstate context are revealed. On this basis, the trends of this process are established and offered to use of modern economic European approaches to the organization of antimissile defence on the latest economic and environmental principles and the implementation of reforms in Ukraine in accordance with the modern requirements of European standards. The progressive experience of anti-aircraft protection of the population, the peculiarities of the operation of the “Iron Dome” and the issues of defence of the state maritime zone, for which the "M-dome" is used, are described. The economic characteristics of air defence with the use of anti-missile installations are given. It was emphasized that, like any other weapon, “Iron Dome” should not be considered as a separate unit, because all military equipment and weapons work in a single system.

Situation Forecasting in an Air Defense Unit (Formation) When Deciding on Combat Actions (Operations)

Situation Forecasting in an Air Defense Unit (Formation) When Deciding on Combat Actions (Operations)

Cyber Diplomacy

The article aims to highlight issues related to the risks to both the European Union and the Member States, but at the same time seeks to highlight current legislative and political approaches applicable in cyberspace. This set of tools used in cyber diplomacy includes the concepts of cooperation and diplomatic dialogue (common cyber network of EU states, common cyber defense unit) but also measures to prevent cyber-attacks (European Union Cyber Security Strategy), as well as sanctions. Throughout this presentation, the main idea is supported by the cross-border nature of cyberspace.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ФАКТОРІВ, ЯКІ ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЯКІСТЬ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ (БОЙОВОЇ) ПІДГОТОВКИ ЧАСТИН (ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ) ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ОБОРОНИ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ПІДГОТОВКИ

The article is devoted to the consideration of new approaches to determining the factors that significantly influence the organization of special (combat) training of separate brigades of territorial defense of the Land Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to perform assigned tasks taking into account the specifics of their formation and training. The influence of conditions and factors on the level of compliance of the military forces system with the designated tasks, as well as the organization of effective training of its components to carry out the tasks for the purpose changes depending on the changes in the military-political situation, level of development of the state economy and military forces of the opposing parties, state of infrastructure, operational equipment of the territory of the country, etc. Considering the significant variability in the definition of conditions and factors that in general affect the organization of training and combat readiness of military units and troops of the armed forces, We can agree with the above-mentioned researchers and conditionally group these diverse conditions into two groups of factors - external (objective) and internal (sub-individual), which are characterized by certain indicators. Therefore, in contrast to the proposed approach, we propose to divide the objective and subjective factors into general, basic, the primary and indirect influence factors, which exert varying degrees of influence, both on the training of the armed forces and on the performance of designated special (combat) tasks. In order to identify the essence and importance of the influence of external and internal factors on the organization of special (combat) training of the special forces and combat service units, it is necessary to carry out their all-round analysis. Mechanically transferring the experience of other countries to national realities will be ineffective, but the implementation of certain areas of organization of training of military personnel and reservists can lead to an increase in efficiency of the training system for the mobilization contingent of territorial defense units. The identified objective factors and their indicators are general and only indirectly influence the quality of training of the special forces and military units and their further performance of the tasks assigned to them. Keywords: territorial defense, territorial defense units, factors of influence on special (combat) training.

The Total War Strategy: Challenges in Facing Traitor of the Nation: A Historical Approach During the Indonesian War of Independence

The Indonesian state implements a total defense system, meaning that it involves all the people and all national resources, national facilities and infrastructure, as well as the entire territory of the country as one defense unit. This system demands awareness of the rights and obligations of every citizen to defend the state as a manifestation of its totality. Efforts to raise awareness of defending the state for every citizen are a formidable challenge, recorded in Indonesian history as inseparable from attempts to betray the nation's struggle. Based on this phenomenon, the writer is moved to reveal several historical events during the war for independence in 1945-1949 which recorded the existence of certain people and groups who became traitors to the nation. The discussion in this article uses a qualitative research method using a historical approach, in which the preparation procedure goes through four stages, namely: heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data analysis used is historical analysis, with an emphasis on sharpness in interpreting historical facts. From the analysis conducted, it can be proven that during the war for independence in 1945-1949, the implementation of the total war strategy, which should have received the support of all the people, actually faced quite a tough challenge. This challenge was caused by the existence of certain people and groups who defected to side with the Netherlands, either by joining forces formed by the Netherlands or as spies for the Netherlands. Of course, this is very contrary to the values of state defense that must be possessed by every citizen.