Defense Reform Research Articles

Producing Airpower: The Rise and Fall of Neo-Liberalism’s Defence Agenda

ABSTRACTFew policy issues are more challenging than complex weaponry’s procurement and employment. Technology drives weapon costs upwards faster than economies are growing and militaries struggle to maintain increasingly sophisticated arms. Certain governments have adopted a reform agenda rooted in neo-liberal economic theory to address these challenges. Two broad policies – enhancing inter-firm competition for contracts and outsourcing activities to the private sector – emerged as central to this reform agenda. Although rarely presented as such, these reforms present a significant intellectual challenge to the hitherto predominant statist model for military power’s provision. Surprisingly, in light of neo-liberal policies’ adoption by militarily active states, no study has systematically examined these reforms’ content and impact. My article fills this lacuna by examining the state – the United Kingdom – that most consistently enacted neo-liberal defence reforms. To preview the conclusion, neo-liberal reforms initially generated small initial efficiencies, but then produced significant adverse consequences when pursued beyond a certain minimal level. Britain’s competition policy, for example, ultimately incentivized firms to consolidate into monopolies, which narrowed the scope for future competition and prevented the state from upholding fixed price contracts. Outsourcing, likewise, proved detrimental once policymakers sought to extend its scope beyond a limited range of simple services.

국방개혁 추진에 따른 포병전력 보강소요 판단모형 연구

국방개혁 추진에 따른 포병전력 보강소요 판단모형 연구

Social Conflicts on Women Conscription and Defense Reform for Enlarging Female Roles in the National Armed Service: A Comparative Study of Korean, Norwegian and Swedish Cases

Social Conflicts on Women Conscription and Defense Reform for Enlarging Female Roles in the National Armed Service: A Comparative Study of Korean, Norwegian and Swedish Cases

“HONEST DEFENSE” BY THOMAS DURELL YOUNG

“HONEST DEFENSE” BY THOMAS DURELL YOUNG

An Evaluation on South Korean “Defense Reform 1.0”: Centered on ‘Preparedness’ against North Korean Nuclear ‘Threat’

An Evaluation on South Korean “Defense Reform 1.0”: Centered on ‘Preparedness’ against North Korean Nuclear ‘Threat’

КОГНІТИВНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ПЛАНУВАННЯ ТА ВИКОНАННЯ БЮДЖЕТНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ ЗСУ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ОБОРОННОЇ РЕФОРМИ


 
 
 A significant part of the indicators of planning and implementation of the budgetary process of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (MAT) are interrelated, which affect the effectiveness of the budget policy of defense reform. Questions arise as to how to establish the properties and relationships of these links using methods of mathematical modeling.The cognitive model of the interaction of the indicators of planning and implementation of the budget process of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the effectiveness of defense reform in Ukraine establishes the existence of links in the management of the effectiveness of defense reform, which can be defined as critical, that is, risk-averse and provides an opportunity to assess the risk level of each contour and to model scenarios and options for improving planning and budgeting for defense reform.
 
 

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS’ STUDENTS

The significant change of missions and organization of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires the deep transformation in the military education system and development military professional training, especially citizens’ training system development, inter alia ROTC students during last decades. The Action Plan on the Implementation of Defense Reform up to 2020 (Road Map of the Defense Reform) reveals the military education system’s effectiveness enhancement due to the improvement of training facilities, training exercises, NATO counties advanced training technologies and methodologies’ implementation in education. Reforms in the sphere of education and defense in Ukraine have revealed significant gaps in the system of physical training of student youth, development of which has not been kept abreast. The students do not form a self-assessment of their physical abilities and the need to master theoretical knowledge of physical fitness, as a result of which physical training, as a pedagogical process, doesn’t unclose the person’s education and socialization. The purpose of our research is to analyze the impact of university ROTC students’ physical fitness results on the state of their academic performance in combined arms training. The methods of analysis, synthesis and summarization of scientific research data of physical training problems and its legal framework were used during research. As a result of the research, the influence of insufficient physical fitness on the level of combined arms training of future reserve officers was revealed due to the negligence of both physical training legal framework of the student youth and ROTC. The research of low ROTC training level highlights that the current healthy recovery system of student youth physical training doesn’t provide for the necessary theoretical knowledge, methodic and practical skills’ development. The lack of hours for special physical training in the combined arms training of ROTC higher education establishments increases the negative effects of traditional physical training system’s absence on the state mobilization resources level.

Теоретичні підходи до побудови архітектури інформаційної системи управління оборонними ресурсами на основі сервісно-орієнтованої моделі

The creation of a prospective model of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires a comprehensive, justified approach to the improvement of both the troop control system and the defense resource management system, the outlines of which are determined by the principles of combining operational and administrative management. At the same time, factors such as dynamic changes in military affairs, the growth in the volume and diversity of tasks, the acquisition of the decisive importance of the time factor in the management of troops, the continuous improvement of the system for managing defense resources and the rapid development of new information technologies require new approaches to building a single automated control system Armed Forces of Ukraine (SACS of the Armed Forces of Ukraine).The article is devoted to the problem of building the architecture of the information system for managing defense resources, the creation of which is one of the priority tasks of the defense reform. Decentralized architecture and fragmentation of existing information systems in the field of defense resources management does not allow to get a complete picture for making managerial decisions. Using an architecture based on a service-oriented model will allow integrating management processes into a single information system. In order to determine the necessary changes in architecture, a set-theoretic presentation of the processes of managing defense resources was proposed and their decomposition was performed in the form of functional models “As is” and “How it should be.”The basis of the “How should be” model is the use of an integration platform that provides aggregation of information to obtain a complete picture of the management of defense resources.Under the management of defense resources, we understand the specific form of the administrative and economic activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely support for the processes of defense and mobilization planning, material and technical, medical and other types of support, financial and economic management, personnel, organizational structure, property, procurement, and other types of administrative activities. This component was named DRMIS – “Defense Resources Management Information System”, ‑ information system for managing defense resources.

Системний підхід до реалізації оборонної реформи в Україні

The article discusses the implementation of operational standards adopted in the armies of NATO member states for use in defense reform in Ukraine.The defense reform, which is being implemented inUkraine, aims to acquire the necessary level of capabilities by the defense forces to fulfill its assigned state defense tasks and to effectively respond to military threats in accordance with NATO principles and standards.In the article, based on the systematic approach, the proposals on rational planning and organization of defense reform inUkraineare substantiated, in order to increase its effectiveness.The analysis shows that in Ukraine, a certain system of implementation of the Strategic Defense Bulletin and the Defense Reform Plan of the relevant events is organized and functioning. Coordination, monitoring and evaluation of defense reform is carried out by the Committee for Reforms of the Ministry of Defense ofUkraine, which sees some miscalculations. One of the ways to eliminate them during defense reform is based on the application of the systemic approach. When planning the development of the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces, it is necessary to systematically solve a number of specific tasks:- clearly define the constituent elements of this system of function, tasks, key parameters, quantitative and qualitative composition;- to form a functional model of the future system;- to substantiate the ways of maintenance of optimal parameters of the system and their effective adaptation to changes in the military-strategic situation.At the same time, it should be borne in mind that military management based on NATO standards is significantly different from that adopted in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, especially as regards the organizational and staff structure of their headquarters of all levels.The scale of modern military threats from the RF forces to bring the Ukrainian defense system, all its elements, to the requirements of NATO standards, for which, besides the improvement of legislation, it is recommended to improve the effectiveness of planning and organizing defense reform through targeted training of its personnel, formation in the structure of the Military Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine the relevant units (NATO's prototype – J -7) designed to develop guidance documents on the preparation and use of forces (forces).

Оборонна реформа: деякі шляхи уникнення небезпечних ризиків

Analyzed the views of the classics on and some solutions to problems in the course of defense reform.

Soldiers Without an Army? Patronage Networks and Cohesion in the Armed Forces of the DR Congo

This article analyzes the effects of patronage networks on cohesion in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It shows that while patronage networks provide support to individual military personnel, they undermine both peer and commander–subordinate bonding. They promote unequal service conditions and statuses and link these to extra-unit and extra-military forms of social identification, which are further reinforced by soldiers’ living and generating revenue among civilians. Furthermore, they impair meritocracy and frustrate the extent to which commanders live up to their subordinates’ expectations. As they fuel internal conflicts, often around revenue generation, and foster bad service conditions and distrust toward the political and military leadership, patronage networks also undermine institutional cohesion. The article concludes that cohesion formation in the FARDC follows different patterns than in well-institutionalized and well-resourced militaries. Given that cohesion impacts combat performance and norm enforcement, these findings are relevant for defense reform efforts and military cooperation.

Формування інтегрованої системи управління ризиками як складової системи оборонного планування

The article suggests an approach to the formation of an integrated risk management system as a component of the defense planning system with the functions of a system analysis of the development of capabilities of the defense forces and risk management, which is envisaged by the task of defense reform. The system will enable relevant officials to make informed decisions in the course of defense management, in order to maximize positive and minimize negative consequences (risks) of decisions taken in conditions of uncertainty and saving resources.

Are there Bubbles in the Defence Sector of China’s Stock Market (2005–2016)? New Evidence from Sequential ADF Tests

During the past decade, China’s defence industry has experienced significant reforms, with increasing numbers of defence companies being listed on the stock market. Meanwhile, China’s stock market has suffered from dramatic fluctuations. This article, therefore, attempts to break new ground on an empirical research agenda to detect bubbles in the defence sector of China’s stock market and how these bubbles can be impacted by the entire stock market and defence industry. To explain this issue, sequential unit root tests are introduced to investigate the existence of bubbles in the defence sector using monthly frequency data from China’s stock market from January 2005 to June 2016. The empirical results show strong evidence of explosive behaviours in the defence sector during the past decade. Moreover, the number of bubbles has changed greatly when accounting for the entire stock market. The empirical results indicate that bubbles in the middle of 2006 and at the end of 2014 were driven by the defence industry because of the sharp increase of military expenditure and the release of innovative defence reforms. Finally, we suggest that the government could control the annual budget increase at a steady pace and implement defence reforms by carrying out experimental units gradually.

Does the Efficient Market Hypothesis Fit Military Enterprises in China?

This paper investigates whether the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) fits the Chinese military market using the Sequential Panel Selection Method (SPSM) and the Panel KSS unit root test with a Fourier function. We obtain evidence for structural shifts and non-linearity in the stock prices of the military industry in the Chinese stock market. Because sharp shifts and structural breaks are taken into account, the unit root hypothesis for most listed companies is rejected. Our result suggests that the Chinese military market is inefficient because of such factors as defense reforms, friction in the stock market, and irrational investors. We provide investment implications to enable future stock price movements to be predicted based on past behavior and enable trading strategies to be developed to earn abnormal returns. Meanwhile, Chinese defense enterprises should continue to implement industrial reforms, change their bureaucratic culture, and develop a market-oriented workforce.

MODEL OF ALLOCATION OF BUDGET AND BORROWED FUNDS FOR THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH NATO STANDARDS

The AFU support budget policy does not have any sufficient modern mechanism for the best budget planning, which would predict the possible state of budget items execution and resolve the alignment of financial processes to NATO standards. And this is caused by the lack of application of particular mathematical tools for budgetary processes prediction and optimization to carry out the evaluation and analysis of the budget use considering the probability factor. A model for managing the use of budget and borrowed funds for the Armed Forces of Ukraine development programs according to NATO standards, considering the levels of long-term development of programs and the probability of their implementation, is developed. The result of the evaluation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine effectiveness based on the utility function and cognitive model was the management model for the processes of budget and borrowed funds use for the AFU development programsin compliance with NATO standards. The model takes into account the long-term programs development levels and the probability of their implementation, affecting the interaction between the indicators of the AFU planning and budget process execution and increasing the effectiveness of defense reform in Ukraine. Its practical use helps to approach NATO standards in budgetary sphere and provides an opportunity to forecast budget under expenditures under the risk of its use. The cognitive model of the impact of interaction between the planning and the AFU budget process execution indicators on the effectiveness of defense reform in Ukraine establishes the links in the contours of the defense reform effectiveness management, which can be defined as critical, i. e. risky and provides an opportunity to assess the risk levels of each contour and to model scenarios and options for improving the processes of planning and use of budget funds for defense reform. The decrease of the Armed Forces of Ukraine budget underfunding initially leads to a vibrational process of impacts on the target vertex, but then the process stabilizes. In order to study the dynamics of influence of the factors, acting as instruments of the AFU budget resources management on the target vertex, apply the method of impulse processes. This method is used for scenario modeling of alternative decisions.

Актуальні питання планування та формування оборонного бюджету в сучасних умовах.

The article focuses on generalizing the requirements of the current legislation, other normative legal acts, own theoretical studies and assessing the effectiveness of defense and budget planning systems in Ukraine. At present, defense reform is based on the principles and principles governing the NATO member states, which in turn requires a revision of the current system and the introduction of new approaches and mechanisms in the defense and budget planning system. The main task is to raise the problematic issues of defense and budget planning in the formation of expenditures in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, issues and roughness’s that arise when planning the execution of the expenditure budget.

Substituting for the State: The Role of Volunteers in Defense Reform in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine

While the role of volunteers in sustaining the Ukrainian armed forces against the backdrop of Russian aggression since 2014 has been widely acknowledged in literature, the effect of volunteer initiatives on the state defense capacity in longer term has not been studied thus far. This article aims to address this gap and explore whether volunteer participation led to institutional strengthening of the Ukrainian defense state capacity or to its weakening. The analysis will conclude that the volunteers in fact contributed to both – strengthening the state and weakening it at the same time; the outcome dependent on the context in which the volunteers took action at different times. While volunteer participation failed to bring about systemic reform, it did provide powerful democratic oversight over the state’s key defense institution.

The genesis of the administrative and legal support of defense of Ukraine

The article examines the historical development of the legal support of defense of the Ukrainian state in various stages of beginning, functioning, changing forms of the state. The legal and administrative aspects of the activities on the creation of the state defense system are analyzed.Creation and development of the country as one of the most complex social phenomena of self-organization of large social groups, always accompanied by established pursuant authorities and institutions that provide self-defense against various threats, especially defense against the aggression of other countries. Defense and security of every state has always been an objective condition for the existence of democratic and sustainable development. This also applies to Ukraine, which was difficult stages of the creation of the national state, from ancient times to the present, when due to an undeclared "hybrid war" against Russia, Ukraine, is the question of the existence of the Ukrainian state. Therefore, the scientific study of patterns and characteristics of the legal defense of the Ukrainian state in various stages of emergence, operation, changes in the forms of law of the Ukrainian people, taking into account historical experience, achievements and failures in the field of defense will to avoid repetition of mistakes and rash decisions at this stage of development. At present constitution has defined the defense of Ukraine, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity of the essential function of the state, a matter of Ukrainian people. But, these provisions are enshrined in the Constitution of independent Ukraine, the Ukrainian nation has come a long historical path of struggle for their own state and to ensure its protection and defense. The development of the defense system of the Ukrainian state, as an integral part of the state, is inextricably linked with the development and existence of various forms of state Ukrainian people. Based on the major historical periods of development of Ukrainian statehood people can identify the following main stages of formation and development of national defense: 1st - formation of Kievan Rus and stay in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (VI-XVI centuries AD.); 2nd - Ukrainian Cossacks period from the occurrence of Zaporizhzhya Sich Cossack state to eliminate (XVI-XVIII centuries). 3 - the period of state-building processes, multi-state at the beginning of the XX century. (1917-1921 biennium.); 4 - the latest period, the system of defense of independent Ukraine (1990-2016 gg.). In the latest period of state during 1991-1996. Ukraine has a system of defense and the necessary conditions for further administrative and legal support defense functions of the state. It was created by the public authorities in the field of defense, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the system of elements defense industry and system of laws that regulate their activities. Unfortunately, mistakes and errors in the future reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine as a major element of defense led to losing combat capability, and they were not ready to defense, repel armed aggression. However, in the current complex military-political situation, the implementation of defense reform objectives taking into account possible past mistakes and failures and legal support main areas of defense reform as envisaged Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine.

A Study on efficient utilization of natural science and engineering professionals according to the national Defense Reform

A Study on efficient utilization of natural science and engineering professionals according to the national Defense Reform

REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA – THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA – THE FIRST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT