Defense Planning Research Articles

Energy and the military: Convergence of security, economic, and environmental decision-making

Energy considerations are core to the missions of armed forces worldwide. The interaction between military energy issues and non-military energy issues is not often explicitly treated in the literature or media, although issues around clean energy have increased awareness of this interaction. The military has also long taken a leadership role on research and development (R&D) and procurement of specific energy technologies. More recently, R&D leadership has moved to the energy efficiency of home-country installations, and the development of renewable energy projects for areas as diverse as mini-grids for installations, to alternative fuels for major weapons systems. In this paper we explore the evolving relationship between energy issues and defense planning, and show how these developments have implications for military tactics and strategy as well as for civilian energy policy.

Порівняльний аналіз систем оборонного планування в США та в Україні

Досліджується еволюція змін у системі оборонного планування в США шляхом аналізу функціональних зв’язків між її елементами. Розглядається триступеневий процес, який поєднує у собі Систему інтеграції та розвитку спільних спроможностей, Систему планування, програмування, бюджетування та виконання, Систему оборонного замовлення. Проведено порівняльний аналіз відповідності елементів системи оборонного планування США та України. Метою статті є порівняльний аналіз ретроспективи реформування та розгляд існуючої системи оборонного планування в США та в Україні, змін, що відбувалися в останні роки та причинно-наслідкових зв’язків, які супроводжували цей процес. Дослідження за даною темою виконувались за допомогою таких методів та процедур системного аналізу, як абстрагування і конкретизація, декомпозиція, кластеризація і класифікація. Результати аналізу вказують на необхідність реорганізації системи оборонного планування в Україні шляхом впровадження більшості елементів, процедур та принципів системи оборонного планування США з урахуванням особливостей оборонно-промислового комплексу України.

Аналіз стану забезпечення Збройних Сил України фінансовими ресурсами та порядок комплексного планування їх розвитку

The political goals and strategic objectives of the state are formed on the basis of its real military and economic capabilities. The adequacy of a military doctrine lies in its strict compliance with the general goals of state development and with those material and human resources available to the state during the period of the doctrine. A proper understanding of the defense planning experts by the basic principles of military doctrine is possible only in the case of constant analysis of the state's capabilities for the economic development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the consistency (order) of complex planning of their development in the medium and long term.The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources, to make the forecast of this state for the long term by extrapolation method and to determine the order of complex planning of their development.Qualitative scientific substantiation of planning of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is possible only if there is sufficient information: about the conditions of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; state (efficiency) of implementation of programs (plans) of the development of the Armed Forces; changes in their composition and size; economic opportunities of the state. Predicting the prospects for the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a necessary element of defense planning. Objects of military forecasting should be everything that significantly influences the tasks of the Armed Forces, their composition, forms of combat operations and methods of use of forces and means, efficiency of development.The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of providing the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources in the period 2005 - 2018, investigates the dynamics of some indicators of the economic capabilities of the state and their impact on the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. According to the results of the analysis, the forecast of the state of provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with financial resources for the long term (2019-2032) is made using the extrapolation method. The article also defines the basic principles of complex planning for the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine by the main stages of its implementation in the defense planning system.In further research on the topic of the article, it is necessary to focus the attention of scientists on the development of methods of forecasting the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, taking into account the indicators of the forecast of the development of the country's military and economic potential.

Zeroing Hunger as a Public Concern: Where Rests Developing Countries Priorities?

The bout with hunger can be won by 2030 in developing countries when priorities are set right. The priorities of developing countries must be shifted from the quick fixes of hunger programs without a review to enhancing all existing local and regional food systems, coupled with an appraised local or national food defense plan, and a minimum nutritional benchmark of local diets based on a local or regional foods and nutrition data base systems. All these systems must be coordinated to yield a national food systems plan for action. To make our prize fight with hunger successful and more sustainable, these systems and plans must be reviewed and updated timely.

Управління ризиками та створення реєстру ризиків оборонного планування на основі спроможностей

A risk-based assessment and risk management system of capability-based defense planning (OPO) is an integral part of this process. This approach is based on the experience of defense planning of NATO member states and the functioning of models, where the place and role of risks, their impact on processes and procedures, both at the planning stage and in the process of implementing its results, are clearly defined. Failure to take risks into account can lead to an incorrect decision to assess the security environment or to identify unrealistic tasks and measures to develop the capabilities of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (defense forces).The risk management system as an integral model of the OPOV process provides for the following structural components:- organizational and analytical, including the identification, identification and documentation of risks, as well as a comprehensive assessment of identified risks and the extent of their negative consequences;- executive and management, which provides for: selection of methods, tools and risk management planning to reduce the likelihood of their implementation and minimize negative consequences; direct risk management during phased EIA procedures;- the final, in the framework of which the monitoring of the achieved results is carried out, their effectiveness is assessed and the implementation of the planned risk management measures is monitored and the relevant plans are adjusted.The main ways to respond to planning risks are: avoidance, reduction, acceptance or distribution (transfer) of risk. The application of these methods is carried out taking into account a certain acceptable level and acceptability of risk (a certain number of risks that the organizational structure is ready to accept in a certain category).The proposed logical sequence of procedural measures of the system for assessing and managing risks of the defense planning process and the creation of a risk register will allow normalizing and improving the OP process.Creating a risk register based on an algorithm of procedural measures for identifying, identifying, quantifying and qualitatively assessing the degree of influence and minimizing risks will help to avoid mistakes, rationally allocate resources, timely influence the results of working out the OP procedures and increase the efficiency of the defense planning process based on capabilities.

Protection of Cultural Heritage During Crisis Situations

Crisis situations such as catastrophes, natural disasters, armed conflicts and others pose a threat to different values. The author presents various definitions of a crisis situation found in the literature and concentrates on crisis management which might be treated as an interdisciplinary field of science. In order to achieve efficiency in crisis management one needs to apply a remarkable skill of working under pressure. In crisis situations mainly human life and health, natural environment, economy, spiritual and material values of the state or the region and its inhabitants are threatened and the functioning of state administration institutions may be also impaired. Among the protected values cultural assets seem to be neglected and legal documents in this sphere aren’t being updated. Therefore the author has presented his attempts at providing an analysis of available expert literature and legal acts, and using different research methods (such as comparison, synthesis or reasoning) he has presented the current condition of the discussed problem, indicating some potential shortcomings of the system. The plans for the protection of historical monuments are an integral part of the civil defence plans and they undergo annual updating. The author also discusses the theoretical problems in crisis management in Poland, which can be analysed in the context of strategic, tactical and operational management.

Аналіз спеціального програмного забезпечення ГІС інформаційної інфраструктури Міністерства оборони України

The Program for the Development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine until 2020 and the goals set out in the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine define the tasks of creating combat control systems (C4ISR) and defense planning (DRMIS). It is important to focus on the role of a geographic information system (GIS), as a common core in the process of interaction of these systems. These issues are mostly solved in the leading NATO countries, in particular, in their framework architectures. The information infrastructure has all the hallmarks of the Unified Information Environment of special-purpose systems, so the choice of platform is quite a challenge. The purpose of the article is to analyze and compare special software GIS-platforms for the highest level of information infrastructure of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. It is considered that GIS has the following properties: saving, organizing, editing and analyzing geographic data; includes visual abilities to reflect geographic information; has some GIS tools, or uses a GIS platform in its decision; distribution or processing of cartographic attribute data and data from other sources. To compare these properties, the general needs for GIS technology from the Ukrainian Defense Forces are defined. They are due to the creation of a joint GIS-core decision support system for the C4ISR type system (Command, Control, Computers, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) and the DRMIS type defense management planning system. As a result of a comparative analysis of software platforms ArcGIS and QGIS with special software deployed on their basis, it was found that these platforms meet all the requirements for GIS with support for all key functions. However, using most advantages, it has been found that ArcGIS is the best choice. Even considering the option of paying for licenses, this will reduce the risks of providing further support.

SPREMINJANJE IN RAZVOJ SLOVENSKE VOJSKE – POGLED IZ TUJINE

Abstract The Republic of Slovenia has been a member of NATO for 15 years. In preparing for NATO membership the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) were required to prepare for radical change, from a territorial defence force to one that could contribute to NATO missions. The need for change became even more significant after the government decision in 2002 to end conscription and move to a fully professional SAF. A revised force structure for the SAF was agreed in 2003, prior to Slovenia joining NATO in 2004. Progress in developing the SAF in the first five years of NATO membership, while encountering a number of challenges, showed a positive trend, with a commensurate increase in defence expenditure. In the following five years the economic crisis which affected most NATO countries had a particularly damaging effect on the continued development of the SAF, with very severe reductions in defence expenditure. Today, after 15 years of NATO membership, the SAF has still not recovered from the cuts made in defence spending. Spending remains close to 1.0% of GDP and is inadequate to support the force plans of the SAF. The SAF is unable to make an effective contribution to NATO and a decision needs to be made on the future size and shape of the SAF which matches plans for future defence expenditure. Key words NATO, Slovenia, Professionalization, Defence Planning, Defence Expenditure, Missions, Force Structure, Democratic Control.

15 LET SLOVENSKEGA ČLANSTVA V NATU SKOZI PERSPEKTIVO SPREMINJAJOČEGA VARNOSTNEGA IN GEOPOLITIČNEGA OKOLJA

Abstract The year 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of NATO; furthermore, 2019 also marks 15 years of Slovenian membership of the Alliance. NATO has faced a diverse array of security and political challenges throughout its history, which have guided a constant adaptation of its defence posture and working practices. Since the initial Cold War role of the Alliance the international security environment has changed significantly. The Alliance has been enlarged and strengthened by new members, the strict block divisions between the East and the West have ceased to exist, and the security environment has evolved through new and old security threats. Slovenia became an equal member of the Alliance in 2004, when it took up an important share of responsibility for common security. As a full member of NATO, Slovenia has contributed to and influenced key Alliance decisions. Nevertheless, Slovenia still struggles to fulfil some of the commitments it made, particularly when it comes to defence spending. At the same time we may note that broader security and geopolitical changes have also had a significant impact on the security and defence policy, as well as on the development of national capabilities and defence planning of the Republic of Slovenia. As noted by the authors, in spite of the changes in the international security environment or, even more, particularly because of them, NATO remains perhaps more than ever before the most appropriate framework for the comprehensive defence of the Republic of Slovenia. Key words NATO, Slovenia, defence, security environment, adaptation.

Robust Optimization for Microgrid Defense Resource Planning and Allocation Against Multi-Period Attacks

This paper investigates a microgrid defense resource planning and allocation problem with the consideration of multi-period attacks. The defensive transmission lines and distributed generators (DGs) are, respectively, planned and allocated to mitigate the multi-period attack damage on transmission lines and minimize the shed loads for microgrid, based on a multi-period defender–attacker–defender model. Robust optimization technique is utilized for the problem formulation, resulting in a two-stage decision process: in the first stage, the defender proposes defensive line plan and DG allocation scheme for the purpose of minimizing the attacker’s damage; and in the second stage, the attacker disrupts the transmission lines of microgrid system aiming at the maximum damage by the multi-period attacks, then the defender reacts to optimize the power flow on the remaining microgrid system to minimize the shed loads. Solution process is developed based on the customized column-and-constraint generation algorithm. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and algorithm are validated with numerical experiments. In addition, sensitivity analysis is also carried out with various parameters and settings.

Методологія ціннісно-орієнтованого управління плануванням розвитку озброєння

The article deals with the expediency of using Euro-Atlantic approaches in the defence planning system. A concept of development planning of armament and military equipment based on the methodology of value-oriented management of projects, programs and portfolios, which is integrated into the system of development planning and procurement of armament and military equipment in Ukraine, is initiated. The most attention is paid to the formulation of the concept of «value». Suggestions for quantitative estimation of its magnitude are given.

Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance in the Baltic Region

Questions about the nuclear balance have resurfaced in Europe after a long hiatus. NATO members in the Baltic region especially worry that Russia might use nuclear weapons to gain a strategic advantage at their expense. I draw on the political science literature on nuclear coercion to investigate whether Russia can successfully use nuclear coercion. I argue that NATO defense planners have more cause for optimism than they might realize. First, Russia will continue to suffer an unfavorable nuclear balance at the strategic level and so will never fully be confident that it can escape unacceptable costs meted out by the United States. Second, although their record of behavior suggests that Russian leaders might believe that nuclear weapons are useful for compellence, an alternative explanation is possible. That is, they may simply be compensating for their own relative inferiority with bluster. Third, nuclear coercion is only effective under very stringent circumstances: when the user is facing a large-scale conventional military attack that it cannot handle. Far from being cowed, NATO members located in the Baltic region are responding to Russia’s nuclear saber rattling with efforts to bolster their defense and deterrence measures.

Alternate Energy Sources for Sustainable Organic Synthesis

AbstractOrganic Chemistry plays an important role in energy, information, materials, population, health, environment and implementation of defence plan. Organic chemists therefore, have the greatest responsibility to devise methods of carrying out organic syntheses, which will reduce or even eliminate the by‐products and solve the problem of environmental pollution from the source. One of the methods to achieve this is using non‐conventional energy sources, such as microwave, ultrasound, and photochemical chemistry, in conjugation with non‐toxic solvents, which dramatically reduces energy waste and reaction time. Experiments synergising these alternate energy sources like microwave sonication, photosonication or microwave photochemistry, have gained high popularity as cost‐ effective green strategies. Pooling the advantages of alternate energy sources with biocatalysis is another novel avenue of sustainable synthesis. Organic electrosynthesis has also emerged as an environmentally benign technique for the construction of C‐C and C‐hetero bonds. Highlights of significant developments in these areas define the scope of the present discussion.

Modernization of Topographic Mapping by Japan Meiji Government – Introduction of French Army Mapping Technology and afterwards

Abstract. In Japan, the political system was changed greatly and new Meiji government under Meiji Emperor was born in 1868. Meiji government made great efforts to modernize Japan to hold its independence, hiring many professionals from the western advanced countries, sending many students to the western advanced countries, establishing obligatory education system, and so on.It invited French military mission to modernize its army. The mission arrived in Japan in 1872 and stayed until 1880 changing its members. It included engineer officers as follows: Engineer captain Albert Jourdan (1872–1878), Engineer captain Ernest Vieillard (1873–1876), Engineer lieutenant captain Lucian Kreitmann (1876-1888) and two other engineer officers succeed until 1880. They worked fundamentally as the teachers of engineering including survey and mapping. Jourdan had additional works as Coast Defense plan and military construction such as Military School. Jourdan participated in the Japan Coast Defense Planning Mission headed by French mission chief and ordered by the Army Minister,Yamagata. Coast Defense Plan maps were drawn for Kagosima Bay, Hakodate Bay, Tsuruga Bay, etc. Japanese officers of the General Staff Bureau engaged in making base maps for planning and supported the Mission in the field. The mapping technology would be transferred to the Japanese officers on the job.The French Mission members began various military educations in 1872. TIZU SAISIKI (Map Color Rule) was published in 1873, which was translated book by Tomohiro Kosuge (later, the founder and the first director of Japan Land Survey) and others from a French map book brought by Jourdan. Jourdan and Vieillard taught military engineering, based on the textbooks 1855 for French engineer regimental schools, which were translated by T. Kosuge and others and published as KOUHEI SOUTEN (Manual for Military Engineers) including Survey Division in 1873–1875.In 1875, Grand Military Field Exercise was held in Narashinohara near Tokyo, when the field was surveyed at 1/10,000 scale with six plane table teams including T. Kosuge directed by E. Vieillard and a map was compiled and published next year.In 1876, the first three textbooks on mapping of the Military School were printed ; SOKUTI KOUHON (Land Survey Textbook), TIRIZUGAKU KOUHON (Topography Textbook) and SOKUTI KANHOU (Rapid Survey Method in the Military School. The former two were Kreitmann’s lecture records and the last one was translated book of a textbook of French Artillery and Engineering Application School Military Field Exercise was held in Narashinohara, when the field was surveyed with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale by the Military School pupils directed by L. Kreitmann. The compiled map was printed next year in the Military School.In 1877, Seinan Civil War occurred in Kyushu Islan. Rapid survey maps were drawn by the members of the Survey Division of the Army Ministry. After the war, military field exercise was held in Shimoshidzu, when the field was surveyed with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale by the Military School pupils directed by L. Kreitmann. The compiled map was printed next year in the Military School.In 1879, T. Kosuge was nominated to the head of the Survey Division, General Staff Office. He presented his second opinion, “Rapid Survey Plan of the Whole County “ without triangulation which remained as the object of study to the head of the General Staff Office and this plan was accepted.In 1880 following the “Rapid Survey Plan”, the rapid survey began with plane table method at 1/20,000 scale in Kanto metropolitan area on a large scale.In 1881, according the comparison of the results of the normal triangulation and the graphical triangulation on the plane table, it was concluded that the former should be adopted for the whole country control point survey and that the survey system and organization should be changed.In 1889, Army Land Survey was founded by T. Kosuge following the model of Prussian Land Survey, Germany and the first director was T. Kosuge. However, KOUHEI SOUTEN (Manual for Military Engineers) Second Edition, Survey Division was published, translated from the textbook 1883 for the French Engineer Regimental School.

A power for the future? Global Britain and the future character of conflict

Abstract This article explores how the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence's (MoD) institutional vision of the potential future character of conflict is reflected in current defence policy decision-making and future force development planning. On the face of it, institutional arrangements in the MoD suggest that the results of ‘horizon-scanning’ and ‘futures’ analysis guide long-term defence planning in the design and development of the UK's future military roles and force structure. Our analysis points to the opposite. It suggests that it is the unchallenged assumption that the UK will remain a ‘Tier One’ defence power capable of deploying military power on a global scale and the MoD's long-term planning cycle that shape long-range forecasts of the future operating environment, rather than the other way round. Our explanation for this inversion is derived from the ‘New Institutionalism’ approach to public policy analysis. In taking this approach, we suggest that the outcomes of UK defence policy formation are strongly influenced by path dependency in the form of baked-in institutional ideas about the ‘appropriate’ role of Britain as a military power (‘what should be done’), along with historical capability investments underpinning UK defence that are costly to reverse (‘what can be changed’). By extension, we argue that if these embedded path dependencies explain the development of previous and current UK defence policy, then it should come as no surprise that the current ends, ways and means in UK defence are projected forward in the MoD's institutional view of potential future operating environments, resulting in limited change within established paths.

Allied Maritime Forces Transformation: Towards a Defence Planning Process That Includes Adaptable Warships

Warships have long service lives. During the life of a warship the types of operations that will be assigned to the ship will change (this happened for example at the end of the Cold War), the technology behind the installed systems will advance (e.g., radar performance and miniaturisation) and new technologies will emerge. New technologies are likely to require changes in the way operations are presently conducted (e.g., off-board systems for conducting mine countermeasures operations) and can deliver new operational capabilities to the ship (e.g., directed-energy weapon systems). For these reasons, warships can only maintain maximum operational relevance through-life if their operational capabilities can be augmented and adapted to meet changing user requirements. NATO nations and partners, and also their peer competitors, are designing and building more adaptable warships. A common characteristic of these ships is that mission essential systems can be added to and removed from the ship in a relatively short time period. Warship roles can thus be reconfigured. The future of this trend is transforming the NATO defence planning process so that the future structure of the allied maritime forces will include an appropriate mix of adaptable warships and up-to-date mission packages that can respond to constantly changing operational tasking. The naval architect is already aware that traditional warship design features must be re-worked to accommodate modular, in addition to—or even to replace—organic systems. This paper considers the transformation from the engineering and management of mission packages, their deployment and integration into new warship designs towards a new maritime defence planning philosophy and process.

What Happened to Soviet Security Studies?: An Essay on the State of the Field

Security issues were a central part of Soviet studies. This article considers how the study of security issues has changed with respect to Russia and Eurasia since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. It highlights a series of positive changes: a broadening of vision beyond Moscow, more engagement with mainstream social science, greater attention to security issues internal to post-Soviet states, and the creation of an expert community that spans North America, Europe, and Eurasia. At the same time, I argue that scholarship on Russian and Eurasian security issues has become less strategic, in the sense this word is used by Richard Betts – about the interaction of political ends and military means, rooted in an appreciation of military science. The academy, especially in North America, has become a less welcoming place for scholars working on Russia and Eurasia who care about previously central issues in the field such as nuclear strategy, weapons procurement, military doctrine, and defense planning.

Frustrated Ambition: General Vicente Lim and the Philippine Military Experience, 1910–1944

Richard B. Meixsel wanted to write a biography of Brig. Gen. Vicente Lim for a number of reasons. Primarily, it was because Lim was the first Filipino graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Army Command and Staff College, and the U.S. Army War College. In addition, Lim was considered the most capable Filipino officer, who possessed a unique vision for establishing the military of a newly sovereign nation, and he has been largely forgotten—as are almost all of the Filipino soldiers—in American-centric military histories of the Philippines. Since these soldiers constituted the bulk of the forces that fought there in the 1941–1942 period, however, Meixsel desires to provide the history of the Filipino forces to paint a more realistic portrait of the Philippines during the American period of occupation as well as during and immediately after the war. In particular, Meixsel wants to illustrate the agency of the Filipinos; but the problem with this goal is first illustrated in the chapter on U.S. military defense planning for the Philippines in the 1920s. Lim and other Filipino leaders are barely seen since they were not included in any of the defense planning. Perhaps it is not possible to illustrate Filipino agency if they was no agency, at least at that level? Again, when Douglas MacArthur was hired as military adviser, Lim was in the background and not really seen. President Manuel Quezon and other Filipino political elites wanted MacArthur as the military adviser to build a Philippine army because of his stature, a stature that no Filipino officer could match. Filipino agency was thus demonstrated, but not at Lim's level. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the situation was similar. During the defense planning for the war, Filipino military officers were hardly present; ultimately, neither were Filipino officials. Agency was still in the hands of American policy makers in Washington, D.C., then the U.S. Army, then MacArthur and the U.S. Military Mission, and finally Quezon, not the small number of highly qualified officers who could have been tapped for their talent.

Аналіз проблем організації та проведення огляду спроможностей в Міністерстві оборони України та Збройних Силах України

The military-political situation around Ukraine (the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the operation of joint forces in the east of Ukraine, the buildup of military factions near our borders, the capture of Ukrainian military sailors and ships in the Kerch Strait) defense planning in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine.The main indicator for solving this problem should be the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine. This work requires a thorough scientific research and maintenance, since the defense review procedure by the Ministry of Defense, which was approved by the Government, has not been tested in practice, as well as the opportunity inspection procedure.The purpose of the article is to substantiate recommendations for solving the problems of organizing and conducting an inspection of capabilities in the Ministry of Defense ofUkraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine.In order to exclude subjectivity during the inspection of abilities and scientific substantiation of its results, it is advisable to use methods and tools of strategic analysis, namely:- method of expert estimates of Delphi (Delphitechnique);- complex analysis methodology (PESTanalysis: political, economic, socio-cultural and technological);- a methodology for analyzing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis);- Method of gap analysis (Gap Analysis);- risk profiling technique (Risk Profiling).In connection with the start of a new defense planning cycle, it is considered expedient:take into account the requirements of the Law ofUkraine“On the National Security of Ukraine” of 21.06.2018 No. 2469-VIII;initiate an inspection of opportunities in the near future;during the inspection of opportunities to assess the capabilities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with the Recommendations for organizing the assessment of capabilities in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the “Recommendations for conducting a review of the capabilities of the defense forces” if approved.

Role of malaria partners in malaria elimination in Armenia

Malaria control and preventive activities in the countries of the World Health Organization Region for Europe (WHO/EUR) were strengthened within the framework of the Regional Roll Back Malaria strategy adopted by the member-states at the beginning of the 2000s. A political document “From control to malaria elimination” known as the “Tashkent Declaration” was unanimously endorsed by the member-states of the WHO/EUR with malaria problems in 2005. Since then, considerable progress has been achieved in the countries of the region, signified by the dramatic reduction of malaria incidence in conjunction with the prevention of re-establishment of infection on the territories where malaria was eliminated earlier. Several countries of the region had been certified by the WHO as free of local malaria transmission as a result of the activities of their National Malaria Elimination Programme, Armenia being one of the first in 2011. One of the main lessons learnt during the implementation of the activities by the National Malaria Elimination Programme in Armenia was that the development of an operational plan for malaria elimination required a comprehensive national effort. Full support, both political and financial, from the highest levels of government to smooth coordination between different government ministries, such as Agriculture, Defense, Finance, Health and Policy and Planning and others, was a prerequisite for operational success. The role and place of various partners in the achievement of malaria elimination in the country is discussed in this review.