Defense Issues Research Articles

More connected, less attached: Factors shaping junior ranks’ perceptions of the Australian media’s coverage of the Australian Defence Force

This article seeks to understand what Australian Defence Force (ADF) junior ranks think about the Australian media’s coverage of defence issues and ADF operations. Through the analysis of original survey data, it considers how patterns of media use and the opinions of superiors, family and friends influence their views. This article compares these data with the findings from an earlier survey, which used the same survey instrument to examine what mid-ranking officers in the ADF thought about media coverage of the military. It explores the contrasts and continuities between the differing survey cohorts and considers what these suggest about the origins of and influences on their opinions. It concludes that while the surveys reveal a good deal about what ADF personnel think about the media’s coverage of their operations, it raises questions about why they think as they do that can only be answered through further studies.

El diálogo 5+5 y la iniciativa 5+5 de defensa

The is the oldest active forum for dialogue and cooperation between Western Mediterranean European countries and the Maghreb countries. Created as an informal mechanism with modest goals, the 5+5 Dialogue in recent years has increased its activity in a significant number of fields related to the security of the Western Mediterranean region, in particular on defense issues, through the development of the so-called Defense Initiative. The article analyzes the special characteristics of these initiatives for dialogue and cooperation, their strengths and weaknesses. The possible development of these mechanisms, their limitations, and their future prospects are also studied.

LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS SEIMO PRIORITETINIŲ TEISĖS AKTŲ DARBOTVARKĖS KAITA 2005–2015 METAIS

Research based on agenda mapping and an analysis of the changing priority issues of governments is a new trend in the field of public policy analysis. Systematic indicators and universal codebooks have been developed in order to compare issue attention longitudinally, across decision-making venues and between countries. However, despite the increased interest in the subject internationally, this field of study has been neglected in Lithuania – no systematic longitudinal analysis of the Lithuanian political agenda has been conducted so far. Therefore, this article aims to fill the gap by analysing changes of the legislative agenda of the Lithuanian Parliament (Seimas).Data for the quantitative analysis was collected from the working programmes of 19 ordinary sessions of the Seimas between 2005 and 2015 and coded according to the Comparative Agendas Project’s Master Codebook. We sought to describe the general trends of the Parliament’s legislative agenda and to explain the main causes behind certain policy punctuations. We also analysed the EU’s influence on the Parliament’s agenda and the distribution of power between the legislative and the executive branches of power in formulating a list of priority legal acts. In order to answer these questions, six hypotheses were tested in our article.The results of our analysis revealed that the Lithuanian political agenda cannot be characterised as stable because a number of major agenda fluctuations occurred in the period between 2005 and 2015. Some of the policy punctuations coincided with elections as foreseen under the standard model, while other changes were disjoint and abrupt in line with the punctuated equilibrium theory. However, we observed incremental agenda changes in some, less politically sensitive, policy areas. Moreover, our research indicated the important role of external shocks – during the economic crisis political attention was allocated mostly to economy, taxes and public sector management, while the crisis in Ukraine increased focus on national defence issues. Finally, we found no evidence that the EU’s influence on the Lithuanian policy agenda is decreasing in the post-accession period. Taking the overload of the agenda of the Seimas into consideration, these punctuations reduce the ability of the legislature to adopt high quality legislation and to effectively solve public policy issues.

Physical hardware trojan failure analysis and detection method

The semiconductor industry is rapidly developing in the global market, and chip design companies usually purchase the third-party EDA tools in order to shorten the design cycle of IC and reduce manufacturing cost. Therefore, in the IC chip production procedure there exist a lot of insecurity factors, and the hardware security of IC chips becomes the most important issue of the national security defense. Physical hardware trojan will modify the value of register, leak sensitive data and cause device degradation failure. Furthermore, the physical hardware trojans only modify the physical properties of the circuit chip rather than injects the malicious functional circuit. They are hidden more deeply than logical hardware trojans. Therefore, it is far-reaching significance issues for the hardware trojan detection methods and national security to study logic circuit transmission characteristics and the chip degradation failure physical mechanism which are caused by injection physical hardware trojans. In this paper, a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) device with injection dopant hardware trojan is realized by using ATHENA process simulation system to achieve the ion implantation process. The ATLAS simulation devices are tested using hot carrier injection degradation (hot carrier degradation is denoted by HCD) stress model for the degradation failure process which is caused by injecting the hot carrier injection hardware trojan (HCHT) into the MOSFET device. Another normal MOSFET combines with dopant hardware trojan MOSFET or hot carrier injection hardware trojan MOSFET to comprise the same inverter logic circuit by using the ATLAS two-dimensional (2D) device simulation system with SmartSpice instructions mode. The effect on logic circuit output characteristics caused by physical hardware trojan is studied by using Spice simulation to output the DC and AC transient time characteristics. It is also studied how the W/L value of a hardware trojan transistor influences the output characteristics of the logic circuit. We design an experiment to study transient characteristics of the same inverter logic module which consists of different W/L values of a transistor at different temperatures. The experiment is realized by Spice circuit simulation. In this paper, the effects of the variations of the HCD stress intensity and temperature on output characteristic are analyzed for hot carrier injection hardware trojan. The results indicate that the negative effect of hardware trojan on logic circuit DC current output characteristic is more obvious than AC transient time characteristic. Thus, we propose an effective method and a convenient procedure to detect the injection physical hardware trojan in packaged chips. Furthermore, the test process is a feasible operation method of detecting physical hardware trojan.

Infrastructures protection based on heterogeneous networks

This paper presents a modelling approach for mapping cyber defence issues with respect to heterogeneous networks; the research is devoted to develop an agent-driven simulation environment able to analyse this problem considering different layers including CIS capabilities, operational issues, system architecture, management processes and human factors. The paper analyses a specific case study to validate and verify the proposed modelling approach; the scenario is focused on a heterogeneous network applied to an extended maritime environment including autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), sensors, platforms, vessels, satellites and relevant military assets and threats. The present document uses this case study as example of system of systems to be simulated including cyber warfare issues to evaluate their impact on operations.

Understanding Defense Mechanisms.

Understanding defense mechanisms is an important part of psychotherapy. In this article, we trace the history of the concept of defense, from its origin with Freud to current views. The issue of defense as an unconscious mechanism is examined. The question of whether defenses are pathological, as well as their relation to pathology, is discussed. The effect of psychotherapy on the use of defenses, and their relation to a therapeutic alliance is explored. A series of empirical research studies that demonstrate the functioning of defense mechanisms and that support the theory is presented. Research also shows that as part of normal development, different defenses emerge at different developmental periods, and that gender differences in defense use occur.

Transfusion support by a UK Role 1 medical team: a 2-year experience from Afghanistan

IntroductionThis paper describes the clinical governance, training, equipment and infrastructure developed to enable a UK Role 1 medical team to deliver forward transfusion in Southern Afghanistan. The aim was to...

웹 미디어 기반 실시간 국방 이슈 탐지 및 그룹핑

Because mass of activity records of individuals and organizations are accumulated in the digital space and amount of information is also increasing exponentially, the most urgent requirements of users is the tool for `efficient` acquisition of `useful` information. This paper try digital convergence to combine a domain specific technology with real time issue detection and grouping based on Web media. To derive core functionalities, we collect and analyze user requirements of national defense issue detection services. By utilizing linguistic resources specialized on national defence area and discovering features for measuring issue importance, we try to seek differentiation domain specific issue detection method. Finally we compare our detection results based on the development outputs of prototype.

On the relationship between strategic cultures and support for European defence: A comment on Irondelle, Mérand and Foucault

Recent developments at its borders have reasserted the question whether and how the European Union (EU) should further its integration in the domain of foreign and security policy. Especially, the unfolding of the Ukraine crisis has led many observers, politicians and pundits alike, to put the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as well as its major sub-component, the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), back onto the agenda.1 The EU's (foreign policy) decision to offer and encourage an Association Agreement was a decisive element in triggering the internal turmoil in Ukraine; as events were unfolding, the degree and kind of involvement of the EU in the crisis was subjected to political debate; and the behaviour of Russia, which elicited concern in many Eastern European countries for their own security, posed security and defence questions the EU had not been confronted with since the rise of international terrorism, if ever. As the issue of European defence gains salience politically, the European public's preferences regarding this issue gains relevance as well. What are the determinants of public support for European defence, and what do citizens want it to look like, specifically?

О преемственности программ дисциплины «Безопасность жизнедеятельности» для среднего профессионального и высшего образования

The article considers issues of continuity of "Life Safety" disciplines through secondary vocational education and higher education. Several Federal state educational standards of secondary professional education in different fields, structure and content of the draft program of "Life Safety" discipline have been analyzed. Main priorities of “Life Safety” content for secondary professional education related to the issues of civil defense and basic military service have been revealed. Inconsistency between the "Life Safety" title and program contents in secondary professional education has been defined. Introduction of alternative disciplines into educational programs to study issues of human labour and environmental security has been examined.

Detecting and Preventing DDoS Attacks in Cloud.

Cloud is becoming a dominant computing platform. Naturally, a question that arises is whether we can beat notorious DDoS attacks in a cloud environment. Researchers have demonstrated that the essential issue of DDoS attack and defence is resource competition between defenders and attackers. A cloud usually possesses profound resources, and has full control and dynamic allocation capability of its resources. Therefore, cloud offers us the potential to overcome DDoS attacks. However, individual cloud hosted servers are still vulnerable to DDoS attacks if they still run in the traditional way. In this paper, we propose a dynamic resource allocation strategy to counter DDoS attacks against individual cloud customers. When a DDoS attack occurs, we employ the idle resources of the cloud to clone sufficient intrusion prevention servers for the victim in order to quickly filter out attack packets and guarantee the quality of the service for benign users simultaneously. We establish a mathematical model to approximate the needs of our resource investment based on queueing theory. Through careful system analysis and real-world data set experiments, we conclude that we can defeat DDoS attacks in a cloud environment.

The current understanding of growing metallic filamentary crystals in an electric field

The existing ideas about one of the non-traditional methods of growing metallic filamentary crystals, such as growing in an electric field were considered in the paper. The role of impurities in the crystal growth process was investigated. Positive and negative sides of the electrolysis process during growing this group of crystals were critically considered. The experiments have shown that concentrated solutions of salts of several metals are the most suitable for growing filamentary crystals of metals and the presence of surface-active substances (SAS), having long molecules in the solution, is necessary for the nucleation of metallic filamentary crystals. The growth of metallic filamentary crystals is promoted by the presence of fine particles of graphite, glass and other mechanical impurities, and the presence of oxygen, on the contrary, retards it. During the formation of the whiskers of solder materials on thin-film electro-resistances when passing an electric current through them, whisker growth does not start immediately, but some time after the solder melts. The reason for the formation and growth of whiskers is the transferred-electron effect in a metal conductor, and the composition of the electrical resistance has no fundamental significance. The lack of oxygen in the electrolysis process is the basic condition for the formation of whiskers. Surface diffusion plays an important role in the formation of filamentary crystals. This research direction remains relevant at the present time. Today the country needs new structural materials that have valuable physicochemical properties. Microelectronics, medicine, defense issues, instrument-making industry, radiation safety, dosimetry, environmental protection - that's not all areas where grown filamentary crystals can be successfully used. Filamentary crystals have amazing properties, which in today's conditions deserve the close attention of our science. This, in turn, will help to more efficiently solve the issues of getting products that meet the requirements of environmental legislation, as well as human and environmental protection from anthropogenic factors.

Charles Hard Townes: The Second Half-Century

After receiving his 1964 Nobel Prize for maser and laser physics, this OSA Honorary Member pursued his diverse interests in basic scientific research, advised the U.S. government on aerospace and defense issues and pondered deep questions about science and religion.

Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law

Traditionally, the enforcement of EU competition rules has been the exclusive jurisdiction of the European Commission, a regulatory system which is based on public law rules. During the last decade, two developments have reshaped the application and enforcement of competition law and policy in the EU and resulted in decentralisation and private enforcement. Since 2000, National Competition Authorities (NCA) can enforce EU competition rules in a parallel way, imposing fines, structural or behavioural remedies on companies which restrict, distort or hinder competition. Since 2003, and for the first time in the history of European legal integration, private individuals can claim damages (Article 7 of Regulation 1/2003 OJ L 1, 04.01.2003. European Commission (2005b), ‘Green Paper on damages actions for breach of the EC Antitrust Rules’, COM (2005) 672 final) resulting from the anti-competitive behaviour of companies (Case C-453/99 Courage Ltd v Crehan [2001] ECR I-6297). A notable change in the focus of the EU anti-trust regulator is evident. The consumer has been elevated to the status of a stakeholder in competition rules and is no longer regarded as the mere recipient of the effects of competition law and policy. The consumer, as the ultimate user of products and services in the market, has the power and the ability to strike back at the companies which intended to cause harm. This article illustrates the attempts of the European Commission to improve the compensatory justice in the EU Member States for breaches of EU competition rules in an attempt to enhance their deterrent effects. It then sheds light on the reasons which hold back progress. Firstly, the issue of the passing-on defence, which could mitigate or potentially negate the damages due to consumers; secondly, the limitations of collective redress as a level of action for damages and as a deterrent for cartels; and thirdly, the difficulties for quantification of loss and the amount of compensation due to consumers as a result of anti-competitive behaviour of companies. Finally, the authors show how the creation of a parallel system of public and private enforcement of antitrust rules purports to maximise compliance with the competition objectives of the EU treaties, despite criticism from many Member States that private enforcement of competition rules would create a litigation culture which would be counter-productive and negatively affect the European integration process.

A Contemporary Framework for National Security Related Technological Risks Minimisation

Last several decades have shown a steady broadening of national security issues’ spectrum along with an increase in the strictness of international competition driven by advances in high technologies and other factors. National security agenda is nowadays comprised not only of defense issues per se, but also includes economic, social, cultural and other aspects. All this is strongly influenced by the technological trends and the very possession of critical technologies has become a pressing national security issue. Thus, we are witnessing a gradual convergence of national security and technological agendas. Advocating a proactive approach to tackling national security risks of a technological nature, the authors make an attempt to outline the contemporary innovative methodology of assessing, harnessing and counteracting such risks. Their key recommendation lies in the appeal for joining the forces of theorists and practitioners in the field of both national security and science, technology and innovation (STI) policy to overcome the corresponding challenges.

HARMONIZATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE SECURITY AND DEFENSE SYSTEM OF UKRAINE IN THE RELATION TO THE UKRAINE’S COOPERATION AND CONVERGENCY IN THE FIELD OF FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Проаналізовано питання гармонізації елементів системи безпеки та оборони України й ЄС стосовно Укладеної угоди про асоціацію у 2014 р. Наголошено на сучасному стані розвитку Спільної зовнішньої політики та політики безпеки й Спільної політики безпеки та оборони ЄС, зокрема, на тих особливостях, що впливають на відносини з державами- партнерами поза ЄС. Серед них можливість залучення у спільні цивільні та військові місії, необхідність спільного координування таких місій, особливо на територіях третіх країн та спільне ресурсне залучення. Зазначено про ретроспективні політичні засади формування взаємовідносин України та ЄС у контексті безпеки та оборони, також виокремлено постатейно ті механізми, які повинні визначати сучасну співпрацю України та ЄС згідно з Угодою про асоціацію. Запропоновано необхідні зміни в системі національного законодавства України з метою узгодження співробітництва з питань безпеки та оборони між Україною і ЄС та реформи систем, пов’язаних із безпекою та обороною держави. Ключові слова: Спільна зовнішня політика та політика безпеки ЄС, Спільна політи­ка безпеки та оборони ЄС, політична частина Угоди про асоціацію між ЄС та Україною 2014 р., гармонізація законодавства та реформування системи безпеки й оборони України. This article underlines the peculiarities of the harmonization of the security and defense system of Ukraine and the EU in the course of due fulfillment of the Association Agreement, 2014. The present state of the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU are emphasized, particularly regarding those features that affect relations with partner states outside the EU. Among them, the possibility of engaging in joint civilian and military missions, the need for coordination of joint missions, especially in a territory of third countries and shared resource involvement are underlined. Retrospective political basis for the formation of the relations between Ukraine and the EU has been stressed upon in the context of security and defense issues as well as the treaty-based mechanisms that should determine the current cooperation between Ukraine and the EU under the Association Agreement are outlined. Necessary changes in the national legislation of Ukraine aimed at the compliance with the EU standards and the suggestions for reforming Ukrainian systems related to the security and defense issues are offered. Key words: Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, Common Security and Defense Policy of the EU, “political part” of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine, harmonization of legislation and reform of the security and defense system of Ukraine.

Безопасность Испании в атлантическом формате

The article analyzes the changes that have characterized Spain’s approach to NATO in the post-Cold War era, and more specifically, the approach of different political parties to security and defense issues. If the People's Party is more Atlantic ideologically and traditionally, and therefore, is more in favor of strengthening cooperation with NATO, the socialists are increasingly pro-European and, therefore, advocate the strengthening of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). Spain doesn’t question the necessity of NATO, the presence of American military forces in Europe in general and in Spain in particular as a method of security enhancing. Fears of marginalization caused the accession of Spain to this military organization after its eastward extension. In recent years, Spain’s influence and authority in NATO declined amid the economic crisis. This loss of authority will be overcome as soon as the economic growth is resumed. Notwithstanding that its ambitions in NATO and EU do not meet its possibilities, Spain is participating in different missions and naval exercises of the Alliance, and is constantly modernizing its military forces. Spain has always been indifferent to the hypothetical threat from the East, but is more than apprehensive to the threat coming from the situation in Libya, instability in Tunisia and especially an eventual destabilization in Morocco where Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla are situated. Under the pretext of struggle against international terrorism, Madrid is trying to reestablish its influence in North Africa. Spain favors the transformation of NATO into an effective tool to prevent regional conflicts. The country's national interests will continue to determine its attention to problems of the Mediterranean and North Africa. The economic crisis has contributed to a drop in the objective value of bilateral relations with the United States and of Trans-Atlantic relations as a whole.

Can We Beat DDoS Attacks in Clouds?

Cloud is becoming a dominant computing platform. Naturally, a question that arises is whether we can beat notorious DDoS attacks in a cloud environment. Researchers have demonstrated that the essential issue of DDoS attack and defense is resource competition between defenders and attackers. A cloud usually possesses profound resources and has full control and dynamic allocation capability of its resources. Therefore, cloud offers us the potential to overcome DDoS attacks. However, individual cloud hosted servers are still vulnerable to DDoS attacks if they still run in the traditional way. In this paper, we propose a dynamic resource allocation strategy to counter DDoS attacks against individual cloud customers. When a DDoS attack occurs, we employ the idle resources of the cloud to clone sufficient intrusion prevention servers for the victim in order to quickly filter out attack packets and guarantee the quality of the service for benign users simultaneously. We establish a mathematical model to approximate the needs of our resource investment based on queueing theory. Through careful system analysis and real-world data set experiments, we conclude that we can defeat DDoS attacks in a cloud environment.

An Analytical Approach to the Issue of Passive Defense in Relation with Preservation of Urban Elements

Preserving territorial integrity and preventing from the attacks of enemies is the only common goal of all states and people of the countries on the earth. Passive defense which is mentioned abundantly today is one of the most important options in preserving this integrity. Passive defense is one of the special topics not only in Iran but also in many countries of the world because all efforts of a state are targeted at securing consent and welfare for its nation and preserving the national resources to produce income. Such incomes play substantial roles in creating substructures and superstructures. That is why preserving security and preventing from internal and international hazards is one of the basic programs of governments. Also spatial distribution of elements, combination of elements and main functions of the city which constitute to the structure of city are effective in the degree of vulnerability of a city against various dangers particularly military attacks. On this basis, the form and shape of the city entails a special attitude from passive defense perspective. Therefore, in the present research it has been attempted to introduce passive defense, define its theoretical fundamentals and application of this defense system in preserving and protecting the countries, and particularly their important and vital elements, express strategies for internalize passive defense in urban planning. Using this method may help save the cities against the crisis in critical situations through a coordinated and organized management process. Research method in this article is a combination of descriptiveexplanatory and comparative methods; descriptive method has been used based on the information available in library deeds and documents. key words: Defense, Passive Defense, Active Defense, Civil Defense, Urban Elements.

Defense against SYN flooding attacks: A particle swarm optimization approach

SYN flooding attack is a threat that has been designed based on vulnerabilities of the connection establishment phase of the TCP protocol. In this attack some sources send a large number of TCP SYN segments, without completing the third handshake step to quickly exhaust connection resources of the victim server. Hence, a main part of the server’s buffer space is allocated to the attack half open connections and incoming new connection requests will be blocked. This paper proposes a novel framework, in which, the defense issue is formulated as an optimization problem. Then it employs the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve this optimization problem. Our theoretical analysis and packet-level simulations in ns-2 environment show that the proposed defense strategy called PSO_SYN decreases the number of blocked TCP connection requests and cuts down share of attack connections from the buffer space.