Defense Economics Research Articles

Salmon subsidies predict territory size and habitat selection of an avian insectivore.

The annual migration and spawning event of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) can lead to cross-boundary delivery of marine-derived nutrients from their carcasses into adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. The densities of some passerine species, including Pacific wrens (Troglodytes pacificus), have been shown to be positively correlated with salmon abundance along streams in Alaska and British Columbia, but mechanisms maintaining these densities remain poorly understood. Riparian areas near salmon streams could provide higher quality habitat for birds through greater food availability and more suitable vegetation structure for foraging and breeding, resulting in wrens maintaining smaller territories. We examined relationships between salmon biomass and Pacific wren territory size, competition, and habitat selection along 11 streams on the coast of British Columbia, Canada. We show that male wren densities increase and territory sizes decrease as salmon-spawning biomass increases. Higher densities result in higher rates of competition as male wrens countersing more frequently to defend their territories along streams with more salmon. Wrens were also more selective of the habitats they defended along streams with higher salmon biomass; they were 68% less likely to select low-quality habitat on streams with salmon compared with 46% less likely at streams without salmon. This suggests a potential trade-off between available high-quality habitat and the cost of competition that structures habitat selection. Thus, the marine-nutrient subsidies provided by salmon carcasses to forests lead to higher densities of wrens while shifting the economics of territorial defence toward smaller territories being defended more vigorously in higher quality habitats.

Rusty guns and buttery soldiers: unemployment and the domestic origins of defense spending

AbstractScholars and practitioners continue to debate transatlantic burden sharing, which has implications for broader questions of collective action and international organizations. Little research, however, has analyzed domestic and institutional drivers of burden-sharing behavior; even less has disaggregated defense spending to measure burden sharing more precisely. This paper enhances understanding of the relationship between national political economies and burden shifting, operationalizing burden shifting as the extent to which a country limits or decreases defense expenditures, while at the same time favoring personnel over equipment modernization and readiness in the composition of defense budgets. Why do countries choose to allocate defense resources to personnel, rather than equipment modernization? I find that governments slightly decrease top-line defense spending in response to unemployment while shifting much more substantial amounts within defense budgets from equipment expenditures into personnel. This research highlights the intimate connection between Europe’s economic fortunes, transatlantic security, and burden sharing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union – of particular interest as a pandemic buffets the transatlantic economy. It also points policy analysts toward factors more amenable to political decisions than the structural variables generally associated with burden sharing, bridging significant gaps between defense economics, security studies, and comparative political economy.

THE POTENTIAL OF BANANA TRADING COMMODITY TO FULFILL MARKET DEMAND AND SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY IN DEFENSE ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE (STUDY IN BOGOR DISTRICT)

<p><em>In order to maintain food security, it is wiser if the food priority is not limited to rice, but also encourages product diversity of local food-based such as maize, cassava, sweet potato, breadfruit, taro, and banana. The problems of utilizing banana potential in Bogor District are low production due to land use change, plant function change, some farmers have</em><em> perception of bananas as a second class plant, Fusarium wilt disease, limited use of bananas </em><em>as</em><em> fresh fruit and small industrial processed products (</em><em>such as </em><em>chips, sale, molen), and production has not been able to </em><em>fulfill</em><em> market demand and </em><em>consequently</em><em>, export market opportunities have not been </em><em>utilized</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>This study describes the extent to which </em><em>large </em><em>potential of banana can be used optimally by </em><em>using defense economics</em><em>,</em><em> demand-supply, and food security</em><em> theory</em><em>. Primary data sources were obtained from interviews with </em><em>informan</em><em>t</em><em> from </em><em>Local Government, farmers and banana traders in Bogor District</em><em>, </em><em>Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade. Secondary data sources include </em><em>both </em><em>from </em><em>Ministry</em><em>, Distanhorti, Disdagin, BPS, journals, </em><em>and </em><em>electronic media. </em><em>V</em><em>alidation</em><em> data</em><em> by triangulation and</em><em> </em><em>data analysis of Miles-Huberman. The results show that</em><em> bananas have great potential to be developed in Bogor District</em><em> but its utilization is not optimal.</em><em> </em><em>This is due to several factors including</em><em> application of inappropriate</em><em> cultivation techniques</em><em> </em><em>with SOP, limited large-scale land, land conversion, </em><em>without</em><em> large company partnerships. Therefore, it is necessary to build partnerships with large private companies, synergies and coordination between stakeholders in order to </em><em>increase</em><em> </em><em>bananas</em><em> potential</em><em> as trade commodity, hence </em><em>can </em><em>fulfill</em><em> market demand. In the end it will improve economic security as </em><em>one of </em><em>the main focus</em><em>es</em><em> of the defense economy.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Banana, Defense Econom</em><em>y</em><em>, </em><em>Demand, Food Security</em><em>, </em><em>Potential</em><em></em></p>

A literature review of DEA efficiency methodology in defence sector

PropósitoLa mejora de la eficiencia de la gestión pública conduce a un aumento de la calidad de los servicios, impulsando la confianza en las instituciones y generando así un efecto multiplicador. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto actualizar la literatura sobre la metodología frontera de medición de la eficiencia DEA, aplicada al sector de la Defensa.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueA través de este estudio, se relacionan dos áreas principales de investigación: Economía de la Defensa y Análisis de Eficiencia y Productividad. Los métodos frontera para medir la eficiencia técnica se agrupan en paramétricos, no paramétricos y semiparamétricos. La revisión de la literatura DEA en el sector seleccionado permite identificar tres campos de trabajo principales que se discuten en detalle.ResultadosLa investigación empírica existente apenas ha aplicado métodos bootstrap para eliminar el sesgo de las estimaciones. Ningún trabajo empírico ha aplicado un análisis de determinantes de la eficiencia mediante la inclusión de variables exógenas.Originalidad/valorLas repercusiones de la eficiencia en la gestión son numerosas. Se propone una línea de investigación para examinar en qué medida las mejoras de la eficiencia repercuten en la reputación y, por consiguiente, en la imagen y la confianza en las instituciones. También se considera el vínculo entre la Economía de la Defensa y la Economía de la Corrupción.

Future of the European Defence Industrial and Technological Base (EDTIB) post Brexit: Nationalism versus integration?

The famous American author, Henry James, stated that the Europe’s greatest enemy is “nationalism.” The domain of defence economics is shaped by the debate of EU nations having to make difficult cho...

ECONOMIA DA DEFESA: NOTAS PARA UMA PESQUISA INTEGRADA

O presente artigo tem como objetivo delinear as opções de uma agenda depesquisa em economia da defesa. A importância do setor pode ser constatada pelageração de empregos, impostos e renda, além da oferta de um bem público essencial,qual seja a proteção contra potenciais ameaças aos recursos e às atividades desenvolvidasnos contextos social e econômico brasileiros. O artigo, portanto, trabalha as articulaçõespossíveis de pesquisa no cenário prospectivo de um país que supera os dilemassociais e econômicos dos anos de intervenção militar na política nacional e reconhecea importância e necessidade da atividade de defesa nacional à luz do seu potencial dereprodução na sociedade. Sobretudo, destaca-se que não somente é possível articularuma pesquisa microeconômica, estudando os setores, mas também uma pesquisamacroeconômica, ambas fundamentais, convergindo para o cumprimento das funçõesdas atividades de defesa.

A DESCRIPTION OF DEFENSE ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE

The approach in this study uses a descriptive approach, the approach is intended to describe the description of the defense economy as a science by emphasizing the study of defense economics, especially the issues of study that developed during the cold war and post-cold war studies and the development of defense economy studies according to contemporary definitions. Defense economics is a study of defense costs that examines issues of defense and peace using economic analysis and methods which include microeconomic and macroeconomic studies such as static and dynamic optimization, growth theories, distribution, comparison of statistical and econometric data (use of statistical economic models). The post-Cold War Defense Economy is no longer just about managing logistical resources during wartime, managing the supply of weapons on the battlefield or war winning strategies by controlling economic resources. Understanding of the Defense Economy today has shifted to issues such as conflict, terrorism, peace, disasters to social problems ranging from food to health.

Non-standard Sources for Arms Production and Arms Trade Data*

Even though there are a range of useful sources on defence economics data, only some of them are used widely. The main sources of export, import and output data sets are Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers-US Department of State (WMEAT), European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) while SIPRI and WMEAT are for military expenditures. This paper discusses the main features and similarities of data sets from the various sources. Like other industrial/ sector data sets, the main problem for arms data sets is revisions of industrial classifications, which prevent the creation of long time series.

Authoritarian Populism and Burden-Sharing in the Transatlantic Community

While the causes and consequences of populism have drawn much attention from researchers, transatlantic burden-sharing captivates not only scholars, but populist politicians themselves. A populist President in the United States has called for significant changes in the way the U.S. leads, focusing on burden-sharing as a bone of contention with allies; Turkey is at odds with its Western partners; the UK is on the brink of leaving the EU; and illiberal parties who question the utility of the institutional architecture that has ordered European politics for 70 years have made significant electoral gains. More than just a defense economics question, burden-sharing is at the core of hierarchy and order in the transatlantic community. Yet no research to date has empirically analyzed the relationship between populism in national politics and burden-sharing. I find that the higher the share of seats in a state’s parliament held by populist parties, the less that state spends on agreed priorities for collective defense. In short, populist politics is associated with adverse burden-sharing outcomes in the transatlantic community. This finding suggests that the strategic effects of populism extend beyond probabilities of conflict and cooperation and into alliance burden-sharing politics and grand strategy.

The Authorised History of British Defence Economic Intelligence: A Cold War in Whitehall, 1929–90. By Peter Davies. Routledge. 2018. xxxiv + 376pp. £105.00.

The Authorised History of British Defence Economic Intelligence: A Cold War in Whitehall, 1929–90. By Peter Davies. Routledge. 2018. xxxiv + 376pp. £105.00.

Social Games and Genic Selection Drive Mammalian Mating System Evolution and Speciation.

Mating system theory based on economics of resource defense has been applied to describe social system diversity across taxa. Such models are generally successful but fail to account for stable mating systems across different environments or shifts in mating system without a change in ecological conditions. We propose an alternative approach to resource defense theory based on frequency-dependent competition among genetically determined alternative behavioral strategies characterizing many social systems (polygyny, monogamy, sneak). We modeled payoffs for competition, neighborhood choice, and paternal care to determine evolutionary transitions among mating systems. Our model predicts four stable outcomes driven by the balance between cooperative and agonistic behaviors: promiscuity (two or three strategies), polygyny, and monogamy. Phylogenetic analysis of 288 rodent species supports assumptions of our model and is consistent with patterns of evolutionarily stable states and mating system transitions. Support for model assumptions include that monogamy and polygyny evolve from promiscuity and that paternal care and monogamy are coadapted in rodents. As predicted by our model, monogamy and polygyny occur in sister taxa among rodents more often than by chance. Transitions to monogamy also favor higher speciation rates in subsequent lineages, relative to polygynous sister lineages. Taken together, our results suggest that genetically based neighborhood choice behavior and paternal care can drive transitions in mating system evolution. While our genic mating system theory could complement resource-based theory, it can explain mating system transitions regardless of resource distribution and provides alternative explanations, such as evolutionary inertia, when resource ecology and mating systems do not match.

Military Women and the Force of the Future

ABSTRACTWomen are one of the fastest growing segments of the U.S .military population. Since the U.S. Department of Defense rescinded ‘Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule,’ and implemented the 2016 policy to allow women into combat arms, the next time the United States goes to war, women will be at the battle forefront. This special issue of Defence and Peace Economics (DPE) explores the implication of the directive on the demand and supply of military labor and possible substitution and complementarity within military occupational classifications in response to the directive. The three papers highlighted in this special issue approach the status of women in the forces from three different aspects, integration, health, and education.

The Defense Economics and the Military Reform in Russia

In 2018, the total strength of the Armed Forces (AF) of the Russian Federation did not change. Early in February 2018, the President of the Russian Federation increased by 200 persons to 10,740 persons the ultimate staff number of the Central Office of the Ministry of Defense (without the guarding and building maintenance personnel taken into account), which is not included in the strength of the Armed Forces.

Defense Economics: Perspectives on Air Forces, Air Defense and Aerial Warfare

The aim of this working paper is to explore the domain of aerial warfare through the lens of economic thought, drawing upon rudimentary but salient economic perspectives to discuss the nature of air forces, aerial warfare, and aerospace sectors, particularly in light of the emergence of the recent sub-discipline of Defense Economics. The findings of the paper indicate that, as with countless other sectors that form the basis of society, economic factors influence aerial warfare and air forces through important tacit and overt means. As such, institutes of aerospace research can and should incorporate defense economics into their research agenda to arrive at more comprehensive approaches to the complex problems they examine.

Kokia buvo gynybos išlaidų našta Lietuvai tarpukariu? | How Large was the Defence Spending Burden in Interwar Lithuania?

This paper discusses recent quantitative research on defence spending in interwar Lithuania, and providesa comparison between the burden of defence spending in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland andPoland in 1924, 1938 and 1939, which are the only years with available data on the total expenditure inLithuania. Although contemporary mainstream economic science does not consider the military sectoras unproductive (it ‘produces’ security services), it still sees it as a burden to the economy, becausedefence spending decreases private consumption, along with private and public civil investment. Twoindicators of this burden are discussed: the share of defence spending in total state spending, and theratio of defence spending to gross national income (GNI) or gross domestic product (GDP). In recentresearch on defence spending in interwar Lithuania, only the size and changes in nominal expenditurehave so far been measured, without taking into consideration changes in the purchasing power of thelitas. The main findings of the application of the second indicator include the fact that among the Balticcountries (including Finland), the Latvian economy was most heavily burdened by defence spending in1924–1925. On the eve of the Second World War, however, Lithuania became the leader. Key words: defence economics, defence spending burden, share of defence expenditure in the statebudget, ratio of defence expenditure to total output, comparison of defence spending burdens.

Technical systems and cross-sector knowledge diffusion: an illustration with drones

ABSTRACTIf cumulativeness is one feature of knowledge as economic good [Foray, D. 2006. The Economics of Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press], one may wonder why knowledge produced in a given sector does not result in several applications thorough the whole economy. Therefore it is important to understand the dynamics of knowledge that helps a given piece of knowledge to overcome sectorial silos and become more transversal. Here, focusing on Drones, patents analysis reveals how different technical systems use or do not use the same knowledge to solve identical issues or needs. This paper offers three major advantages. First, it allows distinguishing between component knowledge linked with technological bricks and architectural knowledge linked with system integration. Second, it opens new possibilities to measure the transversality of knowledge or its duality (beyond the debates in defense economics). And finally, it offers the opportunity to empirically analyse duality using patent databases.

Defence Spending and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Is There Any Relationship? Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Aproach

Defence Spending and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Is There Any Relationship? Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Aproach

Dynamic Causalities between Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Rolling Granger Causality Test

ABSTRACT This study examines the causal nexus between defense expenditure and economic growth in China using the bootstrap Granger full-sample causality test and rolling-window estimation. The full-sample result indicates a positive bidirectional causality between economic growth and defense expenditure, suggesting that more defense spending increases economic growth, and vice versa. By adopting a time-varying rolling-window approach to revisit the dynamic causal relationships, this article identifies that the causality changes over time. We find significant positive short-run causality running from economic growth to defense expenditure in most of the time investigated, thus implying that economic growth stimulates defense expenditure. However, large-scale disarmaments break such positive linkage. Conversely, both positive and negative effects of defense expenditure on economic growth are demonstrated, showing that more defense spending has ambiguous effect on economy. Consequently, economic growth mainly drives defense expenditure rather than the other way around. The impact of defense expenditure in China on national economy is affected by multiplier effect and crowding-out effect as well as institutional factors.

LEVEL OF MILITARY THREATS IN REGIONAL AND THE NATIONAL DEFENSE BUDGET POLICY IN THE PERIOD OF 1990-2008

This paper would like to see the government responds to the military threats that facing Indonesia from its strategic environment, through its defense budget policy. Single equation, formed to capture the military threats to national defense budget. The model developed are from Smith Military Demand Model. The estimation result is that the level of threat have influence on the defense budget. Indonesia must remain vigilant, because of the military rising of other countries. The strategic environment situation can be suddenly rise the escalation of threat.Keywords: International Economics, Defense Economics, Military Threats, Defense Budget.

A Re-appreciation of Charlie Hitch and his Contributions to Economics, Security, and the Management of Organizations

This paper discusses central ideas in the work of Charles Hitch. He is known for his pioneering contributions to defense economics and ‘systems analysis’ and for his introducing program budgeting in McNamara’s Pentagon. We discuss the evolution of his work and ideas, and how his views on systems analysis were influenced by his broader interest in human and organizational behavior. The paper also emphasizes Hitch’s skills as leader and manager of organizations (in particular as the head of the economics department at RAND).