Defence Diplomacy Research Articles

The Indonesia's Strategies For Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Sovereignty With 1982 UNCLOS Provisions: North Natuna Sea

North Natuna Sea's abundance of natural resources provides a tremendous pull for diverse parties, who, for the sake of profit maximization, are willing to commit any crime. A further report found that the claims of South East Asean countries and China on Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters in North Natuna Sea are completely divorced from the attractiveness of the natural resources. Considering the strategies to resolve any differences and the disputes between South East Asean countries and China in a peaceful manner through dialogue, affirming commitment to the goals and principles of UNCLOS, 1982, this paper provides a systematic review of the strategies as a the treaty of amity and cooperation in the South East Asian model for Indonesia’s stability which promotes agency and reflective practice. Comparing the current practice of the current waters’ cases in North Natuna Sea to the international stabilities reported in the literature, this review suggests that North Natuna Sea needs adopt two strategies that are concurrently executed and mutually supportive. The first is a diplomatic strategy consisting of two simultaneous steps, the first of which involves efforts to expedite the implementation of negotiations and the conclusion of a territorial boundary agreement between Indonesia and the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Palau, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam. sea. The second strategy is a defense diplomacy approach to China, by leveraging Indonesia-China bilateral defense cooperation and multilateral defense cooperation venues such as ARF and ADMM Plus where China is a discussion partner. Key words: Indonesia, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Sovereignty, 1982 UNCLOS Provisions, North Natuna Sea

The Role of Defense Diplomacy to Support Covid-19 Pandemic Responses Indonesia in 2019-2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the economy, society, and the military. Defense diplomacy supports efforts to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia in 2019–2022 by involving the TNI in logistics, public health regulations, and restrictions on movement and large gatherings. This research uses a qualitative method, which is based on the philosophy of postpositivism or interpretivism, to research natural object conditions. The researcher is the key instrument; data collection is done by triangulation (observation, interview, and documentation); data analysis is inductive or qualitative; and research results are more understanding. This research resulted in several findings: 1) Defense Diplomacy provided TNI combat equipment and health services during the COVID-19 pandemic response period in Indonesia in 2019–2022. The health diplomacy strategy emphasizes the creativity of health diplomacy as a bureaucratic institution to communicate more inclusively, effectively, and efficiently. 2) Health diplomacy is less well implemented in bilateral relations with other countries. 3) The obstacles faced have hampered health diplomacy, so to strengthen international relations, health diplomacy must be utilized properly. TNI and Ministry of Health personnel should improve health diplomacy by: 1) To increase the supply of vaccinations from abroad, health diplomacy should be enhanced with possible partners. 2) To legally import vaccinations from abroad, the TNI, the Ministry of Health, and the private sector should form a Joint Secretariat for Health Diplomacy.

The Role of Defense Diplomacy to Support Covid-19 Pandemic Responses Indonesia in 2019-2022

Implementation of vaccination in Indonesia is based on Presidential Regulation Number 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations which is actually intended to prevent the spread of Covid-19 during a pandemic. However, the vaccinations carried out also caused Post-Immunization Follow-up Events (AEFI). The purpose of writing is to find out the form of legal protection for the community as well as the government's responsibility for the Covid-19 Vaccine AEFI. The literature study research method uses a statutory, case and comparative approach. The research results show that the Covid-19 vaccination as a national program is a real form of legal protection for the wider community as well as realizing the safety of all citizens. The existence of a legal policy set by the government has actually accommodated the needs of the community before and after the Covid-19 pandemic conditions were established through various legal regulations and practically carried out by administering vaccines. However, during this process there were also Post-Immunization Follow-Up Events which resulted in health impacts on vaccine recipients. Therefore, the government has the responsibility not only to suppress the spread of Covid-19 but also to be responsible for the occurrence of AEFI. This responsibility is carried out through the formation and implementation of the authority of the National Commission on Child Protection and the National Committee on Child Protection and Child Protection which are spread at the central and regional levels by tracing KIPI cases as well as financing the KIPI cases that occur.

Defense Diplomacy in Peace Time to Strengthening Military Partnership and Enhancing Defense Capabilities between Indonesia and France through the Acquisition of Rafale Jets

Defence diplomacy, also referred to as military diplomacy, involves the peaceful utilization of armed forces to enhance a nation's diplomatic relations and advance its global objectives. This is achieved through various means such as officer exchanges, joint training initiatives, cultural interactions, and reciprocal naval visits, among others. This abstract explores the significance of defense diplomacy during times of peace in strengthening military partnerships and enhancing defense capabilities between Indonesia and France, with a specific focus on the acquisition of Rafale jets. Defense diplomacy serves as a crucial tool for fostering international relations and promoting regional stability. The procurement of advanced military aircraft such as the Rafale jets not only bolsters Indonesia's defense capabilities but also deepens the bilateral defense cooperation between the two nations. This research will use qualitative research methods. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive research approach utilizing the literature review method. The literature review was performed by the researcher by utilizing various secondary data sources such as books, journal articles, press releases, news articles, as well as institutional websites. The abstract highlights the benefits of the Rafale jets in terms of their advanced technology, versatility, and interoperability, enabling Indonesia to address various security challenges effectively. Moreover, it emphasizes the positive impact of this strategic acquisition on defense industry collaboration, technology transfer, and human capital development. By strengthening military partnerships and enhancing defense capabilities through the acquisition of Rafale jets, Indonesia and France can pave the way for mutually beneficial and sustainable defense cooperation, contributing to regional security and stability.

Defense Diplomacy Indonesia - United Arab Emirates Through Confidence Building Measures

This research paper explores the defense diplomacy efforts between Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through confidence-building measures (CBMs) as a strategic step to strengthen bilateral relations and increase trust between the two countries. The paper begins by discussing the historical context and the importance of defense diplomacy in the post-World War II era. It then examines the concept of defense strategy and its evolution beyond military operations. The role of diplomacy, particularly soft power diplomacy, is highlighted as an essential tool in international relations. The paper further delves into the concept of defense diplomacy, its peaceful use of armed forces, and its significance in addressing security challenges and building trust among countries. The focus is on the defense diplomacy efforts between Indonesia and the UAE and their impact on regional defense and security cooperation. The researchers employ a qualitative descriptive approach and a case study design to analyze the defense industry and defense cooperation efforts within the perspective of defense diplomacy. The results and discussions section presents an analysis of Indonesia's defense strategy, highlighting the objectives, means, and approaches employed in defense diplomacy with the UAE. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of defense diplomacy in enhancing bilateral relations, promoting regional stability, and leveraging the strengths and resources of both countries in the defense industry.

A History of the Afghan War (2001-2021) from a Defense Diplomacy Perspective

This paper discusses the asymmetric war in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 between the United States (US) and the Taliban from the perspective of defense diplomacy. The purpose of this paper is to identify assymetric war strategies and to evaluate defense diplomacy process to create peace. The research is based on qualitative method using secondary data from books, documents, and journals. The study indicates that defense diplomacy had succesfully led to the peace agreement, signed in Doha on February 29, 2020 between the US and the Taliban, which had been in conflict for nearly 20 years. However, the peace creation process is not easy due to the inhibiting factors which play more significant role than the supporting factors for defense diplomacy. Although the US, a super power, is supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Pakistan and several other countries, it is not a guarantee for the US to achieve its war objectives. The US goals and strategy continuously changed over time and imprecise in its implementation. The US’s failure to understand the political entity of the Taliban, particulary in the political, social and cultural aspects, is the main obstacle to achieving the US’ war goals and the ease implementation of defense diplomacy.

G-20 SUMMIT 2022 LESSON LEARNED: THE DEFENSE DIPLOMACY LENSES

As the president of G-20 in 2022, Indonesia held the Summit of 19 countries plus one region, representing 80% of the world's GDP, 75% of global exports, and 60% of the global population. Indonesia's interests in G-20 Bali were on strategic and direct appeal. The strategic benefits were (a) taking G 20 as a strategic forum to discuss global issues: global health, financial stability, and climate change, (b) showcasing Indonesia's economic recovery efforts during the Covid-19 pandemic, and (c) showcasing Indonesia's role as a meeting leader that will support the formation of global policies. The immediate benefits were (a) an increase in foreign exchange from delegation visits to Indonesia, (b) a revival of the hospitality sector, (c) support for the increase in domestic consumption, (d) optimising the role of MSMEs, and (e) increase employment absorption. Using the defence diplomacy lens instrument, the research found that the Summit has reached a profound performance, as the total commission is reaching 3,89 from 4.00. The economic interest of the nation has been delivered at the score of 3.66, which means the level of defence diplomacy has almost reached the 4th level –the regulator—which puts Indonesia as a very high-impact country. The political interest was delivered at the score of 2.00, which means the performance level was facilitator, the ow impact country. The general interest was shown at a 3.00 score, which means the negotiator, which means that Indonesia might have been a high-impact country.

AUKUS: Unresolved threats to the international system?

The formation of AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom, and United States) on September 15, 2021, elicited conflicting reactions from states in the international system. China, Southeast Asian countries, the US allies in the Indo Pacific, European countries and other countries in the international system demonstrated their different reactions based on their perception of security threat. The objective of this study is to investigate state reactions and to examine the implications of AUKUS for the international system. This study is analysed qualitatively using literature on the topic. Most studies on the formation of AUKUS use the security dilemma concept in analysing the formation of AUKUS. However, this study revealed that immediate state reactions to the formation of AUKUS are not completely in line with the concept of security dilemma. Balance of power theory may offer a more comprehensive assessment of the implications of AUKUS for other states in the international system. This study offers recommendations for states tackling this complex balance of power phenomena as a result of AUKUS’s formation in the international system. Increasing defense diplomacy among states is a significant long-term step for states to confront AUKUS as an unresolved threat in the international system.

The Role Of Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy In Supporting Cooperation With China To Overcome Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic left many nations in a dilemma to protect their respective countries. Indonesia carried out diplomacy with various countries that had the capability to help Indonesia overcome the pandemic through various diplomatic channels, one of which was China, even though it closed itself at the start of the pandemic. The involvement of military in carrying out the action shows the role of defense diplomacy in the cooperation between Indonesia and China to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. The problem being studied is the role of Indonesia's defense diplomacy in supporting Indonesia-China cooperation in overcoming the pandemic; along with the contributing and inhibiting factors in the cooperation. The aim of the research is to analyze the role of Indonesian defense diplomacy in Indonesia-China cooperation along with the contributing and inhibiting factors in this cooperation. The research method used is qualitative method. Primary data was obtained through individual interviews and secondary data through library research. The results revealed that Indonesia's defense diplomacy played a role in supporting the activities of the Ministry of Health, and supporting the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The contributing factors are China's help during the pandemic and military utilization in pandemic relief. The inhibiting factors are the prevalence of misinformation, the lack of preparedness in dealing with health threats, and the facilities, personnel and communication that are not yet optimal.

STRATEGI DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN NEGARA DALAM TEKS ARTHASHASTRA

National defense is a very important aspect in maintaining the existence and sovereignty of a country. Since ancient times Chanakya in his very famous treatise Arthasastra emphasized the importance of diplomacy and efforts to build the strength of a country. This paper aims to examine the text of Arthasastra as the basis for the Defense Diplomacy strategy. Indonesia adopted a Sanskrit slogan in the military world which indicated the close relationship between Indonesia’s defense and the rich heritage of Asian civilization with the influence of Indian texts. Chanakya emphasized that the state must build defenses, be ready to go to war but be able to maintain peace. A country is seen as having to be authoritative so that other countries, either with hostile tendencies or as partners, will have high respect. However, Arthasastra emphasized that the highest goal of a country is to build prosperity with defense and security as a prerequisite for building prosperity for a country.

BEYOND THE HUB AND SPOKES: THE NETWORKING LOGIC AND THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF US INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY

This article examines continuity in the transformation of the United States’ security arrangements in Asia from a Cold War “hub and spokes system” focused on East Asia into a new arrangement of “networked minilateralism” across the wider “Indo-Pacific” region. It focuses mainly on the role of the United States and the policy tools it employs to coordinate the strengthening of linkages among its partners. By employing tools of defence diplomacy, standardisation in trade and infrastructure development, revamping the rhetoric of common values and inviting extra-regional actors to play a more active role in the Indo-Pacific, Washington is mobilising a “latticework” of partners that are assisting in the redesign of the regional security system and the balancing of China. At the same time, structural changes in the region’s power balance have induced local partners to become part of this networked architecture and to maintain a clearer sense of ownership in the regional security system.

Nāgarakṛtâgama political philosophy and its relevance to Indonesian defense diplomacy today

History proves that the ancient regions known as the Archipelago already had an advanced government system. Arthaśāstra's knowledge of governance is reflected in the royal arrangements, defense systems, and patterns of international diplomacy that are applied. One of the knowledge of the ancient government is contained in Nāgarakṛtâgama, which describes the concept of the mandala of the Majapahit kingdom. Two political texts on Javanese land, namely Kakawin Nitisastra, and Nāgarakṛtâgama, have close links with Hindu politics, which are listed in various literature such as the Rāmāyaṇa, Māhābharata, and the treatise on politics and government of Arthaśāstra. This article is the result of research on the Nāgarakṛtâgama text and its context on the Indonesian defense diplomacy system. Data were obtained through literature studies, interviews, and FGDs with defense policymakers. The theory used is the interpretation of Paul Ricoeur with data analysis using Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA). Majapahit, built with the breath of the Hindu-Buddhist religion, wanted to establish the sacred tradition of the kingdom in order to develop people's welfare. The political constellations are known as mandalas which depict political maps, military constellations, and diplomacy. Mitreka state is a well-known Majapahit diplomacy jargon listed in chapter 15. Majapahit places several kingdoms as equal kingdoms or friendly countries, in addition to a number of countries with good relations or enemies that can invade at any time. The Majapahit political map is essential to understand to build geopolitical awareness and efforts to rebuild political learning for youth in the country. Besides that, Nāgarakṛtâgama's political philosophy is powerfully relevant to the current state defense diplomacy system.

Institutionalized Association of Southeast Asian Nations-Our Eyes Cooperation at the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Within the Framework of Defense Diplomacy

Institutional which is made into the rule of game and organization, has a very important and decisive role in making arrangements in allocating resources efficiently, equitably and sustainably. The dimension aspect of organizational structure has three sub-dimensions namely complexity, formalization, and centralization. This research uses explanative qualitative methods. Data collection was obtained through secondary sources and analyzed by means of data comparison, verification, and drawing conclusions. The ASEAN Our Eyes organization as an institution in the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia which has begun its formation but is still looking for a format that can run effectively and efficiently carry out its mission in order to safeguard Indonesia's national interests in the operationalization of bilateral and multilateral cooperation within the framework of defense diplomacy. Efforts to institutionalize ASEAN Our Eyes in the dimensions of a modern organizational structure, through a review of several sub-dimensions, are based on short-term needs. The discussion in this study will provide an overview of the design of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense's ASEAN Our Eyes institutional model, which is effective in achieving national interests in all future forms of defense cooperation.

KOLABORASI DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA-PERANCIS

It has been more than a decade since an intense research interest in regional power emerged in international relations. After the cold war, the urge to build regional power increased. This study aims to explain the Indonesia-France defense diplomatic collaboration in reducing tensions between the United States allies and the rise of China in the Indo-Pacific region. The researcher uses a qualitative method with an analytical descriptive research design. The researcher realizes that the international climate for alliance countries with non-aligned countries is quite profitable. The researcher describes the concept of defense diplomacy as part of a military campaign from three different perspectives. First, the strength of the strategic environment of the US alliance and the rise of China's power in the Indo-Pacific region. Second, ASEAN's regional strategic strength in facing global forces. Third, French-Indonesian Defense Diplomacy in building the Indo-Pacific regional order. The researcher concludes that the power of Comparative Regionalism contains several approaches that can reduce tensions between major powers, especially America's allies and China in the Indo-Pacific region

Improvement Efforts Of Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy Performance Via Deterrence Strategy In Dealing North Natuna Sea Conflict (2016-2021)

One of Indonesia's most actual maritime border disputes is the border dispute between Indonesia and China in the North Natuna Sea. This research focuses this on examining how to improve the performance of Indonesia's defense diplomacy through deterrence strategies in dealing with conflicts in the North Natuna Sea. This research uses qualitative-descriptive. The location of this research was carried out in Jakarta, in this case the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. Research time for six months. The research subjects were six sources. The object of this research is about improving the performance of defense diplomacy through deterrence strategies in the North Natuna Sea. The primary data collection technique is an in-depth interview method, while the secondary data collection technique uses a literature study. The results show that the performance of Indonesia's defense diplomacy in the North Natuna Sea for the 2016-2021 period is still relatively weak, especially if it is related to the potential threat from the Chinese side. Indonesia's deterrence strategy in the North Natuna Sea for the 2016-2021 period has so far been carried out with external policies, namely cooperating with foreign parties, both bilaterally, regionally, and globally. Indonesia's efforts to improve defense diplomacy in the North Natuna Sea through a deterrence strategy can be carried out with at least 10 items of deterrence strategy, including conducting joint military exercises; enhance joint surveillance and patrols; increase the discussion of maritime issues in regional and international forums; and increase advocacy for the law of the sea.

Indonesian Defence Diplomacy: France as A Partner in Military Defence Revitalization during 2019-2023

Having a strategic location between two continents (Asia and Australia) and two oceans (the Pacific and the Indian) gives Indonesia the benefit of becoming a leading actor in the region, especially within the ASEAN. However, this geographical location also poses potential threats for Indonesia, both traditional and non-traditional threats. This situation is made worse by the tension between two great powers in the Indo-Pacific: China and the US. Indonesia then needs to have a good military endurance capability, and even though the Indonesian Armed Forces’ personnel is not lacking, the total number of Indonesia’s military equipment is somewhat lacking. Understanding the challenge, Indonesia has been trying to modernize its weapon system by conducting military diplomacy to obtain the best cooperation in weapon system. Therefore, this paper will analyze Indonesia’s effort in defense diplomacy within the period of 2019 - 2023 and how France becomes a partner in the defense sector, by using the Military Diplomacy Approach, as well as analyzing the benefits and challenges of every step that has been taken so far.

Defense Diplomacy: The role of the French military bases in the African continent

This research seeks to study the role of military bases in activating defense diplomacy, with a focus on studying the case of France in the African continent, which relied on its military bases as a tool to implement its foreign policy. The research explains the concept of defense diplomacy and its relationship to military bases as an effective tool to strengthening bilateral relations between the state's parties. The research focuses on studying the effectiveness of military bases as a tool for activating French defense diplomacy, and studying the goals that French foreign policy seeks to achieve through its intervention or presence in the African continent. In addition to the geopolitical reasons that prompted France to move towards the African continent and plant its military bases. In order to complete this study and achieve its objectives, it adopts the historical approach and the descriptive analytical approach to search documents and studies related to the interpretation of French political behavior in the African continent. The study concludes that France is keen to protect its interests and achieve its external goals by employing various tools, including defensive diplomacy represented in its military bases in the lands of other countries. It also concludes that the nature of the historical stage that France went through and the exploitation of its bases and military presence in implementing its higher interests at the expense of the African people led to the failure of French foreign policy in African countries

Implementation of Defence Diplomacy in ASEAN During The COVID-19 Pandemic

ASEAN is currently facing unprecedented security challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2020. Defence diplomacy has been playing a key role in addressing this issue. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the implementation and changes of defence diplomacy in ASEAN, particularly on ASEAN Center of Military Medicine before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper found that ACMM has developed during the COVID-19 pandemic with the change in focus from disaster relief to humanitarian assistance, especially in the medical sector. The paper also found that there have been changes in the form of activities from face-to-face to virtual activities such as tabletop exercises and workshops online instead of joint training and field exercise. Keywords: COVID-19, Defence Diplomacy, ASEAN Center of Military Medicine (ACMM), ASEAN Defence Cooperation, humanitarian assistance

The Art of Defense Diplomacy: How New Forms of Diplomacy are Shaping International Relations

<h1>Defense diplomacy has further developed into a new form of diplomacy in international relations, which is supported by various forms of technology and also the development of social media. This research study aims to explore how this new form of diplomacy shapes international relations more broadly, as well as to determine whether defense diplomacy effectively promotes cooperation and stability among states in the context of security and defense. Then find the challenges and opportunities of defense diplomacy in the modern era. The research used mixed methods research by analyzing 244 scientific articles based on the Scopus database, Google Sholar, and Web of Science. In addition, this research also analyzed the data obtained from the VOSviewer tool. This study reveals that defense diplomacy has emerged in various forms of diplomacy, also defense diplomacy affects interactions of international relations and influences the construction of norms, identities, and interests in the international system. In terms of norms, defense diplomacy can help promote international norms related to security and defense, such as human rights and international law. In terms of identity, defense diplomacy can shape national identity in terms of defense and security. In terms of interests, defense diplomacy can influence national interests and security through cooperation in defense and reaching regional and international security agreements. Defense diplomacy brings changes in the form of building cooperation, reducing tensions, improving defense capabilities, and promoting human rights principles and international law. Through defense diplomacy, countries can strengthen international cooperation in security and defense and build strong relationships between countries. In the long run, this can help reduce tensions between countries and promote stability around the world.</h1>

Nusantara Capital City (IKN): Threats and Defense Strategies for Indonesia’s New Capital

Jakarta, as the current state capital of Indonesia, plays an important role as the center of government and economy. However, due to several problems in Jakarta, the government has considered relocating the capital city to other regions. The President of Indonesia, Jokowi, has expressed his intention to move the capital city to Kalimantan Island. This relocation has raised concerns about defense policy. This research aims to identify the threats that may arise in the proposed new capital city, Nusantara Capital City (IKN), and to propose strategies to overcome them. The methods used in this research include a qualitative approach based on documented perceptions, assumptions, and judgments among Indonesia’s leaders and a quantitative approach to mapping the comparative postures of relevant defense figures. The results indicate that the highest threat in IKN comes from the air (combat, UAV, ICBM’s), while the low-level threat is the location of IKN, which is near the borders, and FIR coincides with the IASL. The critical aspect of defending IKN would be to strengthen national defense diplomacy in the region. In conclusion, this research provides insight into the potential threats to the proposed new capital city and suggests strategies to mitigate them.