Defense Industry Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of Ni-Co-TiN/ CeO2 composite coating by ultrasonic vibration-assisted jet electrodeposition

A novel method was proposed for the fabrication of Ni-Co-TiN/ CeO2 composite coatings as protective coating by ultrasonic vibration-assisted jet electrodeposition (UVAJE). The mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on the preparation of composite coatings by jet electrodeposition is analyzed. The influences of mixed particle (micron-TiN/nano-CeO2) concentration and ultrasonic vibration on the surface morphology, phase structure, microhardness, adhesion properties, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of coatings were investigated. Coating samples were prepared by traditional jet electrodeposition (TJE), comparison with UVAJE. It was found that the mixed particles improved the performance of the coating, the ultrasonic vibration improved the surface morphology, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating compared to TJE. The coating by UVAJE had the highest microhardness, the best wear resistance and the best corrosion resistance when the concentration of mixed particles was 4 g/L. TiN/ CeO2-enhanced Ni-Co co-deposition prepared under optimal parameters opens up new avenues for replacing hard chromium, with potential applications in the defence industry, power electronics.

ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРО-ВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМ-ПЛЕКСА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОЗРАСТА-НИЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ РИСКОВ

The article examines the modern composition of the Russian military-industrial complex (DIC). A structural and logical diagram of its participation in increasing the efficiency of foreign trade activities and in the innovative development of the country's economy has been developed. The indicators of exports of weapons and military equipment of the Russian Federation on the world market for military products in 2012–2022 are given in value terms. The patterns and features of the development and functioning of the defense industry as a multifunctional macrosystem of military-industrial production are revealed, the need for their com-prehensive consideration in the development and implementation of strategies, programs and plans for state military-industrial construction. The main features and directions of development of the defense industry in the context of increasing global risks are revealed. The conclusions summarize the research results and pro-pose their use in further scientific research into the issues of defense industry and in the educational process of higher education.

Unlabeled learning algorithms and operations: overview and future trends in defense sector

In the defense sector, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been used to analyse and decipher massive volumes of data, namely for target recognition, surveillance, threat detection and cybersecurity, autonomous vehicles and drones guidance, and language translation. However, there are key points that have been identified as barriers or challenges, especially related to data curation. For this reason, and also due to the need for quick response, the defense sector is looking for AI technologies capable of successfully processing and extracting results from huge amounts of unlabelled or very poorly labelled data. This paper presents an in-depth review of AI/ML algorithms for unsupervised or poorly supervised data, and machine learning operations (MLOps) techniques that are suitable for the defense industry. The algorithms are divided according to their nature, meaning that they either focus on techniques, or on applications. Techniques can belong to the supervision spectrum, or focus on explainability. Applications are either focused on text processing or computer vision. MLOps techniques, tools and practices are then discussed, revealing approaches and reporting experiences with the objective of declaring how to make the operationalization of ML integrated systems more efficient. Despite many contributions from several researchers and industry, further efforts are required to construct substantially robust and reliable models and supporting infrastructures for AI systems, which are reliable and suitable for the defense sector. This review brings up-to-date information regarding AI algorithms and MLOps that will be helpful for future research in the field.

Circular polarizer based on twisted double [formula omitted] thin film

We unveil a highly efficient circular polarizer based on twisted double Td − WTe2 thin film in the transmissive and reflective modes. This polarizer can transform a linearly polarized incident wave into a circularly polarized one with extremely high extinction ratios by simply adjusting the orientation of the incident polarization plane. The proposed structure provides switching between the right-handed and left-handed circular polarizations (RCP and LCP) in the output wave by tuning the frequency and, in particular, the polarization direction of the incident wave. Furthermore, the twist angle of the thin films can control the handedness of the converted wave to be either LCP or RCP. Owing to the high efficiency of the polarization conversion and accessibility of the realization of the proposed structure, it may have potential applications as a polarization manipulator in the optical sensing, communication, and defense industry.

Independence of the Indonesian Defense Industry and Challenges in Defense Budget Allocation

This research aims to explore key issues related to Indonesia's economic potential, particularly its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reaching US$9.3 trillion. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projections indicate that by 2030, Indonesia will be one of the top economic powers, competing with India and Brazil. The primary focus of the research is the defense sector as a strategic potential requiring a proactive response. The research objectives involve exploring the level of self-sufficiency in the defense industry, understanding challenges related to defense budget allocation, and identifying factors influencing global competitiveness. The research methodology is descriptive with a qualitative document-based approach, specifically focusing on strategic State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) within Defense ID, such as PT Len, PT Pindad, PT PAL, PT DI, and PT Dahana. Data analysis encompasses information from these SOEs, utilizing theoretical frameworks including Competitive Theory, Penta-Helix Theory, Defense Industry Cluster Concept, and Central Government Budgeting Model. Research findings indicate that SOEs within Defense ID can be considered self-sufficient in the global defense industry competitiveness. However, it is noteworthy that the Defense Budget allocation is still below 1% of the GDP, creating its own challenges. The conclusion of the research is that Indonesia has significant potential to develop a self-reliant defense industry capable of global competition. Recommendations include enhancing collaboration, developing Pentahelix or Septahelix concepts, and implementing Defense Industry Clustering to improve innovation, efficiency, and competitiveness in the sector. Additionally, the Defense Budget Allocation Policy significantly influences the progress of this industry, requiring proactive measures to ensure alignment with the desired economic growth. Thus, the research findings provide a foundation for the Government, Stakeholders, and Future Researchers to develop strategies and policies supporting optimal growth in the Indonesian Defense sector.

Optimising Offset Defence Implementation as Fulfilment Efforts in Fighters Aircraft Materials and Technology

This research aims to investigate the implementation of defense offset as a strategy to address the gap in the supply of materials and technology for fighter aircraft among countries. In this context, the gap arises due to the complexity and high costs associated with fighter aircraft development. Many countries, particularly those with limited technological and manufacturing capabilities, face challenges in acquiring and developing advanced aircraft. This gap negatively impacts their defense capability enhancement efforts. Therefore, the concept of defense offset emerges as a potential solution. Defense offset is a strategy in which foreign aircraft manufacturers provide compensation in the form of technology transfer, investment in the local defense industry, or research and development collaboration to the purchasing country. Through steps such as identifying material and technological needs, planning clear offset agreements, transferring relevant technology, developing the local industry, supplying materials, research and development collaboration, as well as monitoring and evaluation, the implementation of defense offset can be optimized. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, involving a literature study to gain in-depth information about defense offset implementation and its impact on the material and technology gap in fighter aircraft. The results include the identification of factors influencing the success of defense offset implementation, political, economic, and strategic implications, as well as the benefits obtained by purchasing countries. In conclusion, through the optimization of defense offset, purchasing countries can reduce the gap in materials and technology for fighter aircraft, enhance domestic defense industry, and strengthen national defense capabilities. With the right strategy, defense offset can be an effective tool in addressing the gap in fighter aircraft material and technology, thereby fortifying national defense.

A Review of Proposed Models for Cutting Force Prediction in Milling Parts with Low Rigidity

Milling parts with low rigidity (thin-walled parts) are increasingly attracting the interest of the academic and industrial environment, due to the applicability of these components in industrial sectors of strategic interest at the international level in the aerospace industry, nuclear industry, defense industry, automotive industry, etc. Their low rigidity and constantly changing strength during machining lead on the one hand to instability of the cutting process and on the other hand to part deformation. Solving both types of problems (dynamic and static) must be preceded by prediction of cutting forces as accurately as possible, as they have a significant meaning for machining condition identification and process performance evaluation. Since there are plenty of papers dealing with this topic in the literature, the current research attempts to summarize the models used for prediction of force in milling of thin-walled parts and to identify which are the trends in addressing this issue from the perspective of intelligent production systems.

Integrated laser additive manufacturing of high-strength steel and Ti6Al4V: Experimental investigations and thermodynamic calculations

This work focuses on the challenging task of joining high-strength steels and titanium alloys, which are extensively utilized in the defense and aerospace industries. The study presented the fabrication of bimetals comprising high-strength steel (HSS)and Ti6Al4V (TC4) using laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) technology. The research elucidated the interface bonding mechanism of LDEDed HSS/TC4 bimetals and analyzed various bonding strategies for achieving superior properties of steel/titanium joints based on thermodynamic calculations. Due to the limited compatibility between Fe and Ti, a large amount of Fe-Ti intermetallics, especially Fe2Ti, were formed at the interface of LDEDed HSS/TC4 bimetals. The presence of Fe2Ti intermetallics caused a significant enhancement in interfacial hardness, ultimately leading to the fracture of tensile specimens during the wire cutting. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that utilizing a composition gradient processing strategy does not yield a high-quality metallurgical bonding interface between HSS and TC4. Interlayer engineering is an effective building strategy to obtain high-performance LDEDed HSS/TC4 bimetals. Moreover, these compatible interlayers should ensure a reasonable match of thermophysical properties and have a certain thickness. The findings provide valuable insights into bonding and failure behavior, building strategies, and potential future directions for joining high-strength steels and titanium alloys.

Adsorption using Selective Adsorbents as An Effective Method for Rare Earth Elements Recovery–a Review

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are strategically important for the industry, especially in the manufacture of high-technology products and components, such as electric batteries for energy storage, energy conversion, defense and security industry, electric vehicles, components on smartphones, laptops, liquid crystal display, and others. Generally, REEs are processed by liquid-liquid extraction. However, this process is very costly due to the use of chemicals and high operational costs, so the waste has the potential to pollute the environment. Currently, innovative separation/recovery techniques are continuously being developed for effective and environmentally friendly extraction of rare earths. The adsorption method using the optimal adsorbent is one of the most efficient methods for recovering REEs at low concentrations. This method offers several advantages, including high release effectiveness, ease of installation and operation, low maintenance costs, and reduced chemical consumption. This study reviews the mechanism, characterization, and several adsorbents from natural to synthetic materials, especially nanocomposite-based adsorbents for the recovery of rare earths. In addition, the discussion of several parameters that affect the adsorbent. However, the results of several methodological breakthroughs that have been carried out show how much further research is needed

Role of process control agent in the production of Al2O3-reinforced titanium matrix composites

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have recently been preferred over traditional materials in many engineering applications. Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are used in the automotive, aerospace and defence industries thanks to their exceptional strength, high fatigue strength, good corrosion resistance and high elastic modulus. Some of the most used reinforcement materials for TMCs are SiC, Zr2O3, Al2O3, graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT) and TiC. In this study, TMCs reinforced Al2O3 were produced via conventional powder metallurgy (PM) and ultrasonic-assisted mixing. An Al2O3 in varying amounts (5 and 10 wt%) was incorporated into the TMCs via mechanical alloying (MA) for 5 h in a high-energy ball mill and using different process control agents (PCA, Stearic acid (SA), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), Ethanol). The mechanically alloyed (MA'ed) powders were compacted by a hydraulic press under uniaxial pressure of 450 MPa and sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h in an argon atmosphere. The microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ti-xAl2O3 powders and bulk samples were investigated. The highest hardness and the lowest specific wear rate were found in specimens reinforced with 5 wt% Al2O3, using ethanol as PCA, and produced by ultrasonic-assisted mixing, but the same specimen had the lowest compressive strength.

An Analysis of the Determinants of Government-Funded Defense Companies using a Decision Tree

This study attempted to analyze the factors that influence the participation of beneficiary companies in the government’s defense industry promotion support project. To this end, experimental data were analyzed by constructing a prediction model consisting of highly important variables in beneficiary company decisions among various company information using the decision tree model, one of the data mining techniques. In addition, various rules were derived to determine the beneficiary companies of the government’s support project using the analysis results expressed as decision trees. Three policy measures were presented based on the important rules that repeatedly appear in different predictive models to increase the effect of the government’s industrial development. Using the analysis methods presented in this study and the determinants of the beneficiary companies of the government support project will help create a sustainable future defense industry growth environment.

Arming the Yemen Conflict: Examining the Nexus of the US-Saudi Arms Deal, Modern Capitalism, and the Prolonged Warfare

With the massive flow of globalization, the last two centuries have seen the rise of the private defence industry, which offers a range of services and equipment needed in the military domain. These industries have had a significant influence in shaping the international political- economic order and in the context of global capitalism in the contemporary era. The private defence industry further benefits from the conflict, as was the case in the Yemen Civil War. The arms exports carried out by the US to Saudi and its coalition has been responsible for continuing the most severe humanitarian crisis in the world today. Seeing the chaotic situation, the US did not stop the arms deal with the Saudis but instead strengthened relations and multiplied the value of the arms deal. This paper uses qualitative research methods. With the conceptions of the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) and the Defence Iron Triangle (DIT), the results indicate that the rise of the private defence industry has succeeded in creating opportunities for modern capitalism and a network of interest groups that have benefited from the Yemen Civil War. Thus, defence contractors, legislators, and executive bodies are trying to perpetuate arms deals, regardless of the never-ending war that becomes the consequence.

Mapping industry workforce needs to academic curricula – A workforce development effort in model‐based systems engineering

AbstractModel‐based systems engineering (MBSE) is rapidly gaining popularity among U.S. industries. Though industry practitioners and academic researchers have identified several advantages in transitioning to MBSE, several adoption challenges of MBSE in industries, such as insufficient tool knowledge, lack of skilled personnel, and resistance in organizations toward a shift to MBSE, are observed. Attesting to the challenges in industry adoption of MBSE, a previous research study by the authors characterized the adoption challenges as tools‐based, knowledge‐based, cultural, political, and cost‐related, and customer understanding and acceptance of MBSE practices. This study is motivated to explore further and address the challenge of low MBSE tool knowledge and lack of skilled personnel with MBSE knowledge for industry adoption. This paper presents a two‐phased research approach framed by an overarching question of the extent to which the MBSE academic curriculum is aligned with industry workforce requirements. In Phase 1 of the study, we survey industry professionals from Defense, Aerospace, Automotive, and other industry clusters to identify MBSE tools, languages, and concepts preferred by industry professionals in a candidate for hire. This is followed by Phase 2 of the survey targeted at academic institutions with Systems and MBSE programs to analyze the extent to which MBSE curricula reflect industry workforce hiring requirements. Further, we also identify the challenges reported in academic institutions in training the Workforce on MBSE. The contributions of this paper are two‐fold: providing a pathway for academic institutions to align their curricula to MBSE industry workforce requirements and triggering discussion in the broader MBSE community to identify strategies for addressing MBSE adoption challenges and training future model‐based systems engineers.

Defense Entrepreneurship a Solution to RI Limited Defense Budget

The vision of a defense budget of 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2025 is still difficult to realize. Until 2024, the proportion of Indonesia's defense budget will still be below 1 percent. In addition, the distribution of Indonesia's 2018-2025 defense spending is mostly used for personnel spending and operations and maintenance, followed by the procurement budget. Proficiency in defense entrepreneurship requires risk tolerance, innovation and efficient management; These are important factors for facing changes that will occur in the strategic environment. Using qualitative methodology, this research examines the phenomenon of state problems within the limited state budget for the development of its defense industry. Data was obtained through observation and review of previous research literature. State issues must be reformed in various ways so that various interests and responsibilities can be integrated in order to optimize the state's contribution to the growth of defense entrepreneurship in the defense industry.

Bulanık Mantık Kontrolü kullanarak hedeflere atış yapan dört bacaklı bir robotun dinamik simülasyonu

This study aims to track and shoot targets with a gun mounted on a quadruped robot in rough terrain and different environmental conditions for increase deterrence in defense. The dynamic movements of the system were modelled as planarly and it was used in walking movement. PID control was used for control the robot leg joints while walking. Because of the walking motion, the success of the target tracking and shooting simulations was examined under the disruptive effects. In order to track the targets whose coordinates were randomly determined and the elevation angle was calculated. It was observed that the robot tracked the targets at 3°, 6° and 9° with a maximum error of 0.6°. In addition, shootings were made to fixed targets located at 10 different coordinates. It was seen that the maximum shooting error value was 16 cm. So, this study will make important contributions to the defense industry.

Decision support based on performance data using the analytic hierarchy process without expert judgement

Goal: This article proposes a decision model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process that allows carrying out the evaluation of alternatives in a multicriteria problem, without expert judgement. Design / Methodology / Approach: The algorithm is based on AHP. The novelty is the transformation of a performance data matrix into pairwise evaluation matrices, instead of using experts’ judgement. Results: The algorithm was applied in a defense procurement problem for the choice of a light 4x4 vehicle for amphibious operations. The results allowed ranking the 17 models based on catalog data. Limitations of the investigation: the algorithm depends on the availability of catalog data, not always available in open sources in the defense industry. Practical implications: Decision support involves several activities in Operations Management and AHP has been frequently applied to solve problems in this sector. The proposed algorithm allows performing deterministic or probabilistic evaluations, depending on the degree of uncertainty and precision involving the systems’ performance data. These assessments are composed of scenarios to facilitate decision making. Originality / Value: AHP typically uses experts for pairwise judgments. However, human judgment is subject to outcomes that involve bias and cognitive distortions. Few studies have modeled the AHP without experts, even so they used human judgment in some part of the process. The approach proposed here does not require human judgment and returns two different results, based on the database precision. This new approach gives decision makers a different perspective and can alter the final choice.

Increased the Role of Defense Human Resources in Facing of the Threats

National defense is all efforts to defend state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the safety of the entire nation from threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation and state. The problems of national defense, which are increasingly varied in the development of the threat spectrum, certainly require reliable human resources for implementing or making national defense policies. Indonesia with a large population certainly has great potential in the procurement of defense resources. However, if the quality cannot keep up with current threat dynamics and technology then the number is meaningless. The purpose of this research is to find out how to increase the role of Indonesian defense human resources to deal with threats that occur to realize national security. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive analysis method with data collection techniques through literature and library studies. The results of this study are that the government’s role is very important in increasing the superiority of defense human resources. Such as providing training, education, providing motivation, and synergizing with institutions and parties related to the defense industry to improve HR capabilities in dealing with technological advances

МІЖНАРОДНА ТОРГІВЛЯ ЗБРОЄЮ В КОНТЕКСТІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ІННОВАЦІЙ

Innovative technology development is an integral part of the qualitative changes taking place in the defense industry. Research in the field of defense poses a dilemma for scientists: on the one hand, access to military discourse should remain confidential; on the other hand, research in the social sciences should fully cover the results and make them understandable. The purpose of the study: to highlight the mechanism of international arms trade and the dependence of its characteristics on the level of development of innovative technologies in the defense sector of individual countries. The subject of the study: features and mechanisms of the global arms market functioning depending on the development of technological innovations in the defense industry. Methods used in the study: stimulating reflection, analysis and synthesis, historical, dialectical, systematic, logical. Research hypothesis: it is assumed that innovations in the defense industry lead to changes in the structural characteristics of the global arms market. Summary of the main material: the nine largest exporters in the international arms market are identified, and the latest trends in the global arms market are analyzed. Based on the data on preliminary orders and final negotiations, forecasts of trends in the development of international arms trade in the near future are made. The key breakthrough technologies that will form the basis for the future development of the defense industry and the global arms market are highlighted. Originality and practical significance of the study: an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of the international arms market functioning was carried out, and possible trends in its development were identified. Conclusions: the peculiarities of the international arms market functioning are as follows: difficulties in controlling commodity transactions and technological exchanges, non-transparency of registration and verification of export-import operations, which results in a limited number of producers and exporters dominating it. Innovative defense technologies have led to the development of a number of new areas of the international arms market. Outsourcing is highlighted as an important trend in the development of the arms market. Prospects for further research: are to highlight the peculiarities of the impact of each of the breakthrough technologies on changes in the global arms market.

Василий Васильевич Терешатов и становление науки о полимерах в Перми

Not every scientist is able to create a new direction in science. Vasily Vasilyevich Tereshatov was one of those indefatigable laborers who did it. Being ahead of Russian and foreign researchers, he made a major breakthrough in theory and practice of molecular design of block structure polymers in the late 90s – mid 2010s. That made it possible to obtain innovative materials at the world level for the use in defense industry, aviation, oil refining and gas industries.

Effect of fibre hybridization and stacking sequence on the low velocity impact response of flax/basalt/aluminum composite-metal joints

A lot of composite materials with better impact resistance and better strength and stiffness can be manufactured these days. Many researchers have been using different materials to form new composites to understand their impact performance. This paper discusses such an attempt to make new composites by utilizing the concept of hybridization and then proposes which among them has better strength and performance under low-velocity impact (LVI) loading. In this work, circular patches of composites made up of a combination of basalt and flax fibers were used while being bonded with aluminum plate Al 2024-T3 of 3 mm thickness. The three different configurations which include asymmetric, symmetric, and sandwich were prepared using vacuum assisted bagging process and their impact performances were investigated using the Drop Weight Impact test. The results obtained were analyzed and they concluded that the asymmetric configuration of basalt/flax composite has better impact resistance, and strength and is better to use in structural components of automobiles, and the defense industry as compared to the other two.