Defense Committee Research Articles

Rodna senzitivnost parlamenta Srbije - mapiranje moći poslanica

Mapping the power of women MPs in the Serbian Parliament, through the analysis of the membership and the leadership of the Parliament and parliamentary committees, indicates that women MPs dominate the socio-cultural cluster of the committees, as well as foreign affairs and European integration committees. Women MPs are increasingly more visible in legislative-judiciary committees, while interior, defence and security affairs committees and minimally open to their membership. There is a growing trend of engaging women MPs in committees for ecology, then in trade and finance and, to a lesser extent, in infrastructure. Institutional gender sensitivity of the Serbian Parliament is still inadequate, and changes to the Rules of Procedure and the Code of Conduct are necessary in order to introduce gender-sensitive rules and procedures.

Межзаводское кооперирование при производстве танка Т-34 на заводе «Красное Сормово» в 1941 году: планы и реальность

The cooperation of “Krasnoe Sormovo” plant with other plants of Gorky region during production of T-34 tank has been considered in the article. In summer of 1941, after beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet leadership began to create a tank industry at the eastern industrial bases of the USSR. The State Defense Committee ordered the creation of a tank production in Gorky region. Machine-building Plant No. 112 (Krasnoe Sormovo) began the assembling of medium tanks. Metallurgical enterprises of Gorky region produced armor for the tanks, Gorky Automobile Plant manufactured engines and other machine-building plants of the region produced various units. The process of organizing tank production at plant No. 112 during the Great Patriotic War is broadly covered in historiography, but the problems of external cooperation of tank construction have been studied poorly. The factories participated in the cooperation during production of T-34 tank have been revealed on the basis of the archival documents of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region and the State SocioPolitical Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In the process of studying archival materials, we found that by the end of 1941 the production center for manufacturing T-34 medium tanks was established on the territory of Gorky region. This center consisted of factories of the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry of the USSR and other factories. In Gorky region cooperative relations were established for the supply of components of the tank. However, the task set in July 1941 to create a completely independent tank production center in the Gorky region turned out to be unrealizable. The search for manufacturers of some of the most important units for the T-34 was completed for a long time. The regional industry was unable to fully provide the tank production of plant No. 112 with armor and engines. All the war years the Sormovsky plant directly depended on the supply of these products from other regions of the USSR.

TCCC Guidelines Comprehensive Review and Edits 2020: TCCC Guidelines Change 20-05 01 November 2020.

Based on careful review of the Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) Guidelines, the authors developed a list of proposed changes and edits for inclusion in a comprehensive change proposal. To be included in the proposal, individual changes had to meet at least one of three criteria: 1. The change was primarily tactical, operational, or educational rather than clinical in nature. 2. The change was a minor modification to the language of an existing TCCC Guideline. 3. The change, though clinical, was straightforward and noncontentious. The authors initially presented their list to the TCCC Collaboration Group for review at the 11 August 2020 online virtual meeting of the Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (CoTCCC). Based on discussions during the virtual meeting and following revisions, a second presentation of guideline modifications was presented during the CoTCCC session of the online virtual Defense Committee on Trauma meeting on 02 September 2020. The CoTCCC conducted voting on the guideline changes in early October 2020 with subsequent inclusion in the updated TCCC Guidelines published on 01 November 2020.1.

RUSSIA IN THE DISCOURSE OF BREXETEERS AND BREMAINERS IN THE UK

The UK EU membership referendum (2016) brought a confused result not giving the Brexiteers or the Bremainers decisive preponderance. This led to sharp divisions in the society at large, and a prolonged political crisis in Britain. Bremainers as early as at the stage of the pre-referendum campaign accused Brexiteers of being under the influence of Russia, meddling on the part of Brexit. The Bremainers initiated a series of inquiries into Russian interference to discredit the Brexiteers, putting under question the results of the referendum and the mandate of the UK government to conduct negotiations with Brussels. This confrontation went through lines of interparty divisions, and its methods went beyond the traditions and unwritten rules of the United Kingdom's political culture. The vicissitudes of inter- and intra-party infighting around the Parliamentary Intelligence and Defence Committee's report “Russia” showed that the government feared the report would influence voters in the run-up to the 2019 early general election. The investigation found no evidence of Russian interference in the referendum, nor in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum or the 2017 and 2019 parliamentary elections. Nevertheless, the “Russia” report became the basis for mutual accusations of the parties in the 2019 election campaign. London's focus on the concept of "Global Britain" indicates that the United Kingdom, regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the EU, views Russia as a strategic adversary.

Early Identity, Environment, and Experience

Josefina Fierro de Bright served as a political and social activist in the 1930s and 1940s through her participation in the Mexican Defense Committee, El Congreso (the National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), and the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, as well as her important efforts to end the violent attacks on ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the Zoot Suit Riots. Fierro participated in organizations focused on human, civil, women’s, and labor rights. She contributed to a cross-cultural “politics of opposition” determined to create a world where true equality might flourish. She used American nationalist and transnationalist approaches. In the United States, Fierro networked with activists, celebrities, and political leaders who supported many of the same causes that she did. Her transnational approach materialized in the form of collaboration with the Mexican consulate, which also sought to secure the human rights of ethnic Mexicans living in the United States during a time of strong anti-Mexican sentiment. In order to understand why and how Fierro emerged as a leader willing to challenge the racism undergirding the segregation and mistreatment of ethnic Mexicans in California in the 1930s and 1940s, this study examines her family’s history of social activism, the fluid sociocultural environment of an American Left in which women played central roles, and her bold and charismatic leadership style.

SIPO II: TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE?

This review essay offers an assessment of the 'harmonised' (elsewhere called 'revised') Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (SIPO) of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). (1)) Informally known as SIPO II, it succeeds the original Strategic Indicative Plan, adopted in 2004 for a five-year period. Following a lengthy review process, SIPO II was approved by the SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Windhoek, Namibia, in August 2010. It was finally publicly launched in November 2012, but as of mid-2103, implementation appears to be lagging. Although Southern Africa has had many years' experience of fighting colonialism and apartheid, formal inter-state cooperation in the area of peace and security is a relatively new phenomenon. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), established in 1980, turned into SADC in 1994. In 1996, the SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government established the SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (OPDSC). In 2001, Heads of State and Government signed the Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation, which provided an institutional framework for cooperation by member states in these areas. In 2002, the SADC Summit mandated the OPDSC to prepare a Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ (SIPO) which would provide guidelines for implementing the Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation over the next five years. The achievements under the SIPO include the establishment of the SADC Mutual Defence Pact, launch of the SADC Standby Force (SSF), integration of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCCO) into the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC), establishment of the Regional Early Warning Centre as well as the SADC Electoral Advisory Council (SEAC) and a mediation unit (SADC 2010). However, SIPO I was also poorly implemented in numerous respects. In particular, the production of a business plan for addressing its 130-plus never materialised, and no serious effort was made to develop strategies for operationalising the Organ. Critically, the relationship between the SADC Secretariat and the member states is key to SADC's effective functioning, and needs to be driven by visionary leadership. The SSF, although technically committed to the AU's grand strategy of having standby forces ready for deployment (by 2015--a new deadline), remains resource-poor and depends on political guidance at Summit level. It is unclear whether there is any real political will to use this instrument in a robust fashion beyond fact-finding and mediation by retired presidents. Despite prescriptions to this effect in the Protocol, SADC's security architecture does not necessarily harmonise with that of the AU, giving rise to a range of tensions, not least of which the question of agenda-setting (who determines action, when, and how?) and deployment authorisation (which body decides to deploy whom, at what level, and with what mandate and accountability?). (2))--A number of policy questions can be identified: 1. Which Themes, Norms and Principles Guide SIPO II? SIPO II is not meant to be a binding policy document or legal framework for decision-makers--the SADC Treaty and the Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation play that role (Oosthuizen 2006). As SADC officials and security sector officers often note, it should rather be understood as a guide to collective behaviour. Both SIPO I, and SIPO II state that they are guided by the objectives and common agenda of SADC, as elaborated in Article 5 of its amended Treaty. (3)) In brief, SADC regards good political and economic governance as the two key 'enablers' of regional integration. (4)) Article 5 of the Treaty requires member states to promote common political values, systems and other shared values which are transmitted through institutions that are democratic, legitimate, and effective. …

АГИТАЦИОННО-ПРОПАГАНДИСТСКАЯ ЗАЩИТА ИНТЕРЕСОВ ГОСУДАРСТВА В ИВАНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В 1941 ГОДУ

The article is devoted to the study of the actions of the Soviet state on agitation and propaganda protection of state interests in the Ivanovo region in 1941. It reflects the measures of the Soviet government and the state defense Committee of the USSR to prevent uncontrolled forms of dissemination of information that arouses alarm among the population and measures of responsibility for these actions. Important attention is paid to such official means of countering German propaganda in the Ivanovo region as radio broadcasting, periodicals and film production. It shows the specifics of their activities in the most difficult conditions of the initial period of the great Patriotic war, the degree of perception of the population of the region of the information they bring. The article is based on the materials of the Russian state archive of socio-political history, the state archive of the Ivanovo region and the local periodical press. The results of this research may be of interest to specialists in the history of the great Patriotic war, students of higher educational institutions, as well as the General public.

Twenty Years after: Statute of Limitations and the Asymmetric Burdens of Justice in Northern Ireland and Post-war Germany

Abstract In 2018, that is 20 years after the conclusion of the Belfast Agreement ending the 30-year conflict in Northern Ireland known as the ‘Troubles’, the UK Government started a consultation on dealing with its legacy. The House of Commons Defence Committee proposes the enactment of a statute of limitations to shield veterans from further investigations into Troubles-related crimes. It would represent a ‘balanced’ approach to justice, as some paramilitary combatants had also received de facto amnesty through various schemes. This article argues that given the involvement of the British state in the historical conflict, a ‘balanced’ approach to dealing with the past is inadequate. Drawing on parallel parliamentary debates in Germany that began around 1965, that is also 20 years after the end of conflict, the article makes the case that an asymmetric approach is both promising and necessary for the reconciliation process to move forward.

Steel making cities of labor prowess: historical memory and new opportunities

In the beginning of 2020 in Russia an honorary title “Сity of labor prowess” was established, which was awarded to the cities, citizens of which made a significant contribution to reaching the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War of 1941– 1945. The cities to receive the new title ensured an uninterrupted production of war and civil products at plants during the war time and the citizens showed mass labor heroism and selflessness, confirmed by awarding of plants and workers by state rewards as well as presentation of challenge Red Flags of State Defense Committee. On July 2, 2020 the new title was awarded to 20 cities, among which were many centers of steel industry, in particular, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Izhevsk, Novokuznetsk. Steel industry in war years provided the needs of the country and the Red Army by all kinds of metals. Steel plants within a short time managed to arrange a wide-scale production of armor plates, gun, shell, armor-piercer steels and other new for them high quality alloyed steels , necessary for production of armament and war machinery. Besides, at the steel plants a production of ammunition and utilities for weapon and war machinery was mastered. The title “City of labor prowess” is a “civil” analogue of the title “City of military velour”. Despite this status does not envisages any material stimulation of citizens and additional financing of a city, receiving of it will enable not only to preserve the historical memory and to show respect to heroic forefathers, but also give a new pulse to development of regions, as well as will attract attention of mass media, business and federal authorities and will increase the tourist attractiveness.

Components of Success of the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project

September 28, 2017, marked the 75th anniversary of the issuance of the Resolution of the State Defense Committee (SDC) On Uranium Mining, which laid the foundation for the Atomic Project, one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the Soviet Union. This article is dedicated to reconstruction of the factors that ensured its successful implementation. The completion of the project is attributed to the late 1950s, but the author focuses on the period from 1945 through 1953. On the one hand, it was then that the scientific, technical, material, and organizational prerequisites for the production of nuclear weapons were created, and, on the other, that time can be called the “golden age of the command economy,” when its capabilities manifested themselves to the full. Turning to it allows one to understand better how the command economy in its classical, Stalinist, version achieved success and what limitations it had.

Soviet People’s Commissariats and Decentralization of Management of the Economy during the Great Patriotic War

The little-studied phenomenon of the combination of centralization and decentralization in the management of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War is analyzed. Decentralization of management is considered as a mechanism to adjust contradictions between centralized planning and the expansion of producers’ independence. The problem is investigated using the example of the operational activities of the Soviet people’s commissariats and their interaction with each other and with the top leadership of the Soviet Union. The focus is on two interrelated processes. The first is the stabilization of the corps of economic managers and their authorization with additional formal powers. The second is the informal and unauthorized practices of decentralization used by the leaders of the people’s commissariats to achieve the goals posed before them. This article is based on the study of a complex of archival documents, primarily resolutions of the USSR State Defense Committee.

Menachem Begin and the Israel-Egypt Peace Process: Between Ideology and Political Realism

Menachem Begin and the Israel-Egypt Peace Process: Between Ideology and Political Realism

朝鲜“并进”外交政策及中朝关系 -金正日执政后期为中心-

The 17-year-leadership of Kim Jong Il, started from his election as Chairman of the North Korean National Defense Committee, could be divided into four periods, namely, the leadership under the guide of the will period; the pre-administration period; the mid-administration period; and the late-administration period. This paper aims to analyze the “Byungjin” foreign policy and China-DPRK relations pursued by North Korea in the late Kim Jong-il’s administration from the perspective of the assumptions of North Korea’s implementation of the nuclear-holding strategy and effectuation of the nuclear issue as the main theme of great power game. The late Kim Jong Il administration was in the transition period of the regime of successor system. Although DPRK achieved the staged goal of the nuclear ownership strategy with the success of two nuclear tests, the national security situation was still grim. In order to successfully complete the transition of the regime and implement the “powerful and prosperous” national strategy, North Korea adopted “Byungjin approach” in both interior and foreign affairs. Concerning the interior affairs, on the basis of adhering to “military-first politics”, more attention was paid to economic development and the improvement of people’s livelihood. As to the foreign affairs, focuses were on both the “nuclear diplomacy” and “economy diplomacy”, that is, the “Byungjin approach”. On the one hand, the nuclear diplomacy strategy was continuously advanced, and the “Brinkmanship” strategy and the off “Six-Party Talks” mechanism were carried on to defend the results of nuclear tests against such countries as the United States, South Korea, Japan and others with regard to the North Korean nuclear issue. On the other hand, the economic factors in foreign activities were paid due attention to. The economy-promoting-governance policy was taken to promote the economic-diplomatic relations between the friendly countries such as China and Russia; and to improve the relations with the United States, Japan, and South Korea, aiming at the economic benefits. In the process of implementing the “Byungjin” foreign policy, Kim Jong Il personally promoted the development of DPRK-China relations, actively sought a foreign policy with the political support and economic cooperation as the core with China, so as to elevate Sino-DPRK relations to a strategic height and a long-term prospect. To strengthen the political support and economic cooperation and assistance from China, Kim Jong Il administration maintained close communication by way of high-level exchanges on the matters of DPRK nuclear issue and others, and promoted mutual trust and reciprocal cooperation continuously. Taking the event of “PRC-DPRK Friendship Year” as an opportunity, the economic and trade cooperation were enhanced, and the cultural exchanges were enlivened. After the trial of North Korean nuclear tests, the new type of neighborly, friendly and cooperative state-to-state relations have been further developed.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONFLICT OF LINDEROS IN THE COMMUNAL TERRITORIES, PROVINCE OF ANDAHUAYLAS, REGION APURÍMAC, PERU

The present work had the purpose of arguing the degree of progress in social responsibility that contributed to minimize the conflict of boundaries in the territories of the peasant communities, located in the province of Andahuaylas. The focus is qualitative. Case study design, ex post facto research level. The sample was 90 qualified community members who held a management position until 2018. Results in elements: Environmental, the proactivity for the development of eco-efficient practices through committees, had a frequently low contribution of 50%. Legal, the services of tutelary institutions to harmonize conflicts, the coordination between defense and order committees, the interventions to settle conflicts between communities, had a frequent contribution low by 50%. Ethical, the coordination between associations and defense committees to sanction violators of communal agreements, the practice of accountability, had an often average contribution of 50% internally, externally it tends to be weak. Philanthropic; The agreements and working groups to serve community members affected by some phenomenon or disaster and reduce conflict between communities, had a frequently high contribution of 50%. Conclusion: the advancement of social responsibility had a low contribution with a tendency towards medium, in minimizing the conflict of boundaries in the territories of the peasant communities of the province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac region.

Zagrożenie interwencją wojsk Związku Radzieckiego w myśli politycznej opozycji przedsierpniowej (KOR, ROPCiO)

The emergence of an organized political opposition in the People’s Republic of Poland after the events that took place in June 1976 in Ursus and Radom influenced the shaping of program concepts regarding changes in the state. The scope of the proposed reforms depended on the limiting factor, which was the threat of the entry into Poland of the troops of the Soviet Union, and thus the threat to state securityand social security. This factor had a significant impact on the political thought of opposition activists and the divisions within it. The emergence of the Movement for the Defense of Human and Civic Rights, the Confederation of Independent Poland and the Young Poland Movement resulted from different program concepts, among which the threat of intervention by the Soviet Union troops played an important differentiating role. The article is based on an analysis of program concepts contained in the second-circulation press, and also uses a comparative analysis, which allows to resolve the research problem concerning the importance of conceptualizing the threat of intervention on the differentiation of the Workers’ Defense Committee and the Movement for the Defense of Human and Civic Rights.

IMPOSITION OF THE STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE USSR DURING THE GERMAN-SOVIET WAR (1941 – 1945)

The purpose of the research is to analyze the special aspects of imposition and implementation of the state of emergency within the USSR during the German-Soviet War (1941 – 1945). The methodology of the research is based on the principles of scientificity, historism, authorial objectivity, the use of general (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is the reconstruction of the process of the state of emergency imposing during the German-Soviet War 1941 – 1945 based on the analyzed documents. The Conclusions . It has been found out that the State Defense Committee (GKO), which became the main military-economic center of the USSR and ensured the process of mobilization, creation of new military units and switch of economy and agriculture to a war footing, played a pivotal role in the realization of the state of emergency. The priority was given to the mass evacuation of valuable property and population, the establishment of new enterprises manufacturing military goods. It has been illustrated in the research that the Soviet government used emergency measures for manufacture intensification through increasing working hours, production standard and calling citizens for labo u r service. The attention was drawn to the formation of local emergency bodies, such as the commission for urban defense, which were tasked with mustering defense of settlements, maintaining order and bringing provocateurs, spies and hostile agents to the Military Tribunal. It is proved that GKO activities across the Ukrainian lands liberated from the Nazi invaders didn’t contribute to the stabilization of the lives of the people, taking into account deportations, “cleans” and creation of the conditions for a man-made famine of 1946. It has been noted in the research that imposition of the state of emergency was an important element for the restructuring of the Soviet system of government and public administration in the context of wartime. And the GKO with its exclusive powers in all areas of the social and political life of the country, economy, agriculture and transport was the main body developing and implementing the state of emergency.

슬리피 라군(Sleepy Lagoon) 재판, 슬리피 라군 변호위원회(SLDC), 그리고 멕시코계 미국인의 시민적 권리

슬리피 라군(Sleepy Lagoon) 재판, 슬리피 라군 변호위원회(SLDC), 그리고 멕시코계 미국인의 시민적 권리

Libraries’ accomplishing military and defense tasks during the Great Patriotic War

During the pre-war and war [WWII] years, the libraries took part in accomplishing military and defense tasks: promoted knowledge on air and chemical defense, sanitation, etc. The libraries participated in universal military training of population. They cooperated closely with Osoaviakhim (Society for the Promotion of Aviation and Chemical Defense) that was publishing a number of specialized publications intensively used by the libraries in their popularization work. The libraries contributed to the country’s defensive power both theoretically and practically. They conformed to the decrees of the Council of People’s Commissars and The State Defense Committee (in the first war days). The author specifies the main vectors of the libraries’ interaction with the Red Army divisions, training of new recruitees, front support. The promotion of military defense knowledge by the libraries all over the country including the capital libraries and the libraries in Soviet republics is also discussed. The article is based on archival materials listed in the bibliography attached.

Sacco and Vanzetti, Mary Donovan and transatlantic radicalism in the 1920s

AbstractIn 1927 the Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed in Boston following a murder trial that was widely denounced for its anti-labour and anti-immigrant bias. From 1921 the campaign to save the two men powerfully mobilised labour internationalism and triggered waves of protests across the world. This article examines the important contributions made by Irish and Irish-American radicals to the Sacco-Vanzetti campaign. Mary Donovan was a leading member of the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, and a second-generation Irish union organiser and member of Boston's James Connolly Club. In the 1920s she travelled to Ireland twice and appealed to Irish and Irish American labour to support the campaign. At the same time, Donovan and many of the activists considered here held ambiguous personal and political relationships with Ireland. Transnational Irish radicalism in the early-twentieth century is most commonly considered in nationalist terms. Taking a distinctly non-Irish cause – the Sacco-Vanzetti case of 1920–7 – allows us to look from a different perspective at the global Irish Revolution and reveals how radical labour currents reached into Irish and Irish-American circles during the revolutionary era, though the response to the campaign also indicates a receding internationalism in the immediate aftermath of Irish independence.

Effect of chronic exercise in healthy young male adults: a metabolomic analysis.

To examine the metabolic adaptation to an 80-day exercise intervention in healthy young male adults where lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep, and physical activities are controlled. This study involved cross-sectional analysis before and after an 80-day aerobic and strength exercise intervention in 52 young, adult, male, newly enlisted soldiers in 2015. Plasma metabolomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry. Data analyses were performed between March and August 2019. We analysed changes in metabolomic profiles at the end of an 80-day exercise intervention compared to baseline, and the association of metabolite changes with changes in clinical parameters. Global metabolism was dramatically shifted after the exercise training programme. Fatty acids and ketone body substrates, key fuels used by exercising muscle, were dramatically decreased in plasma in response to increased aerobic fitness. There were highly significant changes across many classes of metabolic substrates including lipids, ketone bodies, arginine metabolites, endocannabinoids, nucleotides, markers of proteolysis, products of fatty acid oxidation, microbiome-derived metabolites, markers of redox stress, and substrates of coagulation. For statistical analyses, a paired t-test was used and Bonferroni-adjusted P-value of <0.0004 was considered to be statistically significant. The metabolite dimethylguanidino valeric acid (DMGV) (recently shown to predict lack of metabolic response to exercise) tracked maladaptive metabolic changes to exercise; those with increases in DMGV levels had increases in several cardiovascular risk factors; changes in DMGV levels were significantly positively correlated with increases in body fat (P = 0.049), total and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.003 and P = 0.007), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.006). This study was approved by the Departments of Defence and Veterans' Affairs Human Research Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from each subject. For the first time, the true magnitude and extent of metabolic adaptation to chronic exercise training are revealed in this carefully designed study, which can be leveraged for novel therapeutic strategies in cardiometabolic disease. Extending the recent report of DMGV's predictive utility in sedentary, overweight individuals, we found that it is also a useful marker of poor metabolic response to exercise in young, healthy, fit males.