Deep Sections Research Articles

Bearing Capacity and Deformation of the Tandem Compound Piles Improved Foundation: A Parametric Study.

The tandem compound piles are a combination of a granular column in the deep section and a concrete pile in the shallow section. This method effectively utilizes the consolidation and densification effects of the granular column, as well as the cementation strength of the concrete material. The granular column acts as a consolidation path, aiding in the densification of the surrounding soil. On the other hand, the concrete pile prevents the bulging deformation that commonly happens in granular columns during field construction. To study the bearing capacity and deformation of the improved foundation with tandem compound piles, a coupled continuum-discrete numerical model was developed in this study. The accuracy of the model was confirmed by comparing its results with experimental measurements. Additionally, a parametric study was conducted, considering three influential factors: (1) cushion thickness and modulus, (2) length, modulus, diameter, and spacing of the tandem compound pile, and (3) soil modulus. The results indicated that reducing the cushion thickness and increasing the cushion modulus allowed the pile to bear more loads. Moreover, increasing the length and modulus of the deep section of the pile reduced deformation and improved the bearing capacity. The pile modulus, however, had a limited effect on enhancing the bearing capacity. It is important to maintain a critical pile spacing of at least twice the pile diameter. Finally, a high modulus of the underlying stratum led to higher vertical and radial stresses in the pile.

Experimental Evidence for a Weak Calcic‐Amphibole‐Rich Deep Crust in Orogens

AbstractAmphibole‐rich rocks constitute significant components of the mid‐ to lower continental crust, particularly in active orogens characterized with thick and hot crusts. Nevertheless, experimental data on their viscosity remain scarce. We conducted axial compression deformation experiments on synthetic amphibolites under temperature and pressure conditions resembling deep sections of overthickened crust. A novel flow law for a calcic‐amphibole‐rich rock (80% amphibole +20% garnet) in the dislocation creep regime is derived from these experiments. Contrary to common assumptions, our results reveal that calcic‐amphibolite is 1‐2 orders of magnitude weaker than plagioclase‐rich amphibolite, granulite, or gabbro. A calcic‐amphibole‐rich, low viscosity deep crust may not only support the “channel flow” model proposed for the Tibetan Plateau but also explain the observed high crustal seismic anisotropy in the region.

Classification and Identification of Buckling Modes of Steel Columns under Cyclic Loading

Wide-flange columns are commonly used for the construction of special moment frames and braced frames. For special moment frames, design engineers routinely use deep sections to meet the stringent code-specified story drift limits in order to achieve economy in recent years. Columns with shallow and stocky sections are common for braced frame construction. Observation made from two recent experimental studies involving both deep and shallow columns under axial compression and cyclic drifts showed a variety of buckling modes. A classification with three cyclic buckling modes is proposed in this paper; subsets of each buckling mode are also presented. A parameter measuring the relative rotational restraint that the web provides to each flange is derived. After calibrating this parameter with the test results, a practical procedure that can predict the governing cyclic buckling mode is proposed.

TerraSAR-X and GNSS Data for Deformation Detection and Mechanism Analysis of a Deep Excavation Channel Section of the China South–North Water-Diversion Project

Due to expansive soils and high slopes, the deep excavated channel section of the China South–North Water-Diversion Middle-Route Project has a certain risk of landslide disaster. Therefore, examining the deformation law and mechanism of the channel slope in the middle-route section of the project is an extreme necessity for safe operation. However, the outdated monitoring method limits research on the surface deformation law and mechanism of the entire deep excavation channel section. For these reasons, we introduced a novel approach that combines SBAS-InSAR and GNSS, enabling the surface domain monitoring of the study area at a regional scale as well as real-time monitoring of specific target regions. By using SBAS-InSAR technology and leveraging 11-view high-resolution TerraSAR-X data, we revealed the spatiotemporal evolution law of surface deformations in the channel slopes within the study area. The results demonstrate that the predominant deformation in the study area was uplifted, with limited evidence of subsidence deformation. Moreover, there is a distinct region of significant uplift deformation, with the highest annual uplift rate reaching 19 mm/y. Incorporating GNSS and soil-moisture-monitoring timeseries data, we conducted a study on the correlation between soil moisture and the three-dimensional deformation of the ground surface, revealing a positive correlation between the soil moisture content and vertical displacement of the channel slope. Furthermore, combining field investigations on surface uplift deformation characteristics, we identified that the main cause of surface deformation in the study area was attributed to the expansion of the soil due to water absorption in expansive soils. The research results not only revealed the spatiotemporal evolution law and mechanism of the channel slope deformation in the studied section of the deep excavation channel but also provide successful guidance for the prevention and control of channel slope-deformation disasters in the study area. Furthermore, they offer effective technical means for the safe monitoring of the entire South–North Water-Diversion Middle-Route Project and similar long-distance water-conveyance canal projects.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the deep rolling process focussing on 34CrNiMo6 railway axles

Deep rolling is a powerful tool to increase the service life or reduce the weight of railway axles. Three fatigue-resistant increasing effects are achieved in one treatment: lower surface roughness, strain hardening and compressive residual stresses near the surface. In this work, all measurable changes introduced by the deep rolling process are investigated. A partly deep-rolled railway axle made of high strength steel material 34CrNiMo6 is investigated experimentally. Microstructure analyses, hardness-, roughness-, FWHM- and residual stress measurements are performed. By the microstructure analyses a very local grain distortion, in the range < 5 µm, is proven in the deep rolled section. Stable hardness values, but increased strain hardening is detected by means of FWHM and the surface roughness is significantly reduced by the process application. Residual stresses were measured using the XRD and HD methods. Similar surface values are proven, but the determined depth profiles deviate. Residual stress measurements have generally limitations when measuring in depth, but especially their distribution is significant for increasing the durability of steel materials. Therefore, a numerical deep rolling simulation model is additionally built. Based on uniaxial tensile and cyclic test results, examined on specimen machined from the edge layer of the railway axle, an elastic–plastic Chaboche material model is parameterised. The material model is added to the simulation model and so the introduced residual stresses can be simulated. The comparison of the simulated residual stress in-depth profile, considering the electrochemical removal, shows good agreement to the measurement results. The so validated simulation model is able to determine the prevailing residual stress state near the surface after deep rolling the railway axle. Maximum compressive residual stresses up to about -1,000 MPa near the surface are achieved. The change from the induced compressive to the compensating tensile residual stress range occurs at a depth of 3.5 mm and maximum tensile residual stresses of + 100 MPa at a depth of 4 mm are introduced. In summary, the presented experimental and numerical results demonstrate the modifications induced by the deep rolling process application on a railway axle and lay the foundation for a further optimisation of the deep rolling process.

Fluid-assisted grain size reduction leads to strain localization in oceanic transform faults

Oceanic Transform Faults are major plate boundaries representing the most seismogenic part of the mid ocean ridge system. Nonetheless, their structure and deformation mechanisms at depth are largely unknown due to rare exposures of deep sections. Here we study the mineral fabric of deformed mantle peridotites - ultramafic mylonites - collected from the transpressive Atobá ridge, along the northern fault of the St. Paul transform system in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. We show that, at pressure and temperature conditions of the lower oceanic lithosphere, the dominant deformation mechanism is fluid-assisted dissolution-precipitation creep. Grain size reduction during deformation is enhanced by dissolution of coarser pyroxene grains in presence of fluid and contextual precipitation of small interstitial ones, leading to strain localization at lower stresses than dislocation creep. This mechanism potentially represents the dominant weakening factor in the oceanic lithosphere and a main driver for the onset and maintenance of oceanic transform faults.

Failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock at deep large section chamber intersection in the Wanfu Coal Mine

Failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock at deep large section chamber intersection in the Wanfu Coal Mine

DEEP STRUCTURE AND FORMATION MODEL OF CONTINENTAL CRUST OF THE VERKHOYANSK FOLD- AND-THRUST BELT IN THE LATE MESOZOIC

The article considers the geological framework of a large orogenic structure in northeastern Eurasia - the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt (VFTB), formed in the Late Mesozoic on the eastern margin of the Siberian craton. Zoning of geopotential fields and the authors' interpretation of frequency-energetic characteristics along the 3-DV reference geo-physical profile provided the basis for modeling the deep structure of the VFTB and adjacent structures of the Siberian craton. There were identified structural zones of different geodynamic nature: the outer zone of the fold belt, underlain by the dropped margin of the craton; the inner zone of the VFTB with the oceanic crust at the base; the rear-zone structures formed by the Verkhoyansk complex in the subduction zone of the Uyandina-Yasachnaya island arc. In the Earth's crust of the VFTB there are distinguished two layers of approximately equal thickness: the lower one comprises a duplex system of complexes of the oceanic crust, and the upper one is built up by formations of the Verkhoyansk terrigenous complex, which have also undergone folding and duplexing. In parallel with thrusting of the upper terrigenous layer over the craton in the zone of collision between the VFTB structures and the Siberian craton margin there also occurred subduction of the lower layer of the VFTB under its margin. This led to an increase in thickness of the craton's crust by 5-10 km from below. The development of the Uyandina-Yasachnaya island arc system comprises two stages associated with blocking of the subduction zone and its transition towards the Oimyakon Ocean, which increased its area and complicated the structure. The paleosubduction zones and blocking structures are well-traced on the deep sections of reference seismic profiles.

Application of non-excavation technology in the transition section of highway deep soft foundation road and bridge

Highway road and bridge transition section for the bridge and general roadbed combined with the lot, due to stiffness and deformation differences triggered by the bridge head jump phenomenon. For the deep soft foundation section, it is more serious. For the operation of highway bridge head jump phenomenon, the use of traditional excavation treatment measures can no longer meet the high traffic volume of road preservation needs. Non-excavation treatment is the technology developed under the demand, in the premise of not affecting the vehicle traffic, the bridge transition section treatment, for the high traffic volume of the in-service highway incessant treatment has a greater advantage. This paper proposes the non-excavation technology applicable to the transition section of highway road and bridge, and conducts comparative analysis on its economy, technology and feasibility, which can provide relevant engineering reference for the treatment of deep soft foundation section of bridge head jumping without continuity.

Factors influencing structural characteristics of wetland bird communities in the middle Uzh River flow

Background. Long-term surveys of wetland bird communities of the Uzh mountain river in Zakarpattia region, along with an analysis of scientific data published over the past century enabled us to identify a set of anthropogenic factors that significantly influence the species and spatial structures of these communities. Two of the factors are specifically related to human disturbance of the riverbed and the floodplain. Namely, installation of hydraulic engineering structures aimed at water regulation and flood protection, as well as direct interventions in the river channel for smoothing the natural bed of the river bottom, removing small sedimentary islands and clearing the vegetation on the river banks. The factor of urbanization is favorable for species that tend to be synanthropic. For other wetland bird species, urbanization plays a positive role in winter. Materials and Methods. The studies were conducted in the middle Uzh River flow, which has a mountainous character. As the highest diversity of the wetland birds in the middle flow of the river is observed within the city of Uzhhorod, the main surveys were conducted right there. Birds were monitored all year round during the years 1994–2002 and 2020–2021. From 2003 to 2019, the studies were conducted sporadically. An annual cycle was subdivided into 6 periods: winter (November 20 – February 20), early spring (February 21 – April 10), breeding (April 11 – June 30), post-breeding (July), early autumn (August–September) and autumn (October – November 19). Results and Discussion. In the course of the monitoring activities on the Uzh River within the city of Uzhhorod, we identified 30 species of wetland birds belonging to 24 genera, 14 families and 10 orders. According to the pattern of their occurrence on the river throughout the year, they include resident nesting (3 species), wintering (3), migratory (4), wandering (4), summering (3) and occasional (13) bird species. Several of these species are new to the river in urban areas, while some others were not spotted there for the past 10–20 years due to a dramatic change in the habitat conditions. Numbers of certain species have also undergone significant changes due to the effects of various anthropogenic factors. The analysis of the results obtained over 30 years of studies allows us to identify 3 factors influencing the species and spatial structure of the wetland birds on the Uzh River. The first is urbanization, attracting numerous bird species. The second is water regulation, i.e. the construction of dams and water sto­rage facilities. This factor causes a negative impact on wetland birds by changing the river water dynamics, slo­wing the natural flow down, and raising the water level by retaining dams. The last one is a direct intervention into the river bed, which alters the river bottom, destroys riparian vegetation and alluvial islands that form additional micro-meanders in the riverbed, as well as shallow and deep water sections of the river. Conclusion. For the wetland bird species of the mountain rivers, it is crucial to keep the mosaic nature of their habitat. Interventions in the morphology of the riverbed, as well as alterations in the water dynamics of the river due to water management measures, adversely affect the species structure of wetland bird communities and the nature of their presence on the river. The cascades of retaining dams along the mountain rivers can substantially decrease the diversity of typical mountain river species and lead to a decline of these species’ population in the Carpathians. Cities, on the contrary, can serve as refuges for birds in critical winter periods.

Oligocene source-rock characteristics and hydrocarbon generation modeling of the eastern Nile delta, Egypt

This study investigates Oligocene source rock development in the eastern Nile Delta, integrating TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, as well as vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) measurements from over 9 onshore and offshore wells. 1D basin models, constructed for 2 wells onshore and 2 wells offshore, investigate the burial, thermal histories, and the stage and timing of hydrocarbon generation. The present-day data indicate that the Oligocene section encompasses Type III and rarely Type IV kerogen onshore, whereas offshore Type III and Type II-III kerogen dominate. The back-calculated original TOCo and HIo values indicate a significant hydrocarbon generation (i.e. effective to relic source rock) for Rupelian section in Tayifah Deep-1x and Satis-1 wells. The different maturity indicators used here show significant differences in some intervals. The variability may be attributed to natural impregnation of migrated hydrocarbon in permeable strata, in-situ expelled hydrocarbons where S2 contamination is rather likely for samples within the oil window, or retarded Ro% and/or Tmax caused by overpressure. Therefore, thermal and generation models are calibrated with measured bottomhole temperatures, which match quite well with δ13C values of gases C1-3, and indicate that the onshore Oligocene basal section comes in the early stage of hydrocarbon generation throughout the middle-late Miocene, and was in the main stage of hydrocarbon generation since the early Pliocene. The transformation ratio indicates an in-situ expulsion (25–50%) since the Pleistocene time. Offshore models indicate the basal Oligocene section entered the late phase of hydrocarbon generation during the early to middle-late Miocene, where its transformation ratio exceeds 50%. This indicates the main hydrocarbon expulsion from the late Oligocene to the early-middle Miocene time. Further integrated approaches to the Oligocene geochemical analysis after solvent extraction are vastly required. Higher resolution overpressure and maturity indices (Tmax and Ro) profiles for some deep sections are essential to strengthen concepts about the mechanism(s) and magnitude of their retardation/suppression.

Unilateral conjunctival concretions associated with chronic inflammation and tear instability.

Conjunctival concretions are small yellow-white subconjunctival spots that can be asymptomatic for years and are an incidental finding on routine ophthalmic examination.[1,2] The etiologies are chronic vernal conjunctivitis, severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and post-trachomatous changes.[1–5] The concretions are located within the conjunctival recesses layered by epithelium and are made up of cell debris and phospholipids.[3,4] Case Report A 24-year-old-female presented with chronic irritation and redness in the right eye for 1 year. Systemic evaluation was unremarkable with no immunosuppressive disorders. Her symptoms were intermittently associated with discharge. Her vision was 20/20 in both eyes. Everted upper and lower eyelids of the right eye showed multiple concretions scattered beneath the tarsal conjunctiva, more in the upper eyelid, protruding through the conjunctiva at two focal points [Fig. 1]. There was diffuse congestion in the tarsal conjunctiva with a normal lid margin appearance. The left eyelid had neither congestion nor concretions. There was no ocular surface staining with fluorescein dye, but the exposed concretions showed fluorescein uptake. Dry eye workup revealed a tear break-up time of 7.8 s with normal tear secretion in the right eye, whereas tear breakup and secretion was normal in the left eye. She gave an antecedent history of a vegetative object falling into her right eye while driving a bike. The ocular symptoms developed 1 month after that trauma. She was using topical lubricants and antibiotic ointment over the eyelid margin for the meibomitis. Because of unilateral presentation and young age, two concretions were removed on slit lamp using a sterile 26-gauge needle under topical anesthesia and sent for tissue processing.Figure 1: (a) Everted right upper eyelid of the 24-year-old female shows scattered numerous concretions in the tarsal conjunctiva, fewer in the lower eyelid (d). (b) Gomori methenamine silver stain (100×) shows presence of fungal elements within the concretions (higher magnification in inset), which are also seen on gram stain (e, 400×) as empty round and vertical spaces. (c and f) Left upper and lower eyelids show normal tarsal conjunctivaThe histopathologic examination of concretions revealed eosinophilic homogenous amorphous material containing fungal elements, which were Gomori methenamine silver stain positive [Fig. 2]. The deepest sections (till the last tissue section) also contained numerous fungal hyphae, which ruled out contamination. Due to atypical histopathologic findings of concretions, a superficial conjunctival incision biopsy containing tarsal conjunctiva, concretions, and a thin sliver of tarsus was taken at 4 mm from the upper eyelid margin. The incision biopsy showed scattered amorphous, acellular eosinophilic hyaline-like material and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the substantia propria. The amorphous material had a rim of conjunctival epithelium suggestive of concretions embedded within the pseudoglands of Henle. The periphery of the concretions had a slight basophilic appearance. The concretions were negative for von Kossa stain, Alcian blue, and Congo red but were red on Masson trichrome stain, suggesting cell debris and keratin to be one of the constituents. Alcian blue was focally positive in the conjunctival epithelium at the location of goblet cells. She was started on tablet fluconazole 150 mg once a week for 3 weeks along with 1% itraconazole eye ointment into the eye twice a day. Her symptoms resolved with a reduction in the conjunctival concretions’ number and conjunctival congestion.Figure 2: (a) Everted right upper eyelid with highlighted biopsied part. (b and c) Incisional biopsy from the upper tarsal conjunctiva shows diffuse subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration along with eosinophilic hyaline-like material deposits (c, at 200×). Masson trichrome (d), Congo red (e), and Alcian blue (f) were negative for amyloid and mucopolysaccharide depositsTear film instability and reduced tear production have been reported in patients with conjunctival concretions, where 51% of asymptomatic patients with conjunctival concretions have reduced tear break-up time.[3] The current case had reduced tear break-up time in the eye with concretions. An interesting finding in the current case was the presence of fungal elements, which can be explained by the possible entrapment of organic body containing fungus 1 year back. The organic material dissolved away, but the fungal elements caused persistent chronic inflammation, which resulted in the formation of concretions. This case reports the possibility of having unilateral concretions secondary to chronic inflammation with degenerative changes. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Histological changes in the uterine and ovarian walls in pyometra

In recent years, the number of small domestic animals, which have become cohabitants of people both in cities and in rural areas, has increased significantly. Keeping cats indoors with the use of artificial lighting has led to the fact that anestrus falls out of their sexual cycle, and the stages of arousal are manifested in them throughout the year. This phenomenon is the cause of various inflammatory processes in the uterus. The most common gynecological diseases in cats are pyometra, endometritis, and vaginitis. Violation of the hormonal status in the hypothalamus-pituitary chain in the absence of contact with natural partners is accompanied by a disorder of the function of the ovaries and uterus. A change in the hormonal balance, manifested by a violation of the ratio of estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the blood, affects the function of the endometrium and provokes an increase in the secretory activity of the uterine glands. Initiated in the arousal stage of the sexual cycle, it does not fade away but progresses even more. This is how the conditions for the emergence of an inflammatory process in the uterus are created and maintained. The course of the disease is accompanied by persistent morphological changes in the state of the uterus and all organs and their systems. Diagnosis of the disease is well-developed and does not present any difficulties in veterinary clinical practice. However, the approaches to substantiating the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease and the effectiveness and expediency of a conservative or operative treatment method are controversial. There are also limited reports on the histostructure of certain areas of the fallopian tubes and uterus, depending on the functional state of the cat’s body. The research aimed to investigate the histological structure of the uterus and ovaries of cats with pyometra. Ten explanted uteri and ovaries were subjected to histological examination in 10 cases of surgical treatment of cats with pyometra. In this research, it has been established that the pathohistological changes of the uterine wall due to pyometra are characterized by endometrial hypertrophy, the basis of which is hyperplasia with the formation of various forms of outgrowths covered with epithelium, followed by their dystrophy and the formation of detritus, which locally sticks to the endometrium and fills the uterine cavity, local desquamation of the serous mesothelium membrane, compaction of the muscular membrane, loosening of the vascular membrane, and dilatation of veins. The surface parts of the endometrial glands undergo dystrophic changes and cystic degeneration, manifested by hyperplasia of their walls and the formation of cavities filled with detritus of desquamated epithelium and cavities of “empty cysts” filled with remnants of detritus. Deep sections of the endometrial glands are reduced, but their histostructure is not transformed. Changes in the ovaries are manifested by focal desquamation of the mesothelium, the formation in the depth of the cortical substance of mainly one voluminous corpus luteum, atresia of follicles, and the presence of full-fledged tertiary follicles.

Research on the geometry performance of a double-vortex coiled tubing friction-reducing tool based on the Coanda effect

There are some problems in coiled tubing drilling in deep horizontal sections, such as large buckling friction and difficult extension drilling. To solve this problem, the double vortex friction-reducing tool based on the Coanda effect is adopted. However, the structure of the tool is complex, there are few studies on the influence of geometric parameters on the vibration characteristics, which is difficult to provide a reference for tool structure optimization. Therefore, based on the Coanda effect, this work establishes a numerical model of the double vortex friction-reducing tool, and the influence of different geometric parameters on the vibration characteristics of the double vortex friction-reducing tool was studied. The results show that the variation of geometric parameters of the double vortex friction-reducing tool not only affects the pressure drop and oscillation frequency, but also affects the changing process of the pressure drop. To ensure that the tool can produce good oscillation characteristics, it is recommended that the width of split flow channel is 6∼9 mm, the distance between cleft tip and jet orifice is 38∼44 mm, the width of feedback channel is 3∼5 mm and the distance of between vortex chambers is 32∼36 mm. The research results have important guiding significance for the design and structure optimization of double vortex friction-reducing tool.

Hyporheic exchange law driven by spur dikes: Numerical modeling

The study of hyporheic exchange and the temperature response law driven by spur dikes is helpful to promote the protection of ecological river environments. Taking the river channel course with a spur dike as the research object, the numerical simulation method was used to study the influence of the river width narrowing rate (L/B), spur dike angle (θ), surface water velocity (U), and hydraulic conductivity (K) on the hyporheic exchange characteristics and the temperature response of the hyporheic zone. Research shows that the degree of hyporheic exchange and the spatial range of the temperature response of the hyporheic zone are positively correlated with the river width narrowing rate, surface water velocity and hydraulic conductivity and negatively correlated with the spur dike angle. The temperature response law of the hyporheic zone is affected by spur dikes in different spatial locations in the following ways, from the cross-section, the upstream response area of the spur dike deepens near the dam bank, while the downstream response area deepens on the other side of the spur dikes, and the downstream response area affected by spur dikes is significantly larger than the upstream response area in the vertical range. From the side section, the response area of the curved boundary appears around the spur dike in the central section of the river, and the curvature radius of the response area of the curved boundary around the spur dike in the side section near the dam is smaller. From the longitudinal section, the sensitivity of the temperature response of the shallow section is significantly stronger than that of the deep section. Consequently, we found that the hyporheic exchange law driven by spur dikes. We offer recommendations for future studies seeking to choose the reasonable structure of the spur dam in practical engineering, and optimize the design of the spur dam.

Toward to Explain of Working Principles of Blood-Brain Barriers Like X-Ray Devices: A Neurophysical Hypothesis

Objective: The blood-brain barrier is an electromagnetic mechanism on a neurophysical basis. In this study, we compared the X-Ray device, which is similar to the blood-brain barrier in many ways. &#x0D; Material and Methods: We collected brain samples from deep temporal cortex sections of ten rats, stained them via the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) technique, visualized the architectural structures of the blood-brain barriers, and compared them with X-ray devices. &#x0D; Results: With the arterioles forming the tube blood-brain barrier in the X-ray device, the anode-cathode that provides the electric current and determines the direction of the current flow corresponds to the astrocytes surrounding the anode-cathode vessel, the cooling system to the cerebrospinal fluid circulating the vessel, and the electrons emitted from the cathode to the particles flowing in the vessel. &#x0D; Conclusion: With the architecture presented by the blood-brain barrier, we envision it functioning as an X-Ray and optical reader that display objects in passenger baggage and direct them according to barcode numbers.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TROTS) registry: A study protocol for the primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis section.

There is a lack of comprehensive and uniform data on primary upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (pUEDVT). pUEDVT includes venous thoracic outlet syndrome related upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) and idiopathic UEDVT. Research on these conditions has been hampered by their rarity, lack of uniform diagnostic criteria, and heterogeneity in therapeutic strategies. To improve current research data collection using input of all various pUEDVT treating medical specialists, we initiated the ThoRacic OuTlet Syndrome (TROTS) registry. The aim of the TROTS registry is to a) collect extensive data on all pUEDVT patients through a predefined protocol, b) give insight in the long term outcome using patient reported outcome measures, c) create guidance in the diagnostic and clinical management of these conditions, and thereby d) help provide content for future research. The TROTS registry was designed as an international prospective longitudinal observational registry for data collection on pUEDVT patients. All pUEDVT patients, regardless of treatment received, can be included in the registry after informed consent is obtained. All relevant data regarding the initial presentation, diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up will be collected prospectively in an electronic case report form. In addition, a survey containing general questions, a Health-related Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), and Functional Disability questionnaire (Quick-DASH) will be sent periodically (at the time of inclusion, one and two years after inclusion, and every five years after inclusion) to the participant. The registry protocol was approved by the Medical Ethical Review Board and registered in the Netherlands Trial Register under Trial-ID NL9680. The data generated by the registry will be used for future research on pUEDVT and published in peer reviewed journals. TROTS registry data will be used to further establish the optimal management of pUEDVT and lay the foundation for future research and guidelines.

Seismic model of the Earth's crust and upper mantle beneath the Fennoscandian Shield

Well-founded concepts of the crust and upper mantle structure of the Fennoscandian Shield were developed. Quantitative evidence for horizontal and vertical lithospheric heterogeneities was obtained. Highly detailed integrated geological and geophysical investigations, supported by superdeep drilling, have been conducted in the eastern part of the shield in recent years. Seismogeological crustal models of individual geotectonic provinces were constructed, which indicate that the structure of the crystalline crust displays a pattern of blocks, arranged hierarchically, with no persistent seismic boundaries across the entire shield. Both low- and high-velocity zones, correlatable with geological bodies, occur locally. The structural plans of contours and the velocities of various deep sections were shown to be inconsistent. We conclude that the upper mantle is laterally complex and heterogeneous, and that there is no asthenosphere in the classical sense of the word.

Sedimentation from landscape clearance-induced soil erosion threatens waterhole persistence in a semi-arid river system, southern Queensland, Australia

Context In arid and semi-arid river systems, waterholes are often the only refugia for aquatic organisms during no-flow spells. Sediment accumulation in waterholes reduces their persistence. Aims To assess this threat, we surveyed the depth of, and dated, waterhole sediments from the Moonie River, a northern tributary of Australia’s largest river system, the Murray–Darling Basin. Methods Fine-sediment depth was determined in three of the deepest waterholes in 2010 and 2011 before, and after, the largest flood in over a century. The rate of sediment build up in two waterholes was also determined. Key results In the deepest sections (&gt;75th percentile depth), there was between 0.7 and 2 m of fine sediment in 2010. Following flooding, sediment depth reduced by 24–54%, with the largest proportional reductions in sediment occurring in the shallowest waterhole. However, net sediment accumulation is still 1.4–2.0 cm year−1 since the 1950s. Conclusions Sedimentation has reduced the persistence of the deepest waterholes by over 200 days, representing an up to 30% reduction. During the longest droughts known in the Moonie River, this would dry many otherwise permanent waterholes. Implications Sedimentation is a marked threat to waterhole persistence even following large floods.

Изучение сейсмической реакции грунтов при микросейсмических зондированиях плотин

The basic fundamentals of spectral analysis of horizontal and vertical components of microseismic noise for studying the geological structure of dams are presented. The issues of constructing deep sections of three dynamic parameters of microseisms are considered. The aim of the work is to study the seismic reaction of soils during microseismic sounding of hydraulic structures. The main objectives of the research include the comparison of deep sections of soil reinforcement coefficients with sections of transmission ratios and data from other geophysical methods. As a result of microseismic sounding of three hydraulic structures, it was found out that the seismic reaction of the clay core of dams differs significantly from the surrounding soils. The amplification coefficients in the bedrock and dispersed soils of the aeration zone are characterized by minimal values. For water-saturated clays, these values are 5–10 times higher, which may indicate that the main reason for the increase in the level of microseismic noise is an increase in the overall porosity and moisture of soils. It is noted that the amplification coefficients of horizontal microseisms are more noise-resistant and detailed compared to the parameters of vertical microseisms. It is stated that deep sections of dynamic microseism parameters allow us to confidently distinguish the main elements of the structure of soil dams, as well as to identify probable zones of increased filtration.