Deep River Research Articles

Maria MatiosSweet Darusya: A Tale of Two Villages

Beth Bachmann Cease University of Pittsburgh Press Beth Bachmann’s poems in this collection resound like echoes of the highly charged political and social environment that is today’s United States. Part manifesto, part residual accumulation of our national game of “telephone” that endlessly scurries across social media platforms, Cease is evocative in its descriptions, provocative in its conclusions , and as timely as the text crawl beneath your favorite talking head. Jim Barnes Sundown Explains Nothing: New and Selected Poems Stephen F. Austin State University Press Jim Barnes’s latest collection of poem represents a fascinating intersection between the importance of place, the influence of culture, and the inescapable coordinate of time in which we are all contexted. Powered by metaphors repurposed from his natural landscape and a wit made acerbic by the tenor of our times, Sundown Explains Nothing is a nutrient-dense volume that is best savored in small but powerful doses. Nota Bene fair. While there he seeks out an old artist friend, Mohammed, whom he hasn’t seen for thirty years. Mohammed is worried about one of his sons, who is in the United States trying to gain citizenship, and he asks Rubirosa to read the contents of a memory card that may offer clues about his son. The plot spirals from there. However, it’s not so much the plot that captivates as the hall-of-mirrors-like narrative allusions. Characters resemble figures from Rey Rosa’s empirical life (it’s not accidental, of course, that the protagonist is named “Rubiorosa”), and the city of Tangier takes on its own dreamlike quality. When Mohammed is introduced to us in the beginning, it’s hard not to think of him as Mohammed Mrabet. Then there is the American artist John Field, who has lived in Tangier for half his life. Field could be a caricature for Rey Rosa’s mentor and friend, Paul Bowles. The problem is that both Mrabet and Bowles make appearances in the story, further complicating possible readings of the novel. On the surface, this mash-up of the real and the imagined can be read as a game of intertextual dice-throwing, but in Rey Rosa’s narrative , it becomes a mechanism for witchcraft. Here everyone is not what they appear to be. In fact, they are all much more. The dreamlike quality of Chaos is linked to Rey Rosa’s life in the way that all fiction is linked to the life of the writer. But the danger is in the attempt to place an authoritative reading on the work, and this novel is careful not to demand that from its reader. Instead, we are left spinning in a world that both is and is not real, is and is not imagined. Rey Rosa’s true gift as a writer is to create magic from language, to create worlds that resemble the existence of numerous worlds simultaneously , in harmony and contradiction. This is perhaps most tellingly articulated by Mohammed in the very beginning of the novel when he states, “Time doesn’t exist anymore. . . . The world has gone mad.” Chaos: A Fable may not be Rey Rosa’s most accomplished work, but it’s an important tributary off the deep river that constitutes the work of a master storyteller. Andrew Martino Salisbury University Maria Matios Sweet Darusya: A Tale of Two Villages Trans. Michael M. Naydan & Olha Tytarenko. New York. Spuyten Duyvil. 2019. 224 pages. Maria Matios is an awardwinning contemporary Ukrainian author, widely known for her authentic writing style. She is currently residing in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, and has also been active on the political scene there since 2012. Her best literary work is Sweet Darusya, written in the early 2000s. Matios was born in the late 1950s in the Bukovyna WORLDLIT.ORG 91 Books in Review region, Ukraine. The region was torn, invaded, and occupied by various nations for centuries; hence its rich history. The Bukovyna region is now a part of an independent Ukraine, scattered on the luscious slopes of the eastern Carpathian Mountains—a beautiful country deeply rooted in tradition, religion, and folklore. Matios’s novel Sweet Darusya, initially published in Ukraine in 2003, has been...

Impact of a Single Spoiler on Scouring Depth Status Beneath a River Crossing Inclined Pipeline

Deep river crossing pipelines utilized to carry fluids are often placed upon the sand bed. Placement of pipe on the non-smooth bed would result in the production of some local gaps beneath the pipe. Asymmetric scouring is one of the main reasons for pipe underwater failures which are significant in pipeline management. So, in designing pipelines, knowing the interaction between pipelines and bed, and predicting the scour depth with respect to the pipe distance from the bed is significant to ensure that the pipe will finally deposit on the bed. Numerical models have been developed for predicting the balance depth of scouring beneath the pipelines. In this paper, the impact of pipe orientation on maximum scour depth beneath the pipelines is investigated. To do this, a pipe is modeled with various angles with the flow. To manage the local scouring, some spoilers are placed and modeled upon some pipes too. Also, in order to know the effects of placement of a pipe at various distances from the bed, the impact of placement of each pipe at a distance of 0.2D, 0.4D and 0.6D is investigated as well. To model the pipe with and without a spoiler, the finite element model Flow-3D is utilized and the results show good accordance with previous experimental studies and proof the current model’s precision in predicting the scour depth. Results show that in the placement of the pipe in angles not investigated before and also with the installing of a spoiler, the scour process has a reverse ratio with the distance which would result in full deposition of the pipe on the bed. The least scour depth belongs to the condition in which the pipe has a 130° angle with the side wall.

First Report on Life History Parameters of Thripsaphis ballii (Gillette) on Shoreline Sedge (Cyperaceae) in Oklahoma Wetlands

Thripsaphis ballii (Gillette) aphids were first collected on Carex hyalinolepis Steudel plants in a restored wetland along the Deep Fork River in Lincoln County, OK, in 2015. Little is known about the species. A controlled study documented selected life history parameters at 28°C. T. ballii developed through four nymphal instars before the last molt into an adult. Total nymph development averaged 10.6 days, and average duration of each instar ranged from 2.38–2.88 days with more time spent as first and fourth instars. Mean pre-reproductive period for adults was 0.9 day, while reproductive period averaged 11.2 days in which females produced an average of 19.4 nymphs. Longevity (birth to adult) averaged 22.6 days. First and second instars had five antennal segments and third instars through adults had six segments. Based on morphological measurements, second through fourth instars and adults can be discerned based on a combination of body length, number of antennal segments, and antennal length. Information from the study provides the first recorded life history parameters for the species, as well as the first documentation of its occurrence in Oklahoma.

Geomorphic History of the Beaver Creek Drainage Basin as Determined from Topographic Map Evidence: Eastern Montana and Western North Dakota, USA

The Beaver Creek drainage basin is located along the North Dakota-Montana border slightly to the south of a recognized continental ice sheet margin and immediately to the east of the deep northeast-oriented Yellowstone River valley with Beaver Creek flowing in a north and northeast direction to join the north-oriented Little Missouri River. The Beaver Creek drainage basin originates on an escarpment-surrounded upland and its erosional history was determined by analyzing detailed topographic maps aided by previously made field observations that showed coarse-grained and distinctive alluvium had been transported in an east direction across the Beaver Creek drainage basin and across what is now the deep Little Missouri River valley to sediments making up southwest North Dakota high points containing both the distinctive alluvium and Oligocene age fossils. Drainage divides surrounding the Beaver Creek drainage basin show numerous divide crossings (or notches) linking northwest-oriented Yellowstone River tributary valleys with east-oriented Beaver Creek tributary valleys and west- or northwest-oriented Beaver Creek tributary valleys with southeast- or east-oriented Little Missouri River tributary valleys and suggest the Beaver Creek valley eroded headward across a large-scale flood formed anastomosing channel complex. Buttes located just to the east of the Beaver Creek-Little Missouri River drainage divide suggest the east-oriented water removed as much as 150 meters, or more, of Beaver Creek drainage basin bedrock, and even greater amounts of bedrock from regions to the south of the Beaver Creek drainage basin. Topographic map evidence and routes traveled by the distinctive alluvium suggest a continental ice sheet blocked a large and high-level northeast-oriented river and diverted at least some of the water along the ice sheet margin with the east-oriented floodwaters being captured in a progressive sequence by headward erosion of the Little Missouri River, Beaver Creek, and Yellowstone River valleys (in that order).

The Caribbean’s Geotourism Potential and Challenges: A Focus on Two Islands in the Region

Geotourism is a relatively new concept in the tourism industry, a concept which apparently has not yet been formally embraced by Caribbean destinations. This paper, based primarily on a literature review supplemented by the first-hand knowledge of the author, who served for over a decade in the natural resource management and tourism sectors in the region, identifies some of the geotourism assets and assesses the geotourism potential of two selected Caribbean islands, namely the Commonwealth of Dominica and St. Lucia. Indications are that the islands of the region have outstanding geological formations, dormant and active volcanic zones and associated geomorphological features, and breath-taking terrestrial and marine landscapes, including deep river gorges and tall mountains, and beautiful beaches, which together constitute important geotourism assets. Currently, these resources are marketed and promoted as part of the region’s nature tourism attractions. The feasibility of incorporating geotourism as a component of this overall nature tourism thrust is explored in this paper. As a follow-up to this study a survey of tourism officials, natural resource professionals, and selected scientists of the region is proposed for the purpose of identifying the reasons and constraints preventing the Caribbean region from formally embracing geotourism, developing and promoting the geotourism resources of the region as a unique component of the overall tourism product.

Phosphorus content in a deep river sediment core as a tracer of long-term (1962–2011) anthropogenic impacts: A lesson from the Milan metropolitan area

Reconstructions of past fluvial contamination through the analysis of deep sediment cores are rarely reported in literature. We examined the phosphorus fractions in a deep (2.6 m) sediment core of the Lambro River downstream of the highly anthropized Milan metropolitan area and upstream of the Po river the main Italian watercourse. The core covered the period 1962–2011. Total phosphorus concentrations resulted typical of a strongly impacted environment (4788 mg P kg DW−1 on average) with the highest concentrations related to the 1960s (7639 mg P kg DW−1) reflecting the period of maximum demographic growth. Afterwards, phosphorus concentrations decreased thanks to the infrastructural and legislative initiatives carried out in the 1980s and the 1990s to reduce the impact of urban point sources. Subsequently, total phosphorus concentrations stabilized on values around 3000 mg P kg DW−1 and did not diminish further, even after the second phase of infrastructural interventions carried out in the second half of the 2000s. This was related to the increasing relative impact of the combined sewer overflows in the sewage system and to the strong phosphorus enrichment of the basin. Most of the phosphorus was in inorganic forms (86% of the total) that have been identified as the final target of the domestic effluent inputs. The contribution of organic phosphorus was lower but constant over the period 1962–2011. It likely originated from the agricultural areas located south of the city of Milan. In conclusion, this study underlines how past interventions have been effective in reducing urban point sources but it also highlights the current difficulties related to the growing importance of other sources influenced by the surface runoff (i.e., combined sewer overflows and agriculture). The study also emphasizes a general phosphorus enrichment of the Lambro River basin and its impact on the Po River and the Adriatic Sea.

Interpreting Topographic Map Evidence Related to Northeast Nebraska Barbed Tributaries and Drainage Routes, USA

Northeast Nebraska barbed tributaries include north-oriented streams flowing to the south-oriented Missouri River and south-oriented streams flowing to the north-oriented Missouri River tributaries. Detailed topographic maps were used to determine how these northeast Nebraska drainage routes originated. A giant south-oriented supra-glacial melt water river is interpreted to have sliced an ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon into a decaying ice sheet’s surface where eastern South Dakota’s east-facing Missouri Escarpment and west-facing Prairie Coteau escarpment are now located and to have flowed from that canyon’s mouth across northeast Nebraska while South Dakota’s north-facing Pine Ridge Escarpment is interpreted to be the south wall of a large east-oriented valley that was eroded headward across immense southeast-oriented ice-marginal melt water floods which had originally flowed across northeast Nebraska. Prior to Missouri River valley headward erosion these two different immense melt water floods created and then flowed across a low relief and low gradient northeast Nebraska topographic surface. Present day northeast Nebraska topography developed when the deep south-oriented Missouri River valley and its south-oriented tributary valleys eroded headward into this low relief and low gradient topographic surface. As the deep Missouri River valley eroded headward it beheaded shallow south-oriented flood flow channels supplying water to new and actively eroding south-oriented Missouri River tributary valleys and water on north ends of the beheaded channels reversed flow direction to move toward the much deeper Missouri River valley. Water still moving in south directions adjacent to these reversed flow channels was then captured leading to development of south-oriented tributaries to the north-oriented streams.

Back Analysis of In-Situ Stress under Complicated Geological Conditions Based On Function Superposition of Multiple Regressions

A phosphate mine area is identified in steep terrain to the mountain and deep river valley with broken rock zone and accompanied by large fracture; the in-situ stress field is very complex. In order to prevent the underground goaf instability, surface mountain collapse and riverbed fracture caused by mining activities, how to accurate analysis the in-situ stress distribution is great significance. In allusion to the back analysis of in-situ stress under complicated geological conditions, we put forward the multiple regression analysis of functions superposition that superposed many typical functions by using multiple linear regression method, it could achieve a better fit between the inversion value and the measured value, and avoided the problem of poor fitting and deviation of the single type function regression, the regression data is high relevance with the measured value and closer to the engineering practice. Based on 3Dmine-MIDAS-FLAC3D software, we established the numerical calculation model of whole mine under complex geological conditions, and performed the nonlinearly boundary stress changed with depth through stress loading procedure with the multiple function regression equation by use the fish language. Through analysis of the results of numerical simulation, the results show that the method used for calculating the initial stress field is reasonable and reliable. Besides, the methods have an important significance in engineering application and can provide a new train of thought for other regression analysis.

Deep rivers of learning

It’s all too easy for teachers to focus on building students’ knowledge and skills without paying attention to the mental habits that students need to be effective learners. Guy Claxton discusses the need for teachers to design their instruction in a way that promotes resilience, curiosity, independence, and a positive disposition toward learning.

Observations and Predictability of Gap Winds in the Salmon River Canyon of Central Idaho, USA

This work investigates gap winds in a steep, deep river canyon prone to wildland fire. The driving mechanisms and the potential for forecasting the gap winds are investigated. The onset and strength of the gap winds are found to be correlated to the formation of an along-gap pressure gradient linked to periodic development of a thermal trough in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Numerical simulations are performed using a reanalysis dataset to investigate the ability of numerical weather prediction (NWP) to simulate the observed gap wind events, including the timing and flow characteristics within the canyon. The effects of model horizontal grid spacing and terrain representation are considered. The reanalysis simulations suggest that horizontal grid spacings used in operational NWP could be sufficient for simulating the gap flow events given the regional-scale depression in which the Salmon River Canyon is situated. The strength of the events, however, is under-predicted due, at least in part, to terrain smoothing in the model. Routine NWP, however, is found to have mixed results in terms of forecasting the gap wind events, primarily due to problems in simulating the regional sea level pressure system correctly.

A novel geostatistical approach combining Euclidean and gradual-flow covariance models to estimate fecal coliform along the Haw and Deep rivers in North Carolina

Incorporating flow in the covariance function is important for geostatistical water quality estimation that accounts for hydrological transport. Very few studies have successfully incorporated flow due to various reasons including implementation difficulties. To address this critical issue, we introduce here the first implementation of a flow weighted covariance model that uses gradual flow, and we use this model in a novel hybrid Euclidean/Gradual-flow covariance model to estimate fecal coliform along the Haw and Deep rivers from 2006 to 2010. The hybrid Euclidean/Gradual-flow model results in a 12.4% reduction in estimation mean square error compared to the Euclidean model, indicating that this is the first study to successfully incorporate gradual flow and demonstrate an improvement in estimation accuracy over the purely Euclidean approach. Furthermore, results show that the Euclidean/Gradual-flow model is more accurate and easier to implement than the Euclidean/Pipe-flow model. Our assessment found that 96 river miles were detected as being impaired according to the Euclidean/Gradual-flow method, which is more than twice the 39 river miles found according to the Euclidean estimate. These results demonstrate that the Euclidean/Gradual-flow model substantially increase the sensitivity in detecting fecal impairment, which provide critical new information for watershed management and public health protection measures.

An Anonymous Christian along the Ganges?

Although not ignored, Rahner’s theology has not played a significant influence on the interdisciplinary scholarship between Catholic theology and literature, perhaps because Rahner’s thought is often considered to lack a theological aesthetics. This article encourages a reevaluation of this impression by bringing Rahner’s theology of symbol and his argument for the anonymous Christian into dialogue with the last novel of the acclaimed Japanese Catholic Shusaku Endo, Deep River (1994). Endo’s novel challenges theologians to consider Rahner’s insights in concrete, multi-cultural, and non-Christian contexts, and demonstrates the importance of thinking about Rahner’s theology of symbol in terms of narrative. At the same time, Endo’s novel prompts a reconsideration of Rahner’s controversial argument for the anonymous Christian, for Rahner’s thought and Endo’s novel present two different approaches to the issue of religious pluralism. In this dialogue between novelist and theologian, the Incarnational foundation of Rahner’s argument for the anonymous Christian emerges more clearly, a foundation that can be easily missed amidst his abstract rhetoric.

El entrelugar en la literatura latinoamericana: los casos de César Moro y José María Arguedas

No hay una identidad cultural, siempre hay identidades culturales que responden a sujetos descentrados que hablan desde diversas posiciones discursivas. El entrelugar es una categoría sustentada por Silviano Santiago con el propósito de plantear que el sujeto no habla desde un locus específico, sino desde diversos lugares. César Moro castellanizó el francés en tanto que José María Arguedas quechuizó el castellano. Sin embargo, ambos evidencian una crítica de la invasión española, cuestionamiento que se da desde diversas perspectivas. Para ello, se hará la comparación entre «Biografía peruana (muralla de seda)» de Moro y algunos pasajes de Los ríos profundos de Arguedas con el fin de plantear el papel que asume el escritor latinoamericano en una sociedad poscolonial como la peruana.

Using Map Interpretation Techniques for Relative Dating to Determine a Western North Dakota and South Dakota Drainage Basin Formation Sequence, Missouri River Drainage Basin, USA

Map interpretation techniques are used to determine the sequence in which western North and South Dakota erosion events occurred. The map interpretation techniques apply the principle of cross cutting relationships by studying asymmetric drainage divides, barbed tributaries, elbows of capture, drainage divide crossings, abandoned headcuts, and similar features on detailed topographic maps to determine the sequence in which drainage basins and valleys within those drainage basins formed. Detailed topographic maps covering western North and South Dakota show numerous closely spaced divide crossings along drainage divides separating the White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Cannonball, Heart, Knife, and Little Missouri Rivers. These divide crossings often form links between opposing northwest- and southeast-oriented tributary stream valleys and provide evidence of multiple closely spaced southeast-oriented flow channels that existed prior to formation of the deeper present day east-, northeast-, and north-oriented river valleys. Numerous barbed tributaries in the form of northwest-oriented tributaries to east- and northeast-oriented rivers (and major tributaries to the mentioned rivers) and southeast-oriented tributaries to the northeast- and north-oriented rivers (and tributaries to the mentioned rivers) suggest the deeper river (and tributary) valleys eroded headward across the southeast-oriented flow channels. Asymmetric drainage divides, barbed tributaries, abandoned headcuts, and elbows of capture demonstrate the southeast-oriented flow, which was most likely in the form of floods of ice-marginal melt water moving between the Black Hills uplift and a continental ice sheet’s southwest margin, was captured in sequence by headward erosion of the White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand, Cannonball, Heart, Knife, and Little Missouri River valleys. This erosion event sequence and its probable cause, determined from the map evidence, has major implications related to what is commonly considered to have been a much larger pre-glacial Bell River system, which included segments of each of the studied river valleys, and for all geologic and glacial history interpretations based on a Bell River system pre-glacial age interpretation.

Observations of Coherent Flow Structures Over Subaqueous High‐ and Low‐ Angle Dunes

AbstractLarge‐scale coherent flow structures (CFSs) above dunes are the dominant source of flow resistance and constitute the principal mechanism for sediment transport and mixing in sand bed river and estuarine systems. Based on laboratory observations, CFS formation has been previously linked to flow separation downstream of high‐angle dunes with lee slopes of ~30°. How CFSs form in natural, deep rivers and estuaries where dunes exhibit lower lee slopes and intermittent flow separation is not well understood. Here we present particle image velocimetry measurements from an experiment where dune lee slope was systematically varied (30°, 20°, and 10°), while other geometric and hydraulic parameters were held constant. We show that CFSs form downstream of all three dune geometries from shear layer vortices in the dune lee. The mode of CFS formation undergoes a low‐frequency oscillation with periods of intense vortex shedding interspersed with periods of rare vortex shedding. Streamwise alignment of several vortices during periods of intense shedding results in wedge‐shaped CFSs that are advected above the dune stoss side. Streamwise length scales of wedge‐shaped CFS correspond to large‐scale motions (LSMs). We hypothesize that the advection of LSM over the dune crest triggers the periods of intense shedding in the dune lee. LSMs are weaker and smaller above low‐angle dunes; however, the low‐frequency oscillation in CFS formation periods persists. The formation of smaller and weaker CFS results in a reduction of flow resistance over low‐angle dunes.

Spatial Autocorrelation, Source Water and the Distribution of Total and Viable Microbial Abundances within a Crystalline Formation to a Depth of 800 m.

Proposed radioactive waste repositories require long residence times within deep geological settings for which we have little knowledge of local or regional subsurface dynamics that could affect the transport of hazardous species over the period of radioactive decay. Given the role of microbial processes on element speciation and transport, knowledge and understanding of local microbial ecology within geological formations being considered as host formations can aid predictions for long term safety. In this relatively unexplored environment, sampling opportunities are few and opportunistic. We combined the data collected for geochemistry and microbial abundances from multiple sampling opportunities from within a proposed host formation and performed multivariate mixing and mass balance (M3) modeling, spatial analysis and generalized linear modeling to address whether recharge can explain how subsurface communities assemble within fracture water obtained from multiple saturated fractures accessed by boreholes drilled into the crystalline formation underlying the Chalk River Laboratories site (Deep River, ON, Canada). We found that three possible source waters, each of meteoric origin, explained 97% of the samples, these are: modern recharge, recharge from the period of the Laurentide ice sheet retreat (ca. ∼12000 years before present) and a putative saline source assigned as Champlain Sea (also ca. 12000 years before present). The distributed microbial abundances and geochemistry provide a conceptual model of two distinct regions within the subsurface associated with bicarbonate – used as a proxy for modern recharge – and manganese; these regions occur at depths relevant to a proposed repository within the formation. At the scale of sampling, the associated spatial autocorrelation means that abundances linked with geochemistry were not unambiguously discerned, although fine scale Moran’s eigenvector map (MEM) coefficients were correlated with the abundance data and suggest the action of localized processes possibly associated with the manganese and sulfate content of the fracture water.

Large‐bodied fish assemblage characteristics in large rivers across Ontario

AbstractLarge‐bodied fish assemblages were assessed in large rivers across Ontario. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine if there were relationships in large‐bodied fish species within rivers; (ii) determine what factors explain the variability in the abundance of large‐bodied fish within rivers across Ontario; and (iii) assessed variation in large‐bodied fish biodiversity among these river. Standardized index netting was conducted at 22 sites across 12 major rivers and sampled 3889 fish representing 26 species. Species associations were evident based on correspondence analysis. Walleye, Common White Sucker, Northern Pike and Lake Whitefish formed one group; Silver Redhorse, Shorthead Redhorse and Lake Sturgeon (adult and juvenile) formed another; Burbot, Longnose Sucker and Sauger were closely associated; and Cisco, Yellow Perch, Rock Bass, Smallmouth Bass and Brown Bullhead grouped. Canonical correspondence analysis was conducted to link species abundance patterns to environmental conditions. Walleye, Common White Sucker, Lake Whitefish and Smallmouth Bass were ubiquitous. Northern Pike abundance was negatively correlated with river discharge and longitude. Burbot, Sauger and Longnose Sucker abundance were positively correlated with deep rivers and discharge. Whereas Cisco, Yellow Perch and Rock Bass abundance were greater in wider rivers with lower discharge. Lake Sturgeon (adult and juvenile), Silver Redhorse and Shorthead Redhorse abundance were greater in narrow, longer rivers. Juvenile Lake Sturgeon abundance was positively correlated with longitude and river discharge. Mean species diversity and richness of large‐bodied fish among all sites was 1.58 (0.36 SD) and 7.7 (2.6 SD). Species diversity was not significantly related to any of the variables used in the Generalized Linear Model; however, species richness was significantly related to maximum depth. This study demonstrated subtle differences in environmental variables affecting large‐bodied fish at the landscape scale rather than those observed at the river scale.

Conservation and Population Recovery of Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) in Nepal

Abstract: The remnant populations of Gharials, Gavialis gangeticus, are now confined to the large, deep rivers of northern India and Nepal. In lowland Nepal, the populations are restricted to a few stretches of the Narayani–Rapti and Karnali–Babai river systems. Periodic censuses of the wild populations have been made over the past 12 yr. Here, we present population trends of Gharials in the Narayani, Rapti, and Babai rivers based on these surveys. The results indicate that the combined numbers of adults and subadults have been gradually increasing since 2005, but the numbers of adults are low and female biased, with very few males recorded from all study sites. In 1978, Nepal established a captive breeding center in Chitwan National Park, from which captive-bred animals have been periodically released 4–7 yr after hatching, at which time the animals are about 1.5 m total length. The detection of hatchlings and subadult classes that are smaller than these released animals in the rivers indicates that ther...

Mugilids Display Distinct Trait-Mediated Patterns with a Reinvasion of Para Grass Urochloa mutica in a Tropical Estuary

Aggressive invasions by species such as para grass Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) are pervasive throughout the tropics, but the impacts on estuarine habitats and biota are poorly understood. After weed control was reduced in a tropical estuary, U. mutica reinvaded this area composed of two contiguous habitats: a shallow pond and a deeper river. These habitats are especially important for Mugil cephalus, a culturally prized native mullet, and introduced Moolgarda engeli not targeted in the fishery. We investigated the potential impacts of U. mutica on juvenile and adult mullets by comparing the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the two mullet species and the physiochemical measurements from the two contiguous habitats during different stages of its reinvasion. Overall, negative effects on the CPUE of M. cephalus and M. engeli were found as a result of the U. mutica reinvasion. The M. cephalus CPUE was consistently higher in the shallow pond habitat compared to the deeper river habitat. It decreased after U. mutica was established, correlative to the invasive grass canopies smothering the shallow habitat favored by juveniles. The M. engeli CPUE significantly declined during the initial periods of U. mutica reinvasion, but did not decline further after the grass became established. No differences in the M. engeli CPUE between habitats were found, indicating that M. engeli are habitat generalists. These findings are among the first in an insular tropical estuary demonstrating a negative relationship between an invasive grass and relative abundances of two confamiliar fish, while revealing distinct patterns attributed to species-specific traits. Importantly, the broad overlapping biogeographic distribution of M. cephalus and U. mutica, and the negative relationship between these species, raises widespread concern for this mullet as a globally important fisheries species.

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Jembatan merupakan suatu struktur yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua bagian jalan yang terpurus oleh adanya rintangan-rintangan seperti lembah yang dalam, alur sungai, irigasi, dan pembuangan. Kualitas bangunan jembatan juga dipengaruhi oleh kecermatan dan ketetapan dalam memilih material yang sesuai.Untuk mengurangi kesalahan yang terjadi, dalam mencapai pekerjaan yang efisien dalam waktu, tenaga, maupun biaya diperlukan evaluasi pelaksanaan pekerjaan Box Culvert pada proyek Jembatan Kucing Ruas Sukodadi-Sumberwudi Kabupaten Lamongan.Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei kegiatan dan penjadwalan ulang pada proyek pembangunan jembatan kucing ruas Sukodadi Sumberwudi.Evaluasi pekerjaan meliputi perhitungan volume, perhitungan pembesian dan metode pelaksanaan pekerjaan.Urutan pekerjaan dimulai dari pekerjaan persiapan, pekerjaan tanah, pekerjaan struktur Box Culvert.Dari penelitian tersebut diketahui biaya pekerjaan struktur Box culvert sebesar Rp.345.536.000,00 (Tiga Ratus Empat Puluh Lima Juta Lima Ratus Tiga Puluh Enam Ribu Rupiah).Jangka waktu pelaksanaan selama 8 minggu.Kata Kunci : Evaluasi Pekerjaan,Jembatan Kucing, Box Culvert, Metode Pelaksanaan