Deep River Research Articles

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Bitlis Province using GIS-based AHP method

This study presents the landslide susceptibility assessment of the region by considering the landslide-susceptible hazard factors such as slope, precipitation, soil, lithology, distance to the river, land use, elevation, aspect, and distance to active faults as well as historical landslide events and population throughout the province of Bitlis. For this purpose, a GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as an effective method in multiple decision-making methods. The results showed that approximately 25% of the study area has moderate to high landslide susceptibility. Accordingly, the landslide susceptibility of the study area is high, especially in the southwest and southeast parts of the study area which have mountainous and deep river valleys, and the partially mountainous regions in the north. Compared with previous landslide records and similar susceptibility maps in the literature, the results were found to be quite successful in determining landslide susceptibility of the study area. However, risk assessment wasn’t made within the scope of the study.

Ubuntu and Female Agency: Complicating Boundaries in Bessie Head's “The Deep River: A Story of Tribal Migration”

In this article I advance that, through a consideration of ubuntu in female agency, one can read a way in which patriarchal boundaries can be complicated through mutually beneficial relationships between men and women. The patriarchal setting of Bessie Head's “The Deep River: A Story of Tribal Migration” (The Collector of Treasures and Other Botswana Village Tales. London: Heinemann, 1977) presents expectations of how men should relate to women, thus setting boundaries that create a division between the sexes. The few scholars who have examined these boundaries tend to abet this division. On the one hand this is done by applauding men who do not oppress women, thus inadvertently casting women as helpless victims. On the other hand, there are scholars who laud women's audacity in challenging patriarchal boundaries, in a manner that erases men's contribution to the effort. In this article, I intend to add nuance to the concept of female agency, thus disrupting this binary that I read in existing scholarship on women's agency in “The Deep River”.

The Deep River of Feminism

The Deep River of Feminism

Naturalising a heavily modified urban river: Initial habitat evolution in the Manzanares River (Madrid, Spain)

AbstractBetween the 1910s and 1960s, the segment of the Manzanares River in the city of Madrid was channelized to allow for intensive urban development and a series of barrages were built to maintain constant water levels and create the aesthetic of a large deep river. As part of a renaturalisation strategy for the river by the Madrid City Council, the complete opening of the barrages' hydraulic gates in spring 2016 allowed for natural physical processes to occur that, in turn, facilitated colonisation of newly‐formed habitats by vegetation and fauna. The present study evaluates the initial effects of the barrage gate openings on instream habitats through the analysis of (i) geomorphological, physico‐chemical and vegetation metrics, and (ii) hydraulic variables associated with potential preferential conditions for native fish fauna, whose populations were greatly diminished. This approach incorporates an integrative view of the multivariate nature of the fluvial ecosystem. Results show a substantial reactivation of habitat heterogeneity over a short timeframe. In addition, newly‐emerging habitat conditions, related to sediment activation, improved water quality and diversified hydraulic conditions, are promoting potential preferential habitats for native fish fauna. This study can help aquatic researchers and administrators in understanding how an urban river can evolve with a cost‐effective intervention focused on the recovery of self‐forming dynamics. This application of process‐based river restoration strategies to a heavily modified river can also lead to the improvement of its ecological potential, as required by the European Union's Water Framework Directive.

The terrain around Stirling at the Battle of Bannockburn 1314: combined scientific and documentary approaches to reconstruction. II. The ‘High Road’

ABSTRACT In this second part, we analyse from new radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms, palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies and documentary evidence for land use, the ‘high road’ to Stirling, across high ground west of the coastal plain, in the early 14th century. We identify a number of significant mis-perceptions of the landscape in the literature, and again stress the need for linked multi-proxy data sources. We re-think the obstacles imagined by some workers to have faced the advancing English to Stirling and show that few were obstacles, particularly in comparison to a path across the coastal plain. We show that the distribution of peat in basins and deep river valleys will have presented problems, however, and this may have been influential.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИНИКНЕННЯ ПАВОДКІВ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ПОКУТСЬКИХ КАРПАТ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of floods in Pokut Carpathians. It is determined that the main causes of floods are the amount and intensity of precipitation, features of geomorphology and hydrography of the study area. The peculiarities of the geomorphological structure of the territory, the differences in geomorphology between the middle and low mountain parts of Pokut Carpathians are found. The middle mountains are characterized by significant vertical and horizontal dissection of the terrain, the predominance of narrow and deep river valleys, the presence of large catchments in the upper reaches of rivers. The lowlands are represented by symmetrical ridges with wide ridges, and steep and sloping slopes, which are divided by relatively wide river valleys. Determining the steepness of Pokut Carpathian slopes, it was found that steep and very steep slopes occupy more than 18% and are located in the upper reaches of rivers, and steep slopes occupy almost half of the study area and this criterion increases the possibility of sudden floods. Analyzing the geomorphology of Pokut Carpathians, it was found that the formation and development of floods largely depend on the geomorphological features of the territory. The dependence of floods on the hydrographic features of rivers and their basins has been established. It has been found that rivers are characterized by a branched river system in the upper and middle reaches, and the lower reaches are mainly one artery, where all the water accumulates during floods. In addition to the above-mentioned, the formation and development of floods are also influenced by soils, which in mountain conditions are formed on hard geological rocks and are often poorly permeable and have a small depth of soil profile, which in turn do not absorb much moisture. As for the forest cover of the study area, it is determined that it is more than 57 %, but even such a percentage of forests in the event of a sudden and large rainfall can not contain excess water. We present the results of meteorological indicators, including rainfall and heavy rains over 15 years, at two observation points- Variatyn Hydropower and Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park Meteorological Posts. It was found that heavy floods usually occur in June-July, the amount of precipitation at the VariatynHydropower Plant is always higher than at Hutsulshchyna NNP meteorological point. After analyzing the course of intense rains over fifteen years at two observation points, it was determined that VariatynHydropost is characterized by heavy rainfall more often than Hutsulshchyna NNP’s meteorological point. According to the analysis of the data of VariatynHydropost and Hutsulshchyna NNPMeteorological Station for the period 2005-2020, 65 and 53 days were recorded, respectively, with heavy rains. It has been studied that the greatest and largest floods during the observation period in Pokut Carpathians were recorded on Cheremosh, ChornyiCheremosh, Rybnytsia, Pistynka, Liuchkarivers on July 24-28, 2008, July 7-8, 2010 and June 23, 2020.

Enhancing Disaster preparedness for effective response: A case study of Uttarakhand

Himalaya which is called "third pole of world "and" water tower of Asia " contain 13 % of world population and is a hub of vast biodiversity and is spread in eight countries of the world. The Himalayas are most disaster prone due to varying reasons and it is imperative to understand them for mitigation purpose. State’s disaster management department data shows that since 2000, at least 5,731 people have died and more than 2,000 have been injured as a result of natural disasters, usually caused by flash floods and landslides, in Uttarakhand. By being prepared, we can mitigate the impact that a disaster has on our lives and property. An efficient disaster management strategy should be prepared in Uttarakhand so that the state should have the ability to deal with unanticipated calamities. The youngest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, is inherently prone to disasters. High erosion, earthquakes, and deep river cuts make it vulnerable to these natural disasters. Rainstorms and cloud bursts also batter these mountains often. Uttarakhand is home to many pilgrims’ places. As a result, lakhs of people from all over the world visit here each year. This also puts population pressure on the region. Ignoring nature’s warning can be disastrous we have seen that in case of Uttarakhand. The evaluation of the pilgrimage route's landslide risk must be conducted by geological teams with the necessary training and expertise. This paper will try to highlights some of the problems the state of Uttarakhand facing due to disaster and also the new innovative methods used in disaster mitigation activities by the state.

Life at the borderline: Responses of Ganges river dolphins to dry‐season flow regulation of river and canal habitats by the Farakka barrage

Abstract Modification of river flows by dams and barrages has fragmented riverine habitats and threatened the survival of Indian subcontinental river dolphins. In this study, habitat use by endangered Ganges river dolphins in response to dry‐season operations (December‐March) of the Farakka barrage on the Ganga River, located about 20 km upstream of the India–Bangladesh border, was assessed. Ten surveys were conducted in: (i) the Ganga River below the barrage, where rapid changes in water levels were expected owing to barrage operations; (ii) the Farakka feeder canal with stable water levels; and (iii) the Hooghly River downstream of the canal. Dolphin distribution, water depth, fishing boat count and temperature were recorded in all surveys and the data were analysed in a dynamic occupancy modelling framework. Temporal trends in river discharge, primary productivity and fish availability were also estimated to explain river dolphin responses. Occupancy and colonization by dolphins increased in all stretches by spring/March, correlated with rising water temperature and increased fishing intensity, which was related to upstream migration of hilsa fish. In the Ganga River, dolphin occupancy in deep river pools remained stable, but resulted in increased overlap with fisheries as river flow declined. The feeder canal, with stable flows, witnessed increased colonization by dolphins, but also greater risk of bycatch in fishing nets. The canal that appeared as a hydrological refuge thus became an ‘ecological trap’. The findings highlight the need for integration of flow maintenance and fishery regulations in the monitoring and management of canals as effective refuges for riverine species. We advocate the inclusion of ecological flow criteria and fishery regulations to reduce dolphin bycatch mortality, in the context of establishing river dolphin conservation plans and transboundary water‐sharing guidelines. The revision of the India–Bangladesh water‐sharing treaty in 2026 could incorporate the above considerations.

Study on Deformation Evolution Characteristics of Reverse-Dip Rock Slope under the Influence of Rainfall

In Southwestern China, there exists deep river valleys and abundant rainfall, which leads to a large number of reverse-dip rock slopes. In order to investigate the evolution characteristics of toppling deformation of reverse-dip slope under the influence of rainfall, and a typical reverse-dip slope was taken as an engineering case. Firstly, the temporal and spatial evolution nephogram of toppling displacement under different rainfall was obtained based on the discrete surface displacement monitoring data of bank slope. Then, taking bank slope, gully buffer zone, and development degree of bank slope as development characteristics based on geological field survey, afterward, the evolution characteristics in different strong deformation zones were analyzed by superimposing the development characteristic partition and the spatial and temporal displacement nephogram. The results showed that the horizontal displacement mainly occurred on the right front and middle rear of the bank slope while large vertical displacement occurred on the middle of the bank slope under the influence of rainfall. As the rainfall increased to the maximum, the toppling deformation reached the peak, and vertical displacement was more sensitive to the rainfall than horizontal displacement. After the superposition, the largest strong deformation zone was located in the middle and rear part of the bank slope, which is characterized by medium and high slope and mature stage and 50 m gully buffer zone. This paper explores the deformation and failure process of reverse-dip rock slope considering the change of rainfall through real displacement monitoring data and focuses on the real deformation evolution law of each characteristic zone combined with different development characteristics partition.

As the Deep River Rises

Abstract The present essay seeks to offer a conceptual framework for grappling with climate change from within the sources of Jewish law (halakhah), a discourse rooted in the Hebrew Bible but developed in the rabbinic literature of Late Antiquity and then in medieval and modern codes and commentaries. Halakhah reflects deeply-held intellectual, theological, ontological, and sociological values. As a modus vivendi, rabbinic law—variously interpreted by Jews of different stripes—remains a vital force that shapes the life of contemporary practitioners. We are interested in how a variety of contemporary scholars, theologians, and activists might use the full range of rabbinic legal sources—and their philosophical, jurisprudential, and moral values—to construct an alternative environmental ethic founded in a worldview rooted in obligation and a matrix of kinship relationships. Our essay is thus an exercise in decolonizing knowledge by moving beyond the search for environmental keywords or ready analogies to contemporary western discourse. We join the voices of recent scholars who have sought to revise regnant assumptions about how religious traditions should be read and interpreted with an eye to formulating constructive ethics.

Hydrometeorology and hydrology of flooding in Cape Fear River basin during Hurricane Florence in 2018

Hurricanes are the major flood generating mechanism dominating the upper tail of the peak discharge distribution over the Cape Fear River Basin (CFRB). In 2018, Hurricane Florence swamped CFRB as the ninth-most-destructive hurricane ever hit the United States and set new records of peak discharges over the main river channel and three out of five of its major tributaries. In this study, we examined the hydrometeorology and hydrology of this flood via combined observation and numerical experiment analyses. Our results suggest that the slow-motion in combination to the “L-shaped” path was the most distinctive feature of the hurricane that incurred catastrophic and widespread rainfall and flooding over CFRB. The total rainfall from the storm played a controlling role in the magnitude and spatial distribution of the flood peaks at basin scale. Above that, the spatial heterogeneities of rainfall distribution and hydrologic characteristics was responsible for the distinctive flood responses within the basin. The bi-peak shape of the flood hydrograph for the Deep River was due to the combined effects of rainfall distribution, land cover, and topographic gradient. The exceptional unit peak discharge over the Black River basin was associated with its drainage network structure, topographic gradient and rainfall distribution. The floodplain downstream of the Cape Fear River temporarily stored flood water and attenuated both the riverine floods from upstream and the compound flood over the coastal area. Furthermore, numerical analyses found that re-infiltration accounted for 76% of the total infiltration on average. Re-infiltration was superior to local infiltration over CFRB during Hurricane Florence.

Howard Thurman and the Roots of a Black Mystical Aesthetic

Mystic and philosopher of religion Howard W. Thurman interrogates the meaning of religious experience throughout the 20th century. His book Deep River and the Negro Speaks of Life and Death (Thurman, 1975) reveals that to understand Black mystical experience is to consider the song tradition of the enslaved. In his research he finds, what I call, a Black mystical aesthetic. He extends this Black mystical aesthetic to understand and narrate his own experiences with mysticism. This essay explores more fully the roots of this mystical ethical orientation and its moral, aesthetic, and democratic tendencies. Thurman's Black mystical aesthetic was mediated out of ordinary experience to limn suffering in order to rehumanize it.

Speaking of Rivers: Spirituals, Poetry, and Relationality

Abstract Rivers and other bodies of water evoke freedom. In Black music the theme of the river continuously returns: from Nile by Beyoncé and Kendrick, which connects the river to liberation, to Sam Cooke's proclamation “I was born by the river.” Gospel tunes such as “Jordan River” and “Down by the Riverside,” together with Negro spirituals such as “Deep River,” “Roll Jordan Roll,” “Wade in the Water,” and “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” all make clear that the journey of freedom is through the river. “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” by Langston Hughes riffs on Negro spirituals in terms of subject matter and mood, enabling a sensuous way of knowing freedom and liberation. Repetition and variations on key phrases are used to transform the mood throughout the poem, bringing the past, present, and future into conversation. Drawing on the spirituals, Hughes constructs mood, scene, and feeling that recognize the historical importance of the river while transcending the catastrophe of that history of enslavement, redefining the river and rendering a foretelling of liberation. Arguing for the relational and futuristic character of this poem, this article analyses how music allows Hughes to transgress and reexist beyond coloniality and to express a continuous reach for liberation.

The Sedimentary Facies and Evolution Characteristics of the Middle and Deep Strata in the Nanpu No. 3 Structural Area

In this study, due to the inconsistencies in the understanding of the sedimentary types in the second section of the Dongying Formation (Ed2) and the third section of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the middle and deep strata of Nanpu No. 3 structural area, the depositional characteristics of the deep braided river delta, fan delta, deep-water slump turbidite fan, and coastal and shallow lake in the Nanpu No. 3 structural area were examined in-depth. The investigations were begun based on the descriptions and observations of core samples obtained from eight cored wells in the study area, in combination with seismic, well logging, and rock ore data. The results revealed that the sources of the material in the study area originated from the Shaleitian salient in the southwest direction. It was determined that the fan deltas and the shallow lake sedimentary system had developed during the SQ1 sequence and SQ2 sequence periods. The braided river deltas and the shallow lake and turbidite sedimentary system with multi-stage superposition had developed during the SQ3 to SQ7 sequence periods, and their distribution range had been controlled by the structural background of the gentle slope zone of the lake basin. On that basis, a sequence deposition filling model controlled by a slope break zone in the middle and deep strata of the Nanpu No. 3 structural area was established in this study starting from the typical seismic profile, in which such factors as the tectonic activity characteristics, lake basin boundary shape, water depths, and so on, were comprehensively considered. The goal of this research investigation was to provide beneficial information for oil and gas explorations in similar areas.

A Study on Shusaku Endo’s Deep River：from The Perspectives of Postcolonialism and Mobility

Shusaku Endo’s last novel Deep River is regarded as the culmination of his Christian literature. Through a close reading of the text, Shusaku’s profound retrospection on border crossing and Postcolonialism can be found in this work. This study intends to explore a series Postcolonial issues such as war and violence, empire and colonies, hierarchy and subaltern by examining the protagonist Numata’s experience in the colonial city Dalian and his thinking about the relationship between human and animals, Kiguchi’s experience in Burma campaign and his return from the battlefield, the spatial significance of India as the place where the event of Indira Priyadarshini Ghandi’s assassination happened and Otsu’s “exile” from the Christian world, etc.

Geochemical characteristics control potential microbial activity in exposed Late Quaternary alluvial deposits

Different stratigraphic sequences of Late Quaternary sediments present in a vertically exposed 29 m deep river cliff were used as a model system to understand geochemical relationships with potential microbial activity in semiarid alluvial sediments. Microbial activities involved in carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) cycling were measured by dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and microbial respiration activities. We did not observe patterns in microbial activities that could be explained by sample depth. An extensive analysis of the physical and geochemical characteristics of exposed sediments was conducted along with multivariate statistical analysis to determine the influence of geochemical variables on potential microbial activity. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) together with Pearson correlation analysis indicated that sediment organic carbon, moisture content, palynofacies components (acid-resistant particulate organic matter) such as fungal spores, brown carbon, structured carbon, and concentrations of Al2O3, FeO, MgO, MnO, and Zr were associated significantly with microbial activities in river cliff sediment deposits. These findings highlight drivers of microbial activity with consequences for C and P biogeochemical cycles in semiarid alluvial soils/sediments of river floodplains.

Estimation of suspended matter concentration in manwan reservoir, lancang river using remotely sensed small satellite constellation for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting (HJ-1A/1B), charge coupled device (CCD) data

ABSTRACT The estimation of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration is crucial in monitoring, evaluating, and protecting water quality. Many empirical and semi-analytical models have been established for clear or extremely turbid water bodies; however, only a few are applicable to inland, extremely turbulent deep rivers. Using in situ data from the water of the Manwan reservoir, we developed a robust algorithm to estimate the TSM concentration in the Manwan reservoir, with a root mean square error (RMSE) ≤ 4.43 mg L−1 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 23.2%, indicating the feasibility of the empirical model for estimating TSM. The empirical model was then applied to 251 Small Satellite Constellation for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting loaded with the Charge Coupled Device (HJ-CCD) images to derive TSM distribution maps from 2009 to 2018. The estimated TSM concentrations exhibited significant spatial and seasonal changes, revealing relationships among TSM, wind speed, and precipitation. The spatial heterogeneity was significantly higher downstream than upstream in the reservoir due to watershed inputs and anthropogenic dredging activity. The temporal heterogeneity of TSM, significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, was mainly caused by seasonal rainfall. Our study shows that the empirical model for HJ-CCD images can be used to quantitatively monitor the TSM in inland rivers.

A Historical Earthquake-Induced Landslide Damming Event at the Qiaojia Reach of the Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau: Implication for the Seismic Hazard of the Xiaojiang Fault

In bedrock mountainous areas where active faults and deep river valleys interact, earthquake-induced landslides can be used to explore local seismic hazards. The intersection of the highly active Xiaojiang Fault and the Jinsha River and its main tributaries in southwest China is a site of abundant earthquake-induced landslides. We found some boulders inappropriately scattered on the east bank of the Qiaojia reach of the Jinsha River, where the Qiaojia Segment of the Xiaojiang Fault passes through. We investigated the lithology and topography nearby and confirmed its source area, as well as the existence of a landslide damming event in the field. A high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images was used to analyze its characteristics and calculate its parameters. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and 14C dating methods on the related dammed lake sand shows the age of the landslide, which is not later than 878 AD. The characteristics of large size with limited depositional extent, spatial relevance between the landslide and Xiaojiang Fault, and temporal-coincidence of the landslide with 624 AD earthquake support the seismic origin of this landslide. Moreover, the 624 AD earthquake was reanalyzed for its magnitude and macro-epicenter based on the coseismic displacement of the Heishui River floodplain. It was calculated to be Mw7.7 or Ms7.9 and relocated to the Qiaojia area. No M ≥ 7 earthquakes have occurred on the Qiaojia Segment for nearly 1,400 years since 624 AD. The elapsed time is close to the average recurrence interval of large earthquakes on the Qiaojia Segment. Therefore, the seismic hazard of the Qiaojia area should be considered in the future.

The optical river bathymetry toolkit

AbstractSpatially distributed information on water depth is essential for many applications in river research and management and, under certain circumstances, can be inferred from remotely sensed data. Although fluvial remote sensing has emerged as a rapidly developing subdiscipline of the riverine sciences, more widespread adoption of these techniques has been hindered by a lack of accessible software. The Optical River Bathymetry Toolkit (ORByT) fills this void by providing a standalone package for mapping water depth from passive optical image data. The ORByT interface enables end users to import images and field‐based depth measurements, create and refine water masks, and perform spectrally based depth retrieval via an Optimal Band Ratio Analysis algorithm. The resulting bathymetric map can be exported as an image file, point cloud, and/or cross section; a thorough accuracy assessment also is incorporated into the workflow. In addition, image‐derived depth estimates can be subtracted from water surface elevations to obtain bed elevations suitable for input to a hydrodynamic model. Potential users of ORByT must bear in mind the inherent limitations of passive optical remote sensing: reliable bathymetry can only be inferred in clear‐flowing, shallow streams; this approach is not appropriate for more turbid, deeper rivers.

Study of Near Field Performance of Multi-ports Diffuser in Relatively Deep Rivers.(Dept.C)

In this paper an experimental study is presented for the problem of the thermal power stations, which is discharging the hot water into relatively deep rivers. The receiving water of the river is said to be deep when the jet is free to mix due to entrainment and buoyancy and is not constrained by neither the river bed nor the water surface (6), which increases the temperature dilution. The water depth (H) is constant during the experiments. The main objective of this paper is to develop a new general equation which can be used in designing the multi-ports diffuser of the thermal power plant discharging hot water into relatively deep rivers. Also, the rapid dilution and minimizing of the mixing zone length of the hot water 10 reduce the environmental effects are considered. In this paper, the effects of the different parameters related to both the out-fall structure and the river characteristics on the rapid dilution of the hot water concentration (Cm/Co) are considered. These parameters are, the effluent/ambient velocity ratio (V/U), the number of ports (n), the spacing between the ports with respect to its diameter (s/D). the vertical angle of ports in combination with the ratio of its height to the flow depth (θh/H), and the horizontal angle between the diffuser line and the flow direction (β). The analysis of the experimental results shows that the relative thermal concentration ( Cm/Co ) is directly proportional to V/U, n, θh/Hand β. while it is inversely proportional to SD. Also, it is found that the maximum value of Cm/Co occurs when the diffuser is aligned parallel to the direction of flow. A general equation between the relative thermal concentration (Cm/Co) and the aforementioned parameters is developed. The comparative study between the experimental results, which is carried out by Mowed [7], and the corresponding results by applying the developed equation, illustrates that there is a good compatibility between the two results.