Deep River Research Articles

Depth Mapping in Turbid and Deep Waters Using AVIRIS‐NG Imagery: A Study in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA

AbstractRemote sensing has been widely applied to investigate fluvial processes, but depth retrievals face significant constraints in deep and turbid conditions. This study evaluates the potential for depth retrievals under such challenging conditions using NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer‐Next Generation (AVIRIS‐NG) imagery. We employ interpretable machine learning to construct a hyperspectral regressor for water depth and explore the spectral characteristics of deep and turbid waters in Wax Lake Delta (WLD), Louisiana, USA. The reflectance spectra of WLD show minor effects from depth differences due to turbidity. Nevertheless, a Random Forest with Recursive Feature Elimination (RF‐RFE) effectively generalizes high and low turbidity cases in a single model, achieving a of . Moreover, this model shows a maximum detectable depth of approximately 30 m, outperforming other methods. A spectral analysis using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) points out the importance of learning various spectral bands and non‐linear relationships between depth and reflectance. Specifically, the short blue and Near‐InfraRed (NIR) bands, with high attenuation coefficients, play a crucial role. This finding highlights attenuation as the key process for deep‐depth retrievals. The depth maps of WLD produced by this model accurately capture the spatial distribution of deep river and shallow delta regions. However, the high dependency on short blue and NIR bands leads to discontinuous areas due to the noise sensitivity of these bands. This result highlights a drawback of remote sensing using empirical models. Future research will focus on correcting such discontinuities by integrating data from multiple remote sensing sources.

"Deep River Did It": Fuenteovejuna , Harlem Suitcase Theater, and the Performative Potential of Archival Marginalia

"Deep River Did It": Fuenteovejuna , Harlem Suitcase Theater, and the Performative Potential of Archival Marginalia

Formation of the Great Bend and Enhanced Quaternary Incision of the Upper Yangtze River: New Insights from Low-Temperature Thermochronology and Tributary Morphology

Abstract The occurrence of a sharp turn along the upper course of the Yangtze River is referred to as the “Great Bend” and represents a large-scale drainage reorganization in response to the surface rise of the Tibetan Plateau. However, the timing and mechanism of the formation of the Great Bend remain disputed. In this paper, we report new (U–Th)/He and apatite fission track thermochronological data from the deep river valley in the Great Bend area of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Compared with the adjacent Jianchuan Basin, two phases of younger rapid cooling for the Great Bend area are identified based on thermal-history modeling, namely, Miocene (ca. 17 to 11–8 Ma) and Quaternary, with the former phase being contemporaneous with the formation of the anticline in the Tiger Leaping Gorge. Progressive increases in the normalized channel steepness (ksn) and the degree of river-valley incision with increasing distance downstream for tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Tiger Leaping Gorge indicate that river rerouting and formation of the Great Bend occurred during the Miocene. Samples located at the bottom of the Tiger Leaping Gorge also reveal a phase of rapid cooling since ca. 1.9 Ma, with an exhumation rate of 1.5 ± 0.2 mm/year. We hypothesize that enhanced Quaternary exhumation in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau occurred mainly within the narrow region between the Sichuan Basin and the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, corresponding to an episode of widespread extensional deformation superimposed above middle- to upper-crustal flexure in this region.

Controls on the Leeside Angle of Dunes in Shallow Unidirectional Flows

AbstractDunes are ubiquitous features in alluvial channels, serve as major agents of sediment transport and contribute significantly to flow resistance. Research in the past decade has illustrated the complexity of dune geometry and widespread occurrence of dunes that have a low leeside angle. However, there is a debate concerning the occurrence of such dunes and their formative processes. This paper seeks to further our understanding of low‐angle dunes by utilizing data from a robust set of shallow flow laboratory experiments detailing equilibrium bedform morphology across a range of sediment transport conditions. Analysis of bedform morphology demonstrates that dunes with low‐angle leesides are generated in shallow laboratory flows and are not restricted to deep rivers. Of the possible processes that have been proposed to explain the formation of low‐angle dunes, this finding unequivocally shows that liquefied leeside avalanches, which rely on deep flows for their generation, are not a controlling mechanism. In addition, dunes formed under suspension‐dominated conditions possess lower leeside angles compared with those formed under bedload‐dominated conditions. However, where bedload transport dominates and sediment suspension is likely of lesser importance, low‐angle dunes are still present, and preliminary analysis shows that bedform superimposition can result in lowering of the dune leeside angle. Low and intermediate angle dunes formed under these various conditions also have a lower potential for large‐scale, permanent, leeside flow separation compared with angle‐of‐repose dunes, confirming the need to account for these differences in predictions of flow resistance associated with dune form roughness.

Quantifying the contribution of external thermal energy and internal hydrodynamic processes to the water temperature of river-valley reservoirs

Hydropower plants utilize hydroelectric energy while also impacting the hydrodynamic and hydrothermal processes within river. To comprehend and address the environmental and ecological impacts of hydropower plants, it is crucial to quantify these processes. The study synthesizes methods for calculating reservoir heat transport and Richardson numbers, presenting a comprehensive framework for understanding the interaction of heat transport and hydrodynamic processes in reservoirs based on EFDC model simulations. It quantifies the external thermal and internal hydrodynamic effects on the water temperature evolution of a deep valley reservoir, using the Jinsha River Xiluodu Reservoir as a case study. Multi-interface heat transport calculations indicate that the Deep River Valley Reservoir is a hydrothermal body dominated by inflow and outflow. During the water temperature stratification period, the reservoir water temperature increases by 0.015 °C/day due to surface heat fluxes, incorporating hydraulic residence time, while the reservoir water temperature increases by 0.06 °C/day due to inflow heat fluxes. Furthermore, this study analyses the interrelationships between reservoir buoyancy and shear stress based on the gradient Richardson number, revealing the interaction between hydrodynamic and water temperature processes. This study not only provides a framework for understanding reservoir thermodynamics but also provides a theoretical basis for effective reservoir management and ecosystem assessment.

Toward Understanding a Black Spiritual Left: the Spirituality of Howard Thurman and the Black Lives Matter Movement

Careful readers of the theologian, mystic, and minister, Howard Thurman, have noted that his work grappled with the major social issues of his day—namely racism, sexism, economic inequality, and other forms of oppression. Indeed, in works such as Jesus and the Disinherited (1949), Luminous Darkness (1965), and Deep River and The Negro Speaks of Life and Death (1975), Thurman pushed readers to engage oppression—particularly racial oppression—as an issue that people of faith needed to engage. Though Thurman’s more popular book-length works have gained attention from religious scholars, his essays “Mysticism and Social Change” (1939)—found in Volume two of the Howard Thurman Papers—and “Mysticism and the Experience of Love” (1961) expose how Thurman’s mysticism could be used as a tool in the fight against oppression.

Darien Gap Forested Jungles and Waterways (APDDGFJW) of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in the Post-COVID 19 of the 21st Century

This paper deals with the identification of the Darien Gap as the main channel of continuous clandestine, illegal, undocumented and irregular migratory pathways of African Youths which caught our attention in the post-COVID 19 of the 21st Century with gross ambitions to get richer faster through the slogan of greener pastures with the majority giving off their lives ignorantly and embarrassingly to tilapias of the Mexican deep rivers in an attempt to cross to North American countries of United States and Canada. The end results was the untimely psychological tortures of their parents and sporadic internal crises of blaming even those who never contributed to such unwanted illegal movements but raising voices to educate on the dangers of un official migration both internally or externally. In fact the majority of the youths having such ambitions of illegal crossing of the Darien Gap are totally ignorant of the nature of the route which has been above the imagination of top ranking Engineers to open it to be more possible for vehicles to use. The hilly, mountainous, muddy, swampy, smugglers, kidnapping, ripping and all sorts of trafficking are characteristics of the Darien Gap which none of the agent involve in such illegal route can account to their victims. It is just certain that any of such irregular extra-continental travelling without passing through official diplomatic services which moderate bilateral relations can only be termed as above. It is also our findings that the clandestine pathway routes those using are passing is characterized with wild animals, dangerous human criminals of trafficking, bandits, muddy, dense forested, not motorable as even top engineers have not been able to successfully mapped out a good road that can be constructed with the Darien deadly jungle. Our inspirations were drawn from lecturing of Post-Graduate students on the question of International Migration and Black Diasporas around the World during which most of them were ......

Drones in fish fauna assessment of rivers

The purpose of the study was to develop the method of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to map fish fauna habitats in a large lowland river. The intention was to acquire and process spatial data to implement it in the Mesohabitat Simulation system (MesoHABSIM).At three different water levels, remote sensing data was acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles on the lower Vistula River section. In parallel, depths and velocities of flowing water were measured. Orthophotomosaics were created from the collected images, overlaid with depth and velocity observations to identify hydromorphological units. Maps of fish fauna habitats under different water levels were obtained. The application of the developed procedure algorithm proved successful in habitat mapping studies on a large, deep river with opaque water. The significance of using orthophotomosaics presenting the river under well-defined flow conditions was proven to achieve high accuracy in mapping habitat conditions and reduce errors in habitat usability analyses by fish community.The superiority of using unmanned aerial vehicles over other methods of collecting data on river habitats and depth and velocity measurements using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) method in large rivers with non-clarity water was confirmed. In addition, it was pointed out that drones provide high-resolution images under well-defined flow conditions, which are impossible to obtain using available cartographic materials. The validity of using the incomparably cheaper ADCP technology relative to laser technology, whose application in rivers with opaque water is very complicated, was also confirmed.

A Horizontal Distribution Model of Static Ice Cover Generated by Static and Dynamic Water Considering the Heat Transfer of Riverbanks

The thermal factor is the main reason for winter ice cover with a low Froude number flow, and the heat transfer to narrow and deep river banks accelerates ice cover formation and ice thickness change. The freezing of water flow to freezing thickening is a nonisothermal-flow phase transition process coupled with the water flow temperature, environment and riverbank. Here, the Nusselt number and viscous dissipation are used to consider the flow velocity influence on icing, and a thermodynamic model of static ice cover horizontal distribution considering riverbed heat transfer is established. The initial ice time, freezing time and static ice cover thickness formed by static and dynamic water calculated by the model were consistent with measured data. The model reflects the horizontal growth process of the static ice cover, which was significant for narrow and deep channels. The horizontal distribution of the static ice cover was thin in the center and thick on both sides. The maximum horizontal thickness difference of −20 °C indoor freezing for 24 h reached 15% of the central ice thickness. Compared with the degree-day method for calculating ice thickness, the numerical model and dimensionless formula better reflect the growth law and horizontal distribution characteristics of static ice cover and provide a theoretical basis for safe water conveyance under ice cover in winter and ice cover formation in reservoirs and lakes in cold regions.

Incision history of the Mekong River valley revealed by spatially differential exhumation

The evolution of the Mekong River valley offers a unique record of the rock uplift and climate history of southeastern Tibet. Faster erosion rates along the valley than those on the flanks caused valley incision and local incision rates may reflect a mix of driving mechanisms, migrating knickpoints linked to a change in base level, and large-scale surface uplift. The thermochronometric-constrained erosion rates in the 2–3 km deep river channel compared to rates outside of the channels provide unique constraints on the driving mechanisms of the river incision. In particular, the onset of river incision at various points along the Mekong River helps identify whether exhumation signals are the result of knickpoint migration that would generate a younger incision upstream, or the outgrowth of the plateau, which would produce younger incision downstream. We analyze new and published apatite (UTh)/He ages collected along two elevation transects in the upper Mekong River: downstream at Tu'Er and upstream at Deqin. The data and thermokinematic modeling predict that the exhumation rates of the valley near Tu'Er and Deqin increased more rapidly than those of adjacent high-elevation, low-relief surfaces at ~11 Ma and ~ 4 Ma, respectively. Since then, exhumation variations have caused an increase of >2 km in the depth of the valley, indicating that the major incision of the Mekong River valley began at ~11 Ma near Tu'Er and approximately 4 Ma near Deqin. The results indicate that a major phase of the Mekong River valley incision may have developed and progressed upstream since the Miocene.

The spiritual journey to becoming a history-keeper of South African liberation movements

ABSTRACTThe editors of this collection reflect on the ways that studying the anti-apartheid liberation movement is a consciousness raising process. We consider the cosmological, spiritual, and affective impact of tarrying with liberation histories. From Vincent Harding’s (1981) conceptualisation of a ‘deep river’ and Cedric J. Robinson’s (1983) notion of a ‘Black Radical Tradition’ to the ‘endarkened feminist storytelling’ offered by Cynthia Dillard in 2000 and 2012 and elaborated upon by Venus Evans-Winters and Bettina Love (2015) and S.R. Toliver (2021), there are a set of devotional and spiritual practices associated with being hailed by and becoming a carrier of the historical memory of the anti-apartheid liberation movement. Contributing authors reflect on the pivotal personal life experiences, and definitive exile journeys, that shaped their families and communities. These early, formative, and mostly non-organisation-based consciousness-raising experiences have been understudied in the historiography of the anti-apartheid liberation movement. Nevertheless, these are vital pathways to internationalism, as a set of contemporary research practices, movement and organisation strategies, and political identities. Our goal has been to make sacred ways of being salient in the historical research on the anti-apartheid liberation movement.

Dynamic process of a high-level landslide blocking river event in a deep valley area based on FDEM-SPH coupling approach

This study used a three-dimensional model based on the finite-discrete element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FDEM-SPH) coupling approach to reconstruct the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide that blocked the Jinsha river. The numerical model simulated the dynamic process of the landslide by FDEM, while the SPH simulated the behavior of the river water. The landslide deposit area and the water-eroded area in the FDEM-SPH simulation agree well with the results of the field investigation. According to the simulation, the main duration of the Baige landslide was 80 s. The peak average speed of the landslide was 34.4 m/s, while the local speed of the sliding mass reached a maximum velocity of 70 m/s. The tensile effect and the shear effect caused isotropic dispersive stress which caused the dynamic and violent fragmentation of the landslide. The model also simulated the variation of kinetic energy, the accumulated friction dissipation, and the fracture energy of the sliding mass with time. After the sliding mass ran into the river, the landslide triggered a wave, which rapidly dispersed due to the subsequent mass movement. The front part of the sliding mass pushed some of the river water to the opposite bank where the wave reached a height of 120 m. The results of the FDEM-SPH model, the particle flow code (PFC) model, and the depth-integrated shallow-water flow (DISWF) model are compared and analyzed concerning studying landslides that block rivers. Three types of evolution mechanisms of high-level flow-like landslide-induced waves in deep river valleys are proposed in this paper.

Landscape in Middle English Romance: The Medieval Imagination and the Natural World

Landscape in Middle English Romance: The Medieval Imagination and the Natural World

Editors' Page

Editors' Page Stephanie G'schwind and Donald Revell Whatever plans you think you got, you better get some others." An ominous bit of advice given, in Brendan McKennedy's "Deep River," to a young woman struggling to make a meaningful life as a millhand in 1920s North Carolina, it might well be the motto for the last three years, when we've had to pivot, accommodate, reimagine, reconfigure. It certainly rings true for the characters in this issue's fiction, who find themselves having to make all manner of unforeseen adjustments. In Joanna Pearson's "The Favor," a couple become the hosts to an unexpected houseguest at a time when they are questioning the boundaries of what makes a family. The narrator of Deepa Varadarajan's "How to Give a Best Man Toast" wrestles with the shifting of attachments as his beloved older brother gets married. And in Naihobe Gonzalez's "Southern Cemetery," a young woman spontaneously spends an evening with a new friend, exploring the risky space between safety and uncertainty, confronting her relationship to fear. Shifting focus, the essays here are concerned with the spaces we inhabit—and how they shape us. "First you live in a house, and then it lives in you," writes Emily Winakur in "Who Lives in That House," an essay that explores, among other things, the relationship of place to memory. Jonathan Gleason's braided essay "Proxemics" is a meditation on architecture, spatial relationships, family, penitence, and forgiveness. And in "The Other Erica," Erica Goss contemplates the multigenerational impact of her grandmother's death, leading her to search for the house in Germany where her mother and grandmother endured the Second World War, seeking clues about her mother's, grandmother's, and, ultimately, her own identity. Whatever space you find yourself in, whatever plans you have, I hope you can make room and time for the stories, essays, and poems we've gathered for you in these pages. Welcome to the spring issue. [End Page 1] ________ Given the turbulent mundanity of our day—its diminished expectations and dire prospects—it is time, surely, to take a lesson from springtime itself and to venture all upon a reckless moment of beauty. When it comes to beauty, I'm with Cocteau: "a little too much is just enough for me." Call it, as Emma De Lisle does, "some helpless faith of my flesh," but I cannot help but choose the apple blossom over the killing frost, the bear cub over the melting ice cap, no matter what the odds. The question, then, becomes just how and when to improve those odds in beauty's favor. Our poets rise amply to the question. Wisely, Rachel Abramowitz advises, "If you see a saint, speak to it," i.e., engage with transcendence wherever it appears, then ask for directions. Angela Ball suggests, with just the right touch of metaphysical insouciance, that we explore "the space between / two swans," there, perhaps, to discover the grace that moves all graciousness. It's worth a try, and in the trying we may delight to find what James Davis May calls (and calls for) "not just beauty, then, but its excess." When I was young, the phrase "too much" was an earnest form of praise. In our more-than-praiseworthy gathering of poets, may you find ample and adequate excess. [End Page 2] Copyright © 2023 Center for Literary Publishing

Deep River

A pregnant millhand in 1920s North Carolina visits the riverbank described in a famous murder ballad, as she struggles to decide whether she should have an abortion.

Uncertainty Analysis and Quantification in Flood Insurance Rate Maps Using Bayesian Model Averaging and Hierarchical BMA

Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) managed by FEMA have been providing ongoing flood information to most communities in the United States over the past half-century. However, the uncertainty associated with the modeling of FIRMs, some of which are created by using a single Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) one-dimensional (1D) steady-flow model, may have adverse effects on the reliability of flood stage and inundation extent predictions. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the uncertainty in the modeling process of FIRMs is necessary. Bayesian model averaging (BMA), which is a statistical approach that can combine estimations from multiple models and produce reliable probabilistic predictions, was applied to evaluating the uncertainty associated with FIRMs. In this study, both the BMA and hierarchical BMA (HBMA) approaches were used to quantify the uncertainty within the detailed FEMA models of the Deep River and the Saint Marys River in the state of Indiana based on water stage predictions from 150 HEC-RAS 1D unsteady-flow model configurations that incorporate four uncertainty sources including bridges, channel roughness, floodplain roughness, and upstream flow input. Given the ensemble predictions and the observed water stage data in the training period, the BMA weight and the variance for each model member were obtained, and then the BMA prediction ability was validated for the observed data from the later period. The results indicate that the BMA prediction is more robust than both the original FEMA model and the ensemble mean. Furthermore, the HBMA framework explicitly shows the propagation of various uncertainty sources, and both the channel roughness and the upstream flow input have a larger impact on prediction variance than bridges. Hence, it provides insights for modelers into the relative impact of individual uncertainty sources in the flood modeling process. The results show that the probabilistic flood maps developed based on the BMA analysis could provide more reliable predictions than the deterministic FIRMs.

Remnants of the “Grande Savane?” Insights from Soil Organic Matter at Two Sites in the Deep River Triassic Basin of North Carolina

Narrative accounts and floristics suggest a broader historical distribution of Piedmont upland savannas and woodlands with a prairie-affinity flora than today, although dates of emergence, spatiotemporal extent, and historical dynamics remain unclear. To help address the question whether remnant prairie-affinity patches in the state represent at least historical, if not ancient, grasslands, we analyzed stable carbon isotopes from soil organic matter from two well-known localities hosting prairie-affinity heliophytes, both within the boundaries of historically mapped “Grande Savane”. Soil cores for δ13Corg analysis and radiocarbon dating were collected from five sites, hosting different present-day plant communities and spanning three soil orders. Recovered δ13Corg values suggest historical grasslands, likely savanna-type with some fluctuations in cover, were present at both localities essentially continuously over the past 2000 years until the more recent canopy closure over the past century. These findings are consistent with historical narrative accounts, although significant additional sampling is needed to determine its spatiotemporal extent. While the general trend at our localities transitions from open to closed systems, pronounced fluctuations are apparent in all profiles, particularly between 1254–1468 CE. Precipitation does not appear predominantly responsible, but available climatic reconstructions are from an adjacent basin. The timing of the pronounced vegetation class fluctuations is intriguingly coincidental to the timing of Siouan occupancy and intertribal movements, suggesting a need for more vigorous interdisciplinary investigations.

Endo Šusaku - pisac inkulturacije

Endo Shusaku's oeuvre is a fascinating literary attempt at reconciliation of (Western) Christianity and Japanese culture. As a Christian and a Japanese, Endo was a living embodiment of this religious and cultural struggle, but he was also a writer and thus in a fitting position to express the agonies of identity crisis that he and his Christian compatriots had to endure for centuries. Endo was, in other words, interested in the mission process known as inculturation, which signifies specific ways in which Christianity becomes a natural part of any given culture. The success of this process depends on the identification of the most important causes of conflict between Christianity and culture, while the solutions usually tend to produce something new. In most cases of successful inculturation, new images of Christ were produced in accordance with the religious mentality of the baptized community. Throughout his writings, Endo has managed to offer several such images. His Christ is a Suffering Servant of God, similar to the one described by Isaiah, a companion figure (dohansha), and a merciful God full of motherly love. While based on the Bible, these images are, at the same time, inspired by Japanese religious traditions, specifically Buddhist notions of merciful buddhas and bodhisattvas. Several controversial details in Endo's novels have aroused suspicions among Catholic clergymen, such as the presumed justification of apostasy in Silence and the pluralist tone of Deep River, but Endo was not trying to justify Asian religious mentality to Westerners. On the contrary, he was trying to present Christianity to the Japanese audience using the religious motifs they were familiar with. Thus, one might interpret Endo's images of Christ as an "experimental" inculturation - theologically imperfect but nevertheless valuable for pointing out the most significant issues in the evangelization of Japan.

Степной орел на территории резервата «Бокейорда» и Ащиозекского заказника (Западно-Казахстанская область) в 2022–2023 годы

Степной орел на территории резервата «Бокейорда» и Ащиозекского заказника (Западно-Казахстанская область) в 2022–2023 годы

Insights Into Episodic Exhumation of the Western Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Cretaceous From Low‐Temperature Thermochronology

AbstractThe western Tibetan Plateau (TP) is characterized by low relief with high elevation separated by deep river valleys. When and how this characteristic topography developed remains ambiguous. Here, we present apatite (U‐Th)/He and fission‐track ages from three groups of samples with different geomorphic and geological settings. Thermal histories and exhumation rates were extracted from the thermochronological data. An early stage of exhumation (ca. 0.1 km/Ma) during 70–40 Ma was recorded by all samples, followed by slow exhumation (0.03–0.06 km/Ma) since the Eocene for the sample farthest away from faults and incised valley. The second stage of faster exhumation (ca. 0.13–0.15 km/Ma) during 30–23 Ma was revealed by samples from the hanging wall of thrust faults, whereas the third stage of exhumation during 15–12 Ma (ca. 0.1 km/Ma) was identified from samples in the Dingzi Zangbo valley. Combined with the regional geological setting, we propose that (a) the Late Cretaceous‐Early Eocene exhumation in the western TP was related to regional thrust‐induced crustal thickening and led to the formation of the proto‐TP; (b) the proto‐TP was modified by local structures and river incision. The Oligocene exhumation might be caused by local thrust activity, whereas the Miocene exhumation might be related to the transition from internal to external drainage. The continuous activity of the Karakoram fault resulted in another reorganization of drainage which led to the slow exhumation since 9 Ma. Our results highlight that tectonic and drainage network reorganization play an important role in shaping the geomorphology of the western TP.