Deep Reforms Research Articles

Post-Covid Africa: The Controls of National Planning

Crises force us to stop and think. This paper examines the prospect of deep reform of national planning in Africa in response to COVID-19. The paper is a contrasted case study of Kenya and Uganda. The attempt at generalisation across Africa draws on a shared history of state formation. And a contrast of the two countries teases out a tension, which tension the paper uses to illuminate the two policy spaces. The analytical frame draws on control theory. The paper argues that neither country is likely to see structural reform of their national planning. Yet, the epistemological thrust of the paper is not that deduction but questions arising along the scrutiny of the policy spaces.

The historical experience of educators running schools: A case study of Chen Heqin’s exploration of ‘living education’

Chen Heqin (1892–1982), who studied at Columbia University’s Teachers College, is an important Chinese descendant of Dewey’s pragmatic education. Chen Heqin proposed his own ‘living education’ theory through inheriting, transforming, and surpassing Dewey’s ‘life education’ theory. This theory was based on Chinese experiments and multi-dimensional school-running practices, particularly drawing from his long-term practice in Shanghai. ‘Living education’ theory reflects the successful mystery of schooling development in Shanghai and the historical experience of educators. This research has important academic value and practical significance for promoting deep reforms in schools and contemporary teachers’ development.

The Policy-making Process in the Old Chilean Democracy

ABSTRACT Asking how public policies were made in the old Chilean democracy, this article analyzes the public administration reform of the 1920s and the creation of Chile’s National Health Service in 1952. Collected evidence shows that the policy-making process may be characterized as elitist, technocratic, and where the president's motivation toward a particular issue plays a key role for the issue to be included in the government agenda and go further in the process. This is very similar to how the policy process of the new Chilean democracy has been characterized. Considering that under Pinochet’s dictatorship deep reforms were introduced in political institutions and that following the new institutionalism framework, rule behaviors, and interchange of policy actors, the article finishes asking what other factors may be acting on a political institution or the policy process directly to explain the similarity between this finding.

A propósito de la reforma de la legislación española en materia de capacidad jurídica: la voluntariedad como nota esencial del apoyo

En septiembre de 2018, el Gobierno de España inició la tramitación de una profunda reforma de nuestra legislación civil, que supondrá un cambio radical del régimen de la capacidad jurídica. En estas páginas se analiza la propuesta de reforma en relación con un aspecto concreto: la voluntariedad en la constitución de las instituciones de apoyo al ejercicio de la capacidad jurídica. Se examina si la Convención de la ONU permite establecer medidas de apoyo que no sean conformes con la voluntad de la persona; las conclusiones obtenidas permiten, a continuación, examinar la conformidad con la Convención de la reforma proyectada.

Attitudes toward aging, social support and depression among older adults: Difference by urban and rural areas in China

BackgroundThe specific impacts of attitudes toward aging on depressive symptoms have not been widely reported in previous studies in China. ObjectivesThe aim is to examine the associations between attitudes toward aging, perceived social support, and depressive symptoms among older adults stratified by rural and urban dwelling. MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional data including 7209 participants, among which 64.6% were urban adults and 35.4% were rural adults. Several multiple liner regression models were used to analysis the data. Three social support types were analyzed as moderators of the relationship between the attitudes toward aging and depressive symptoms. ResultsPositive attitudes toward aging (β=-0.139, P<0.001), negative attitudes toward aging (β=0.284, P<0.001) were significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults. Support from family (β=−0.087, P<0.001), friends (β=−0.047, P<0.01) and the government (β=−0.035, P<0.01) were all significantly associated with urban older adults’ levels of depressive symptoms. Only family support (β=−0.109, P<0.001) was associated with lower depressive symptoms among rural older adults’. In addition, family support buffered the effect of negative attitudes toward aging on depressive symptoms for all the older adults, while the moderation effects of support from friends and government only worked for urban elderly. LimitationsA cross-sectional design is limited to establish causal associations. ConclusionsAddressing depression among older adults should focus on improving attitudes toward aging and expanding the availability of social support. Moreover, deeper reforms are needed to address inequalities between urban and rural areas in China.

Negative factors affecting the development of legal and political cultures: before the problem

In this article we have tried to analyze the negative factors that affect the development of legal and political cultures and are common to them. Any negative factors that exist in civil society are also reflected in the legal and political cultures. One of these factors, in our view, is corruption. In general, corruption is in he rent in any state and any society because it is connected with the human nature, greed and in ability to deny it self and stop in time, therefore, in our view, corruption as well as crime in general can not be over come – they can be substantially reduced. Level but not eradicate. Ukraine today declares its political and legal path to wards Europe, its values ​​and humanistic ideas. The persistent corruption crisis, which has been going on for quite sometime in our country, requires deep social reforms that must first and fore most affect people's consciousness and their social standard of living.&#x0D; It is no better in the political sphere, because today we do not even have a legal definition of the concept of "political corruption"; Today's society is characterized by some ambivalence, we have the same problem in the political sphere as in the legal sphere, namely, on the one hand citizens "cry" about the need to fight corruption, on the other – by all means "help" its prosperity by finding all the time for it self justification, fearing "reprisals", simply be having marginally. Thus, we lose one of the main elements of political consciousness - motivation.&#x0D; Another serious negative factor affecting the development of legal and political cultures is nihilism. Since nihilism is itself a rejection of values, in our case legal, it is quite understandable that languages, not only about the high, but at least satisfactory, state of legal culture cannot be. The spread of legal nihilism in our society has become possible not only because of an unsatisfactory level of lawmaking and enforcement, but also through appropriate political decisions that precede it. In this context, we can say that legal nihilism is characteristic not only of ordinary citizens, but in most of our politicians, top officials who constantly broadcast to the general public their disrespect for the Law. As a result, in the political sphere, this leads to a total distrust of the people in the political establishment of Ukraine, marginal behavior, the pursuit of screen leaders, and as a result of deformation of political consciousness and a decrease in the level of political culture as a whole.&#x0D; As a result of this study, it becomes clear that legal and political culture have common factors that depend on both the speed of their development and the qualitative component.

Енциклопедія фізичного виховання і спорту в Румунії ‒ носій ідей фізичного виховання і спорту

Актуальність. Модернізація українського соціуму постає як практична потреба конкурентоспроможного входження до світового соціокультурного простору. Тому для всіх освітян та фахівців галузі стає актуальною потреба глибокого реформування фізичного виховання підростаючого покоління. У цьому сенсі актуальною постає проблема вивчення теорії й практики фізкультурної освіти в країнах Європи. Мета дослідження ‒ проаналізувати зміст «Енциклопедії фізичного виховання й спорту в Румунії» першого та другого видань із метою використання ідей популяризації фізичного виховання й спорту серед усіх верств населення. Матеріал і методи дослідження. Матеріалами визначені томи вищеозначеної енциклопедії першого та другого видань. Для реалізації мети дослідження використано комплекс методів дослідження: загальнонаукові, конкретно-наукові, конкретно-історичний, проблемно-хронологічний тощо. Результати дослідження. Саме «Енциклопедія фізично- го виховання й спорту в Румунії» стала, за твердженням румунських науковців, найпотужнішим довідковим галузевим виданням у європейському просторі на цей момент. У 2002 р. така праця надрукована за ініціативи та підтримки Міністерства молоді і спорту країни. Зміст трьох перших томів другого видання представив історію національних федерацій із різних видів спорту, ІV і V презентують аспекти історії фізичного виховання й спорту в регіональному контексті. Том VІ містив аналіз спорту вищих досягнень в Румунії. Одним із найзмістовніших стає VІІ том, у ньому вміщено матеріали про систему фізичного виховання Румунії різних історичним періодів, її генезу. Висновки. Отже, «Енциклопедія фізичного виховання й спорту в Румунії» виокремлена як одне зі значних довідкових видань у сфері фізичної культури та спорту в сучасному європейському просторі. Авторами енциклопедії зібрано потужний матеріал, що стосувався системи фізичного виховання Румунії, організаційних структур і специфіку їхньої діяльності, процесу впровадження фізичного виховання у військову підготовку, у програми університетів; представлено оригінальні досягнення науковців країни.

Globalization and Pandemics: The Case of COVID-19

This paper analyzes the impact of Globalization as one of the main reasons of the fast spread of Wuhan-COVID-2019 worldwide. We divided globalization into three large pillars how Globalization works worldwide followed by: (a.) the institutional, legal, and political approach of Globalization; (b.) the massive transportations systems and the development of information communication technologies (ICT’s); (c.) the free trade liberalization and labor mobility. Hence, the main objective of this research is to show that Globalization is the major responsible of the fast and unstoppable spread of Wuhan-COVID-2019 globally. Finally, the same research suggests a deep reform of Globalization to avoid again any massive contagious epidemic diseases to reduce its impact economically and socially.

Is Globalization Responsible of the Wuhan-COVID-19 Worldwide Crisis?

This paper analyzes the impact of Globalization as in the main reason of the fast spread of Wuhan-COVID-2019 worldwide. We divided into three large pillars how Globalization works worldwide followed by: (a.) the institutional, legal, and political approach of Globalization; (b.) the massive transportations systems and the development of information communication technologies (ICT’s); (c.) the free trade liberalization and labor mobility. Hence, the main objective of this research is to show that Globalization is the major responsible of the fast and unstoppable spread of Wuhan-COVID-2019 globally. Finally, the same research suggests a deep reform of Globalization to avoid again any massive contagious epidemic diseases to reduce its impact economically and socially.

The Concept Layer, Feature Layer and Landing Layer of Ubiquitous Internet of Things in Power System

With the deep reform and development of energy and power industry and the arrival of the era of Internet of everything, the ubiquitous Internet of Things in power system (IOTIPS) emerges as the times require. However, what is the implication of ubiquitous IOTIPS? What are its inherent attributes? How to get results in information system, digital economy and new business model? These problems have become the current focus of the important issues. This paper considers the above three dimensions.

Research Illustrates Role of New Council on Criminal Justice as Center of Gravity for the Field

Launched in 2019, the nonpartisan Council on Criminal Justice (CCJ) is an invitational membership organization and think tank that serves as a center of gravity and incubator of policy and leadership for the criminal justice field. Its mission is to advance understanding of the criminal justice policy choices facing the nation and build consensus for solutions that enhance safety and justice for all. CCJ’s emergence reflects broad agreement across the ideological spectrum that the nation’s justice system is deeply flawed and requires equally deep reform. A quarter-century ago, crime was one of the most divisive issues in politics; today, people in Washington and in capitals of red and blue states alike are uniting behind solutions based on facts and evidence. That consensus and commitment to data-driven policymaking is the lifeblood of the Council, and it is embodied by the accomplished and diverse group of leaders and innovators who comprise its members, Directors and Trustees. Through research, task forces, convenings, and special projects, CCJ accelerates momentum for criminal justice reform and drives smart policymaking by generating achievable solutions that are factual, not just fashionable. The Council’s first projects include an ongoing series of papers analyzing the legacy and lessons of the 1994 Crime Bill, which was and remains the most far-reaching and controversial criminal justice legislation in the nation’s history. Also in its first year, CCJ produced a report documenting recent, surprising trends in racial disparities across correctional populations, marking a significant advance in the data and analysis surrounding this critical issue.

The relationship between CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation in the Southern Common Market

ABSTRACT The causalities between carbon dioxide emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation were examined for the panel of five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela) from Southern Common Market, over thirty-five years (1980–2014), using a panel vector autoregression. The empirical analysis pointed to the existence of bi-directional causality between the consumption of fossil fuels, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions; and a uni-directional relationship between the consumption of renewable energy and urbanisation. The research also proves that the countries from Southern Common Market are dependent on fossil fuels consumption and that urbanisation process is highly linked with the consumption of this type of energy. Additionally, it was found that these countries have low renewable energy participation in their energy mix. Nevertheless, a substitutability effect between the consumption of renewable energy and the consumption of fossil fuels, as a possible response to periods of scarcity in reservoirs, was detected. Policymakers of Southern Common Market countries should speed up the deep reforms regarding renewable energy to mitigate environmental degradation.

Shift to Private Pension System: the Case of Poland and Israel

Following Chilean experiences as well as the World Bank suggestions post-communist Poland and post-collectivist Israel—underwent deep reforms which led to the privatization of old age security. The aim of the article is to compare the Polish and Israeli paths of pension privatization in the last thirty years. The main conclusions are: (1) the economic, demographic and political environments at the moment of the design and implementation of the pension reform were quite similar in both countries; however (2) the scope and scale of the privatization was different: in Poland there was only partial shift towards private pension system while in Israel full privatization of the system was implemented; (3) the decisive factors were: the inertia of the already existing pension systems and the power of foreign influencers; (4) the retreat from privatization in Poland and the increase in Israel took place due to the different mix of disadvantages of the new pension arrangements, short-term political aims and international pressure.

Ю.Г. Буртин и его попытка выдвижения А.Т. Твардовского в депутаты Верховного Совета СССР (по архивным источникам)

The publication used previously unknown archival documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Latest History of Kostroma Region related to the history of the exclusion of Yuri Burtin from candidates for membership of the CPSU for an unauthorized government attempt to nominate A.T. Tvardovsky as a candidate for deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the March 16, 1958 elections. After graduating from Leningrad State University, within the state program of job distribution in August 1954 Burtin was sent in the town of Bui, Kostroma Region, where he taught the Russian language and literature at the Working Youth School for eight years. And in 1958 he made a selfless attempt to nominate A.T. Tvardovsky to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The purpose of this article is to verify existing information and introduce into the scientific circulation new archival materials that complement and expand our understanding of the place and role of the “sixties” (on the example of Burtin) in the context of political history of Soviet society. The main research methods are the systemic method, the historical approach, elements of the comparative analysis methodology and sociocultural approach to the study of the life and work of one of the prominent representatives of the Russian intelligentsia of the second half of the 20th century. The materials of the article confirm the presence in Soviet society among the intelligentsia of indirect (latent) resistance to the system of power, the methodology of nominating candidates and holding elections to the highest echelons of power. This confirms the need for deep reform of the electoral system, as well as the entire political structure of the country, which has already objectively matured in post-Stalin society.

Post-COVID world: The controls of moulding states

Crises force us to stop and think. And COVID-19 should. This paper examines the prospect of deep reform of national planning in the young post-colonial states (the moulding states). The paper is a contrasted case study of Kenya and Uganda. The attempt at generalisation across moulding states draws on a shared history of state formation. Two trunks define that history – post-independence conflicts and structural adjustment programme (SAP). A contrast between the two countries teases out a tension, which tension the paper uses to illuminate the two policy spaces. The analytical frame draws on control theory. The paper argues that neither country is likely to see structural reform of their national planning. Yet, the epistemological thrust of the paper is not that deduction but questions arising along with the scrutiny of the policy spaces. Those questions should provoke Africa and more broadly, the emerging economies

СОЦІАЛЬНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ В ОСВІТІ – ДРАЙВЕРИ РОЗВИТКУ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ

The article analyzes the theoretical approaches to understanding the essence of the category “social innovations” in the educational space and shows what role they play in the development of human capital. The authors define “social innovations” and explore existing approaches to their classification. The importance of higher education in the development of human capital and the introduction of new social initiatives have been demonstrated. The necessity to carry out deep reforms of the education system and focus on additional missions of universities with a focus on inclusive development, research and entrepreneurship are substantiated. The role of social initiatives in increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian universities is highlighted.

Стратегічне планування у сфері національної безпеки республіки Польща: досвід для України.

In the article the prerequisites of the polish leadership for the development of a new National security strategy (NSS) are considered. The reasons of the low efficiency of the National security system of Ukraine are analyzed in the publication. Among them are identified: the obsolescence of the National security system, which had formed on the Soviet model; the creation of NSS under pressure of the world and regional leaders without taking into account the needs and interests of Ukraine; formal approaches of the state leadership, and as a result of incompleteness of the creation process of the NSS. The key problem was multi-vectoral foreign policy, which has been declared by Ukraine, as well as a lack of priority in securing national interests.In order to complete, the problem is defined to provide a deep reform. It should be started from creation of a functional model to formation of an integral system, which will consist of laws and bills in national security and defense sphere.For the purpose of effective implementation that task was analyzed the experience of neighboring countries, which are members of NATO and EU, in particular Poland’s experience.The content of the document has been analized. The focus is on assessing the safety environment of Poland, challenges and threat facing the country and European region.In the article is thoroughly analyzed the Strategy of Development of the National Security System of the Republic of Poland 2022, which was created according to the main NATO’s and EU’s strategy documents in this sphere – NATO’s Strategic Concept and EU’s Security Strategy. The structure of Poland’s Strategy should be analyzed since its threats and priorities are very similar to Ukraine’s. The result could be used as an experience.

Policies in Hard Times: Assessing the Impact of Financial Crises on Structural Reforms

It is commonly argued that crises open up a window of opportunity to implement policies that otherwise would not have the necessary political backing. The argument goes that the political cost of deep reforms declines as crises unravel structural problems that need to be urgently rectified and the public is more willing to bear the pains associated with such reforms. This paper casts doubt on this prevalent view by showing that not only the crises-reforms nexus is unfounded in the data, but rather crises are associated with slowing structural reforms depending on the institutional environment. In particular, we look at measures of reforms in international trade, agriculture, network industries, and financial markets. We find that, after a financial crisis, democracies neither open nor close their economy. On the contrary, autocracies reduce reforms in multiple economic sectors, as the fear of regime change lead non-democratic rulers to please vested economic interests.

UKRAINIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: THE STATE AND PROSPECTS (The subjective impression about the objective state)

Ukraine is one of the richest on archaeological sights countries of Eastern Europe. However this riches strike a discordant note with the traditionally small amount of the Ukrainian archaeologists. The lack of «white» academic and university archaeologists is compensated in Ukraine by the increase of quantity of «black archaeologists» that engage in the plunder of archaeological inheritance of country. Strategy of fight against illegal trade of archaeological artefacts it follows fundamentally to reform in Ukraine, limiting to him the hard scopes of law. Above «black archaeologists» it follows to set hard control of public organs with bringing in of professional archaeologists.&#x0D; A limit amount of specialists on archaeology and primitive history became one of reasons of wide distribution of amateur «conceptions» and wild fantasies about the ancient past of region. They inform a population untruthfully and discredit a country.&#x0D; The Academy of Sciences played a positive role in development of science, however in our time she does not answer the standards of organization of modern world science and needs deep reformation. Academic organization of science in soviet times had not only the strong parties but also numerous defects. Among them hard administration of science, numerous bureaucracy, lag from front-rank schools of western science through the insufficient financing and protracted artificial isolation from western colleagues, absence of contacts with university young people. The last resulted in the catastrophic aging of academic scientific staff.&#x0D; Ukrainian science and higher education already long time are in the state of deep crisis, to go out from that they can only by joint efforts, by deep reforms in direction of approaching to the world standards of organization of science and education.

The Politics and Economics of the US-China Trade War

The US declared trade war after substantial defections from the internationalist (in geo-strategy and economics) lobby in US politics to a new coalition between conflict-is-inevitable proponents and anti-globalization activists. Many internationalist businesses changed sides after experiencing disappointments on economic fronts including China's non-compliance with some of its WTO obligations; China's acquisition of foreign technology at lower-than-expected prices; and the serious inadequacies in the WTO's governance of global trade. Many of the disillusioned internationalists have given too much weight to the contribution of globalization to negative developments in the US labor market, and too little weight to the role of powerful capital-biased technological changes and to the inadequacies of state-provided programs for social insurance and human capital formation. Resolution of the trade war and prevention of its frequent occurrence will become more likely when (a) China adopts much greater reciprocity in its economic engagement with the advanced countries despite its status as a developing country under WTO rules; and (b) US stops equating geostrategic competition with economic competition; recognizes that economic dynamism and economic resilience comes from strengthening indigenous innovation capability rather than from holding China back technologically; and institutes social programs to significantly reduce the trauma that is created by frequent job changes. Deep reform of WTO is urgently needed but is unlikely to happen in the medium run. For the medium-run, the US should mobilize country cooperation in regional settings (like the TPP) to introduce policy innovations to serve as templates for a re-designed WTO architecture, and to harness collective market power to be used in future negotiations on WTO reform.