Deep Red Color Research Articles

Fruit growth and proximate composition of deshi (Diospyros peregrina) and bilati gab (D. discolor)

Fruit (berry) growth, maturity and nutritional composition of deshi (Diospyros peregrina Gurke) and bilati Gab (D. discolor Gurke) were investigated at the Botanical Garden of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (24o26' and 24054' N and 90015' and 90030' E) between April and August, 2011. Flowers were tagged at first opening (days after flowering, DAF) and fruit growth was investigated up to maturity. Fruit size (length and diameter), individual fruit weight, AGR and proximate composition of matured fruits were investigated. Morphological and growth parameters were recorded at 7-days interval up to 63 DAF in deshi and 85 DAF in bilati gab. All the morphological characters of fruits were gradually increased with increasing DAF and followed sigmoid pattern. The length and diameter of the berry became 5.80 and 4.61 cm, respectively at 63 DAF in deshi gab, and 9.13 and 7.62 cm, respectively at 85 DAF in bilati gab. The fresh and dry weights of berries were also maximum at 63 DAF in deshi and at 85 DAF in bilati gab. The maximum dry weight of seed i.e. PM in deshi gab attained at 56 DAF and that of bilati gab at 83 DAF. The proximate composition of matured berries of deshi and bilati gab at PM showed little variation between the species and hence, average crude protein, crude fat, ash and total carbohydrate was 5.35, 1.08, 3.74 and 67.47%, respectively. It might be concluded that harvest maturity attained around two months after flowering in deshi gab with yellowish green colour on fruit coat and three months from flowering in bilati gab when fruits turn into deep red colour with average fruit fresh weight of 60 g and 220 g, respectively.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 261-266, December 2014

Dyeing wool and cotton fibres with acidic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower

The focus of this work is to extract a natural dye for colouring camel wool as a substitute for synthetic dyes used in the Sadu House of Kuwait. Their target is to keep the tradition of tent and rug production natural in all its manifestations. Therefore, our task was to find an abundant source that provides a colour preferably red to purple. Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) is an abundantly available plant in Kuwait that was explored for extraction of the red dye to colour camel wool permanently. The powdered petals of red flowers of HRS was extracted with 5% acetic acid which yielded a deep red colour that showed a great potential for woollen fibre dyeing. The use of mordants like alum and some metal salts manifested a wide range of fixed colours which intensified at 85 °C. The colours produced had excellent fastness and was accepted by the Sadu House.

Production and antioxidant activity of alcoholic beverages made from various cereal grains usingMonascus purpureusNBRC 5965

Monascus sp., which produces red pigments, has been utilized for brewing red alcoholic beverages and fermented foods in China and Okinawa, Japan. Novel red alcoholic beverages with antioxidant activity were made from cereal grains of various colours utilizing the saccharifying activity of Monascus purpureus NBRC 5965. The alcoholic beverage made from black rice and beni koji prepared with M. purpureus NBRC 5965 showed a deep red colour, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the alcoholic beverage made from black rice and beni koji was around a 3300 µm Trolox equivalent/mL-beverage. The antioxidant activity of this alcoholic beverage is thought to be a result of the combination of Monascus pigments and black rice anthocyanin. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation of an alcoholic beverage made with beni koji were higher than those of an alcoholic beverage made with ki koji prepared with Aspergillus oryzae. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Multispectral quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells using inexpensive narrowband multicolor LEDs.

We report multispectral phase-shifting interference microscopy for quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells (RBCs). A wide range of wavelengths are covered by means of using multiple color light emitting diodes (LEDs) with narrow spectral bandwidth ranging from violet to deep red color. The multicolor LED light source was designed and operated sequentially, which works as a multispectral scanning light source. Corresponding to each color LED source, five phase-shifted interferograms were recorded sequentially for the measurement of phase maps, as well as the refractive index of RBCs within the entire visible region. The proposed technique provides information about the effect of wavelengths on the morphology and refractive index of human RBCs. The system does not require expensive multiple color filters or any wavelength scanning mechanism along with broadband light source.

N and Cr ion implantation of natural ruby surfaces and their characterization

Energetic ions of N and Cr were used to implant the surfaces of natural rubies (low aesthetic quality). Surface colours of the specimens were found to change after ion implantation. The samples without and with ion implantation were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectra in ultra violet and visible region (DRS-UV–Vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and nano-indentation. While the Cr-ion implantation produced deep red surface colour (pigeon eye red) in polished raw sample (without heat treatment), the N-ion implantation produced a mixed tone of dark blue, greenish blue and violet surface colour in the heat treated sample. In the case of heat treated sample at 3×1017N-ions/cm2 fluence, formation of colour centres (F+, F2, F2+ and F22+) by ion implantation process is attributed to explain the development of the modified surface colours. Certain degree of surface amorphization was observed to be associated with the above N-ion implantation.

Comparison of Anthocyanin Extraction Methods from High Anthocyanin Purple Corn Cob Hybrid: KPSC 901, and Quality of the Extract Powder

Anthocyanins are compounds extracted from natural origins, and can be use as a natural colorant. The high anthocyanin corn hybrid Kasetsart Purple Corn Single Cross (KPSC) 901 (Zea mays L.) is a new purple corn single cross-hybrid in Thailand. Anthocyanin extraction from KPSC 901 purple corn cob by new extraction methods, including microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and ohmic heating techniques were studied and compared with the conventional heating method (solid : liquid ratio = 1:20) to select the best method for upscaling extraction. The extract was later concentrated and freeze-dried before quantity analysis. The optimal process for anthocyanin extraction was microwave-assisted extraction which gave a total anthocyanin content (TAC) of 397.1 mg/100 g corn cob powder. The extract powder had TAC and total phenolics content values of 3,446 and 20,915 mg/100 g powder, respectively. Practical Applications In this research, microwave-assisted extraction is the optimized method, which can help to efficiently extract anthocyanins and phenolic compounds from purple corn cob by using only water as a solvent for producing colorant powder. The powder dissolved in water and had a deep red color so it could be used in functional foods as a natural colorant and/or a source of active ingredients, depending on the concentration used.

Gold Nanoparticle Conjugation Enhances the Antiacanthamoebic Effects of Chlorhexidine.

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a serious infection with blinding consequences and often associated with contact lens wear. Early diagnosis, followed by aggressive topical application of drugs, is a prerequisite in successful treatment, but even then prognosis remains poor. Several drugs have shown promise, including chlorhexidine gluconate; however, host cell toxicity at physiologically relevant concentrations remains a challenge. Nanoparticles, subcolloidal structures ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm, are effective drug carriers for enhancing drug potency. The overall aim of the present study was to determine whether conjugation with gold nanoparticles enhances the antiacanthamoebic potential of chlorhexidine. Gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles were synthesized. Briefly, gold solution was mixed with chlorhexidine and reduced by adding sodium borohydride, resulting in an intense deep red color, indicative of colloidal gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles. The synthesis was confirmed using UV-visible spectrophotometry that shows a plasmon resonance peak of 500 to 550 nm, indicative of gold nanoparticles. Further characterization using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry showed a gold-conjugated chlorhexidine complex at m/z 699 ranging in size from 20 to 100 nm, as determined using atomic force microscopy. To determine the amoebicidal and amoebistatic effects, amoebae were incubated with gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles. For controls, amoebae also were incubated with gold and silver nanoparticles alone, chlorhexidine alone, neomycin-conjugated nanoparticles, and neomycin alone. The findings showed that gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles exhibited significant amoebicidal and amoebistatic effects at 5 μM. Amoebicidal effects were observed by parasite viability testing using a Trypan blue exclusion assay and flow-cytometric analysis using propidium iodide, while amoebistatic effects were observed using growth assays. In contrast, chlorhexidine alone, at a similar concentration, showed limited effects. Notably, neomycin alone or conjugated with nanoparticles did not show amoebicidal or amoebistatic effects. Pretreatment of A. castellanii with gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles reduced amoeba-mediated host cell cytotoxicity from 90% to 40% at 5 μM. In contrast, chlorhexidine alone, at similar concentrations, had no protective effects for the host cells. Similarly, amoebae treated with neomycin alone or neomycin-conjugated nanoparticles showed no protective effects. Overall, these findings suggest that gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles hold promise in the improved treatment of A. castellanii keratitis.

Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia using ninhydrin assay and kinetic studies

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of ammonia in aqueous media was investigated. This newly developed method for the reaction of ammonia with ninhydrin found to be simple, accurate and precise. A deep red color product was formed in the presence of sodium hydroxide at wavelength of 508 nm. The effects of variables such as temperature, time, acidity and reagents concentration have been evaluated to select the appropriate conditions for this reaction. Beer's law is obeyed; the calibration curve is linear over the range of 2×10 -4 -1.4×10 -3 M of ammonia with regression coefficient ( r 2 ) of 0.994 (n = 7). The calculated molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity values are 1.069×10 3 L/mol.cm and 0.015 μg/cm 2 , respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are calculated to be 1.2×10 -5 and 3.6×10 -5 M, respectively. The intra-day accuracy expressed as relative error was less than 0.5% with precision (RSD) ranging from 0.49 to 1.55%. The inter-day accuracy ranged (RSD) from 0.49 to 1.90 % with a relative error was less than 1.50 %. The stoichiometry of this reaction was determined to be of 1:2 between ammonia and ninhydrin with first order reaction.

Analysis of the red ochre of the El Mirón burial (Ramales de la Victoria, Cantabria, Spain)

This article analyzes the ochre associated with the human burial of Magdalenian age in El Mirón Cave that, with its unique features (deep red color, brightness and particle size distribution), is clearly differentiated from ochres in other strata of the site.The most common techniques in archaeological pigment characterization studies were used: binocular microscope inspection, thin sections, granulometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The results obtained permit the characterization of special ochre in burial layer (hematite with idiomorphic crystallinity). Its origin is completely different from the samples from outcrops inside El Mirón Cave or obtained by prospecting in Carranza Valley. This type of hematite has been identified on the coast, in Santoña, about 26 km from the burial. Given its uniqueness, can be associated with some kind of ritual of the time whose roots lay in the Middle Palaeolithic and continued throughout the rest of Prehistory.

Evaluation of geriatric changes in dogs.

Aim:The present study has been envisaged to ascertain the old age for critical management of geriatric dogs considering the parameters of externally visible changes, haemato-biochemical alterations and urine analysis in geriatric dogs approaching senility.Materials and Methods:The study was undertaken in the Department of Veterinary Pathology in collaboration with Teaching Veterinary Clinic complex spanning a period of 1 year. For screening of geriatric dogs, standard geriatric age chart of different breeds was followed. The external characteristics such as hair coat texture, dental wear and tear, skin texture and glaucoma were taken as a marker of old age. Haematology, serum biochemistry and urine analysis were also included in the study.Results:External visible changes like greying of hair, dull appearance of hair coat, glaucoma, osteoarthritis, dental wear and tear were commonly encountered in the aged dogs. The haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and packed cell volume showed a decreasing trend in the geriatric groups. Biochemical values like total protein, albumin, calcium level showed a decreasing trend while urea level with an increasing trend in geriatric dogs without any much alteration in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminse, serum glutamic-pyruvate transaminase, cholesterol and creatinine. Physical examination of urine revealed yellow, amber, red, deep red color with turbidity and higher specific gravity. Chemical examination revealed presence of protein, glucose, ketone bodies, blood and bilirubin on some cases. The culture and sensitivity test of the urine samples revealed presence of bacteria with sensitive and resistance to some antibiotics.Conclusion:External visible changes are still the golden standard of determining the old age in dogs. Haemato-biochemical evaluation can be useful for correlating with the pathophysiological status of the animal. Biochemical analysis of urine can be employed rightly as kidney dysfunction is being major geriatric problem. Anaemia, jaundice, nephritis, hepatitis are the most common findings considered during old age.

Postharvest responses of red and yellow sweet peppers grown under photo-selective nets

Postharvest responses of red (‘HTSP-3’) and yellow (‘Celaya’) sweet pepper fruit yield, quality parameters and bioactive compounds (to three types of photo-selective nets and a standard black net) were investigated in this study. Red and yellow peppers produced under the black net retained higher β-carotene, lower total phenolic contents and showed deep red and orange colour after storage. Both peppers produced under the pearl net retained a higher ascorbic content, antioxidant scavenging activity, fruit firmness and also reduced weight loss after storage. Red and yellow peppers grown under pearl and yellow nets resulted in a higher percentage of marketable fruit, after storage. Red pepper grown under the yellow net showed a higher number of odour active aroma compounds in the fruit, while black nets significantly affected the synthesis of odour active aroma compounds during storage. Sensory analysis indicated a preference for red pepper fruits after storage from plants grown under pearl nets.

Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant–pollinator signaling?

Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant–pollinator signaling?

Ultrafiltration of black tea using diafiltration to recover valuable components

Ultrafiltration of black tea liquor in a constant volume diafiltration regime has been carried out to remove the haze characteristically associated with this product. Commercial polymeric membranes with a range of molecular weight cut-offs (25, 50, and 100 kDa) fabricated from both polysulphone (PS) and fluoropolymer (FP) were used to assess the total solids throughput of the system. A shortfall in the amount of polyphenols transmission over the amount of residual tea solids transmission is the main driver for operating in this regime. The result of this shortfall means membrane permeates are impaired in terms of colour, flavour and health-giving properties. From an initial tea concentration of 1.0 wt.%, diafiltration was carried out, with rejection coefficients for total solids and total solids being assessed continuously. An acceptable (but not ideal) permeate product was the result, which showed excellent clarity (<2.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in the majority of cases) although the associated transmission in polyphenols meant the tea has lost some of the deep red colour associated with a higher-quality tea infusion. This shortfall in polyphenols transmission gave rise to higher concentrations of polyphenols in the retained side of the process than for original raw tea. In addition, membranes were pre-treated using ethanol, which had a significant effect on both their water permeability and zeta potential. When used in a filtration environment, fluxes increased for all membranes following treatment, with the 100 kDa PS membrane recording a 41% increase in terminal filtration flux. With the exception of the 25 kDa PS membrane, alcohol treatment resulted in all membranes showing increases in the total solids throughput, with the proportion of polyphenols transmitting through the membrane increased to a greater degree over all other components. The disproportionate increase in polyphenols transmission was attributed to reduced charge interactions following ethanol treatment. The results show that as fouling builds up, the separation of polyphenols from all other tea solids increases, meaning that small batches (relative to membrane area) and short-term operation are favoured, in order to maximise polyphenol content in the product stream. In summary, the operation of UF in a diafiltration regime is shown to be an effective industrial processing option for the clarification of black tea liquors.

Fairy wrasses perceive and respond to their deep red fluorescent coloration.

Fluorescence enables the display of wavelengths that are absent in the natural environment, offering the potential to generate conspicuous colour contrasts. The marine fairy wrasse Cirrhilabrus solorensis displays prominent fluorescence in the deep red range (650–700 nm). This is remarkable because marine fishes are generally assumed to have poor sensitivity in this part of the visual spectrum. Here, we investigated whether C. solorensis males can perceive the fluorescence featured in this species by testing whether the presence or absence of red fluorescence affects male–male interactions under exclusive blue illumination. Given that males respond aggressively towards mirror-image stimuli, we quantified agonistic behaviour against mirrors covered with filters that did or did not absorb long (i.e. red) wavelengths. Males showed significantly fewer agonistic responses when their fluorescent signal was masked, independent of brightness differences. Our results unequivocally show that C. solorensis can see its deep red fluorescent coloration and that this pattern affects male–male interactions. This is the first study to demonstrate that deep red fluorescent body coloration can be perceived and has behavioural significance in a reef fish.

GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ nanophosphor: Synthesis and enhancement of red emission for WLEDs

GdAlO3, GdAlO3:Eu3+ and GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ nanophosphors were synthesised by solution combustion technique. Pure orthorhombic phase was obtained from powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the porous, agglomerated and irregular shaped particles. The particle size obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement was in good agreement with the values obtained by Debye Scherrer’s and W–H plots. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern show single crystalline nature of the sample. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out for GdAlO3:Eu3+ and GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ phosphors excited at a wavelength of 274nm. The characteristic emission peaks of Eu3+ ions were recorded at 590, 614, 655 and 695nm corresponding to 5D0→7FJ (J=1, 2, 3, 4) transitions respectively. However, with addition of Bi3+ ions in GdAlO3:Eu3+, PL intensity drastically enhanced. Orange red color was tuned to deep red color with the addition of Bi3+ ions in GdAlO3:Eu3+ phosphor. Therefore, the phosphor was highly useful as red component in WLEDs. A single well resoled glow peak at 225°C was recorded in GdAlO3 and GdAlO3:Eu3+. Further, with addition of Bi3+ ions, an additional peak at 300°C was recorded. TL glow curves of different UV-exposed GdAlO3:Eu3+:Bi3+ show two TL peaks at 207 and 300°C respectively. The 207°C peak show simple glow peak structure and its intensity increases linearly up to 25min and after that it decrease.

Effect of tin and gold on sodium ion movement in a sodium silicate glass

Since Roman times the addition of tin is known to induce a deep red color in ruby glass based on gold nanoparticles, but very little information is available on how electrical properties of such glasses are affected by the presence of gold nanoparticles or tin doping. Therefore, we have explored the electrical effects of the addition of tin (≤0.1 mol%) to sodium trisilicate glass, which was doped with 0.1 mol% gold. The addition of both 0.1 mol% gold and 0.1 mol% tin increases the DC electrical conductivity, which arises from sodium ion transport, compared to base glass. The activation energy of DC conductivity decreases when the amount of tin increases with the gold content held constant. The mechanism of the enhancement of Na+ ion transport appears to be different for the two types of dopings: Au doping causes general expansion of molar volume whereas tin doping enhances the polarizability of the medium.

색온도 가변 LED 조명 최적화 설계 및 제작

본 논문에서는 현재 양산되고 있는 Red(621 nm), Green(530 nm), Blue(453 nm), Amber(590 nm) 등 4파장의 LED 조합을 이용하여 색온도가 가변되는 동안에도 평균연색지수 및 특별연색지수 R9 값이 높게 유지될 수 있도록 조명의 스펙트럼을 최적화하였다. 최적화 시 설계의 정확도를 높이기 위하여 실제 측정한 LED 스펙트럼을 사용하였고 광선과 기구물 사이의 상호 작용을 고려한 광선 추적 기법을 활용하여 수행하였다 또한 최적화 결과를 검증하기 위하여 색온도 가변 조명 장치를 직접 제작하였으며 광 특성을 평가한 결과 색온도가 3000 K에서 6000 K까지 변하는 동안 CRI 및 R9 값이 각각 87~90, 34~93을 나타내었다. In this paper the spectra of correlated color temperature (CCT) tunable white light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires, consisting of commercial red, green, blue, and amber LED chips, were optimized to increase color rendering index (CRI), and a special CRI of R9 for deep red color was obtained. To improve the design's accuracy, measured LED spectra were used instead of mathematically modeled ones. Real CCT tunable LED luminaires with CRIs of 87-90 and R9s of 34-93 were fabricated and demonstrated at CCTs of 3000-6000 K.

Towards Eumelanin@Zeolite Hybrids: Pore‐Size‐Controlled 5,6‐Dihydroxyindole Polymerization

5,6-Dihydroxyindole (1) and its N-methyl derivative (2), key eumelanin building blocks, were inserted into zeolite L by sublimation at 175 °C for 5 days. At a 10 mg/300 mg indole/zeolite ratio, the resulting hybrids displayed a stable deep red coloration. CP/MAS (13)C NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy of the red species suggested the generation and accommodation of quinonoid biindole derivative(s) within the void space of the acidic zeolite channels. Removal of the zeolite matrix by treatment with HF gave a stable species that could be separated by HPLC and characterized by mass spectrometry as an oxygenated biindole derivative (or a mixture of isomers), suggesting addition of water to the original dimer and subsequent re-oxidation. The characterization was corroborated by optimized molecular geometries and simulated UV spectra with density functional calculations. Loading 1 or 2 into the larger pores of SBA-15 type mesoporous silica resulted in black eumelanin-type polymers, confirming channel size dependence over the polymerization process.

MiR-375 induces human decidua basalis-derived stromal cells to become insulin-producing cells.

This paper focuses on the development of renewable sources of isletreplacement tissue for the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus. Placental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising source for regenerative medicine due to their plasticity and easy availability. They have the potential to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. miR-375 is a micro RNA that is expressed in the pancreas and involved in islet development. Human placental decidua basalis MSCs (PDB-MSCs) were cultured from full-term human placenta. The immunophenotype of the isolated cells was checked for CD90, CD105, CD44, CD133 and CD34 markers. The MSCs (P3) were chemically transfected with hsa-miR-375. Total RNA was extracted 4 and 6 days after transfection. The expressions of insulin, NGN3, GLUT2, PAX4, PAX6, KIR6.2, NKX6.1, PDX1, and glucagon genes were evaluated using real-time qPCR. On day 6, we tested the potency of the clusters in response to the high glucose challenge and assessed the presence of insulin and NGN3 proteins via immunocytochemistry. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that more than 90% of the cells were positive for CD90, CD105 and CD44 and negative for CD133 and CD34. Morphological changes were followed from day 2. Cell clusters formed during day 6. Insulin-producing clusters showed a deep red color with DTZ. The expression of pancreatic-specific transcription factors increased remarkably during the four days after transfection and significantly increased on day 7. The clusters were positive for insulin and NGN3 proteins, and C-peptide and insulin secretion increased in response to changes in the glucose concentration (2.8 mM and 16.7 mM). In conclusion, the MSCs could be programmed into functional insulin-producing cells by transfection of miR-375.

Preparation of Gold/Titania Core^|^ndash;Shell Nanocomposites with a Tunable Shell Thickness

Gold/titania nanocomposites with a core-shell structure were prepared by sol-gel reaction of titanium tetrabutoxide (TTBO) with gold nanoparticles, core-stabilized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), using a ternary mixture of alcohol/acetonitrile/water as solvent. TEM characterization of the resulting constructs revealed spherical nanocomposites, each containing a single gold core. The mean diameter of the gold cores was 13 nm, while the thicknesses of titania shells were readily tuned in the range 4-30 nm by varying the alkyl chain length of the alcohol. In addition, the gold nanoparticles exhibited a deep red color, with an intense extinction peak at 527 nm, owing to their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties. When the Au nanoparticles were coated with a titania shell, their color changed to purple and the SPR peak shifted to a higher wavelength of 537 nm. Furthermore, the core-shell nanocomposites were found to display photocatalytic activity for the oxidation of 2-propanol under illumination by visible light (λ=500-560 nm).