Solutions Of Deep Eutectic Solvents Research Articles

A green and recyclable ternary deep eutectic solvent for extracting flavonol glycoside from Ginkgo leaves: Mechanism insights based on molecular level

A novel ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) was designed for the green and efficient extraction of flavonol glycosides (FG) from Ginkgo leaves. The DES consisted of a molar ratio of choline chloride/acetic acid/1,2-propylene glycol of 1:2:3. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to a solid-liquid ratio of 42 mg/mL, an extraction time of 11.8 h, and an extraction temperature of 51℃. The extraction yield of FG was 7.8 mg/g, which demonstrated a notable enhancement in comparison to conventional extraction. Kinetics and morphology analysis revealed that the extraction process involved considerable dissolution and diffusion of the solute. Additionally, a molecular investigation using density functional theory (DFT) indicated that the interaction between the DES and FG was primarily governed by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. Notably, the ternary DES exhibited stronger interactions with FG, which were the key factors for better extraction efficiency. Furthermore, efficient recovery of FG from the DES solution was also achieved, with a recovery rate of 94.63%. Moreover, the recovered DES could be reused directly at least five cycles.

Development of Monoethanolamine Chloride-Ethylene Diamine Deep Eutectic Solvent for Ffficient Carbon Dioxide Capture

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) emerge as a compelling class of ionic liquids, with distinct advantages over traditional solvents, particularly in the realm of CO2 capture. In the present study, [MEACl][EDA] is synthesized across various molar ratios (1:3 to 1:10) and combined with the results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to identify DESs. The DESs are further characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the properties and performance of the DESs with diverse water contents (30–60 wt%) are systematically studied for CO2 capture. The optimal aqueous solution is identified based on the CO2 uptake and viscosity, followed by the evaluation of the cyclic absorption experiments. Results demonstrate that 40 wt% of [MEACl][EDA] DES with (1:5) molar ratio exhibits higher CO2 uptake (22.09 wt%) and comparable viscosity (4.401 mPa·s before and 13.330 mPa·s after CO2 capture at 25 °C) compared to aqueous 40 wt% MEA (15.74 wt% CO2 capture capacity, viscosity of 3.318 mPa·s before and 8.413 mPa·s after CO2 capture), and its absorption rate is also more favorable than the aqueous MEA. Furthermore, recycling studies reveal ∼ 88 % regeneration of the aqueous DES solution at 100 °C.

Mesoporous silica-grafted deep eutectic solvent-based mixed matrix membranes for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and emerging pollutant removal performance

Abstract Nano-enhanced membrane technology and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have demonstrated effectiveness in addressing emerging environmental pollutants. This research centers on purifying water by removing heavy metals employing membranes enhanced with mesoporous silica and DES. Various DESs, including hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid, were synthesized using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as a base. The study combined a polysulfone-based membrane with mesoporous silica, aiming for efficient indigenous crafting to remove heavy metals. Mesoporous silica was blended with the synthesized DES solution, creating diverse membranes for heavy metal separation. The study characterized these membranes using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Surface mapping confirmed the integration of silicon-based DES, reducing the membrane surface roughness from 4 to 1.4 nm. By adjusting the carboxylic acid chain length with TBABr and adding mesoporous silica, leaching ratios were reduced from 4.2 to 2.3%. Silica-grafted DES-based membranes exhibited a progressive increase in flux from 2.6 to 26.67 L/m2 h. The synthesized silicon-based membranes demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving rejection rates exceeding 80% for chromium and arsenic, maintaining an impressive 90% flux recovery ratio even at high flux rates. This study will envision the potential of nano-enhanced membrane technology utilizing DES for sustainable water purification and wastewater treatment applications to achieve the sustainable development goal (SDG) of clean water and sanitation (SDG-6).

Influence of Electrolyte Choice on Zinc Electrodeposition.

Zinc electrodeposition serves as a crucial electrochemical process widely employed in various industries, particularly in automotive manufacturing, owing to its cost effectiveness compared to traditional methods. However, traditional zinc electrodeposition using aqueous solutions faces challenges related to toxicity and hydrogen gas generation. Non-aqueous electrolytes such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained attention, with choline-chloride-based DESs showing promise despite raising environmental concerns. In this study, zinc electrodeposition on mild steel was investigated using three distinct electrolytes: (i) halide-free aqueous solutions, (ii) chloride-based DES, and (iii) halide-free acetate-based organic solutions. The study examined the influence of deposition time on the growth of Zn on mild steel substrates from these electrolytes using physical characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that glycol + acetate-based non-aqueous organic solutions provide an eco-friendly alternative, exhibiting comparable efficiency, enhanced crystalline growth, and promising corrosion resistance. This research contributes valuable insights into the impact of electrolyte choice on zinc electrodeposition, offering a pathway towards more sustainable and efficient processes. Through a comprehensive comparison and analysis of these methods, it advances our understanding of the practical applications of zinc electrodeposition technology.

Preparation of homogeneous lignin nanoparticles by efficient extraction of lignin and modification of its molecular structure using a functional deep eutectic solvent containing γ-valerolactone

A lignin-extractive green reaction medium consisting of choline chloride, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, and γ-valerolactone was designed. Polyphenolic lignin was obtained. The green advancement of DES processing has been enhanced.

Deep-eutectic solution adding threonine additive associating with supercritical carbon dioxide to enhance zinc electroplating characteristics

Deep-eutectic solvent (DES) was used widely as an eco-friendly and sustainable process in the zinc (Zn) electroplating in this study. Both the conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) assisted electroplating processes were employed in the Zn plating on the copper substrate, respectively. Moreover, the effects of ascorbic acid (AA), nicotinic acid (NA) and threonine (Thr) additives were also investigated systematically. The Zn coating In the XRD result, the Zn texture of (0 0 2) and (1 0 1) as the (1 0 0) gradually vanished as the increase of Thr additive. Whether the use of the additives, the hardness of the prepared Zn coating from SC-CO2 assisted process was higher than conventional counterparts by 30 %. Moreover, the corrosion current density from the potentiodynamic polarization curve tended to be more passive by 55 %, manifesting that the AA and NA additives in the SC-CO2 assisted Zn electroplating was better in anticorrosion capability comparing its counterpart without additives. The current efficiency shew SC-CO2 Zn coating with Thr additive could gain a 15 % enhancement in compared to the conventional Thr-free Zn coating, making the coating more noble. Microstructures investigations using SEM showed the absence of cracking on surface. On the cross-sectional examination using TEM, a dual dense and porous layer structure were observed. EDS analysis revealed the Cu ions dissolving in the DES solution and reacted with Zn ions to for Cu-Zn alloy compounds as well as solid solution of Cu in the Zn coating while the TEM-EDS analysis showed the existence of an extraordinary Zn(Cu) and interfacial Cu-Zn alloy dual-layers. The possible ion-diffusion induced by DES mechanism causing this dual-layer and solid solution structure during the electroplating process in the DES electroplating solution was proposed.

Investigation of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvents for inhibiting hydration in shale formations

When drilling with water-based drilling fluids, the principal causes of wellbore instability are shale hydration and swelling. There exists an imminent necessity for the development of high-performance hydration inhibitors to effectively address this issue. Within the scope of this work, four alcohol-based deep eutectic solvents (DES) derived from choline chloride were prepared as efficient hydration inhibitors. The inhibitory capabilities of these alcohol-based DES, along with traditional inhibitors such as potassium chloride and polyetheramine, were compared through tests including linear swelling, hot-rolling dispersion, capillary suction timer, and sedimentation experiments. In the alcohol-based DES solutions, the expansion heights of bentonite decreased from 7.65 mm to 3.65, 3.96, 3.89, and 4.10 mm, respectively. After hot-rolling at 80 °C, the recovery rates of shale cuttings increased from 33.62 % to 91.33 %, 84.68 %, 88.38 %, and 81.24 %, respectively. All of the alcohol-based DES demonstrated superior hydration inhibition effects. The inhibition mechanism of alcohol-based DES was drawn from a comprehensive assessments encompassing zeta potential, particle size distribution, optical microscope observation, surface tension, and X-ray diffraction measurements. The predominant mechanism responsible for the inhibition of shale hydration resided in the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions between the DES and clay. Additionally, the alcohol-based DES exerted a supplementary effect by reducing water intrusion via lowering the liquid surface tension. Due to their outstanding inhibitory performance, the prepared alcohol-based DES exhibited substantial promise as high-performance hydration inhibitors in shale drilling applications.

Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and density function theory (DFT) calculation relevant to green leaching of metals from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using glucose-based deep eutectic solvent (DES)

Deep eutectic solvents (DES), as environmentally-friendly solvents, have shown potential for recovering metals in the cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study employed a glucose-based DES of choline chloride to recover cobalt, manganese, nickel, and lithium from LIB cathode materials, optimizing temperature and time parameters in the range of 60–110 °C and 2–24 h for leaching the cathode materials. The highest metal recoveries were observed between 60 and 110 °C, with 82.4% for Ni, 94.2% for Co, 97.6% for Ni, and 93.7% for Li after 24 h of leaching at 100 °C. The Co, Mn, Ni, and Li recoveries in the DES solution increased with time at 100 °C. UV–visible spectroscopy analysis investigated the leaching mechanisms for cathode metals, confirming that the spent LIBs leaching in DES (ChCl:G) is not completely associated with the reduction of cobalt. It appears that other metal ions, such as Li, Mn, and Ni, form complexes with chloride ions originating from the choline chloride agent. The results of the MD simulation show that hydrogen of the OH in choline chloride has a very strong attractive interaction with the Cl− ion. Also, H atoms of OH groups in glucose molecules interact considerably with the chloride ion of choline chloride. In addition, all H atoms of OH groups in glucose form hydrogen bonds with O5 of the glucose. All metal ions, including Co3+, Li+, Mn2+, and Ni2+, have very strong electrostatic interactions with the Cl− of the choline chloride molecule. The MD calculations show that metal ions are complexed with some oxygen atoms of the glucose molecule. Results show that the choline chloride molecule (via Cl− ion) and glucose molecule (via oxygen atoms) play a significant role in the leaching of metal ions from LIBs via electronegative atoms. Another finding is that the molecules of choline chloride and glucose have no selectivity towards the leaching of ions, which agrees with the experimental results, so all ions are almost 100% extracted.

Malic acid-based deep eutectic solvent and its application in Insulin's structural stability

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been recently used as a solvent for insulin delivery via subcutaneous, transdermal, oral, and nasal ways. However, due to their high viscosity, DESs are usually impractical for delivery applications in their pure solution. The addition of water decreases the viscosity of DESs, but it can also influence the structural stability of the proteins. Hence, DES-water solutions and their effect on insulin's structural stability need to be investigated. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations on insulin dimer in DES consisting of malic acid and choline chloride (MA-ChCl) with varying amounts of water were performed. Insulin is strongly stabilized in the DES and its aqueous solutions as compared to water. However, in the DES solutions with 50 % and 75 % water content, malic acid was observed to interact readily with insulin dimer and its binding site, causing the separation of the two monomers. Therefore, while the insulin dimer is stable in the DES with low water content, in the presence of higher amounts of water it is destabilized and the monomers are separated. Considering that insulin's active form is monomeric, and the decomposition of insulin into monomers before reaching the bloodstream can increase the pharmacokinetics of insulin delivery, the use of the aqueous DES for rapid insulin delivery is highly relevant.

CO2 absorption and desorption performance by ChCl-MEA-PZ deep eutectic solvent aqueous solutions

With the increasingly serious climate problem, carbon dioxide capture has been paid more and more attention. Deep eutectic solvent (DES), which is environmentally friendly and simple to synthesize, has attracted considerable attention as a new type of carbon dioxide absorbent. Choline chloride (ChCl) - monoethanolamine (MEA) - piperazine (PZ) DESs were prepared. The chemical reaction between ChCl-MEA-PZ DES and CO2 was confirmed to be the zwitterionic mechanism by NMR spectrum analysis. The influences of molar ratio between ChCl, MEA and PZ, gas–liquid flow rates, water content and CO2 concentration on CO2 absorption character were studied by a microchannel reactor. Under appropriate conditions, CO2 absorption efficiency could reach 99.95 %. The addition of promoter PZ could significantly enhance CO2 absorption performance. Additionally, desorption energy consumption of DES solution after CO2 saturation is lower than that of the standard 30 wt% MEA solution, which proves process friendliness of the DES. This study not only provides technical support but also sheds light on the potential applications of DESs in CO2 capture.

Super concentrated HCl in a deep eutectic solvent as media for the integrated leaching and separation of metals from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries is vital to ensure the recovery of added-value resources and minimize environmental impact. Herein, an integrated and efficient process is developed for metal recovery from spent cathode powder combining both leaching and transition metal separation in one step. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) is proposed as a HCl super concentrator for the one-pot leaching of cathodes from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous Ni(II) precipitation. The DES composed of decanoic acid and trioctylphosphine oxide can super concentrate HCl, 2.2-folds more than the aqueous limit of 37 wt%, whilst being thermally and chemically stable under leaching conditions up to 373 K. The proposed leaching process can quantitatively extract Co(II), Mn(II) and Cu(II) from spent cathodes of laptop batteries whilst only extracting 10 % of Ni(II). The latter could be easily recovered as NiCl2·2H2O with 99 % purity through the manipulation of the coordination environment afforded by the DES relative to aqueous media. Key leaching parameters were the HCl:metal molar ratio and temperature, both having a significant impact on the leaching efficiency and its selectivity. Metal recovery was accomplished after stripping of the loaded DES solution via a straightforward sequential precipitation process, with 99 % Co(II) and 98 % Mn(II) being precipitated with 95 % and 81 % purity, respectively. The reported system presents a better atom economy compared to other DES and conventional inorganic acids, providing a new mild approach for the simultaneous leaching and separation of metals from lithium-ion batteries.

CO2-responsive deep eutectic solvents for the enhanced extraction of hesperidin from Fertile orange peel

Hesperidin, also known as vitamin P, is widely studied for its distinctive potential in food and pharmaceutical industries. This work focuses on the research of CO2-responsive deep eutectic solvents (DESs) used as recyclable extractants for efficient extraction of hesperidin from Fertile orange peel. Reversible phase transformation of DES solution was achieved by bubbling CO2/N2. The maximum extraction yield of 22.39 mg/g was obtained for hesperidin under the following conditions: DES-6 (triethanolamine: 4-methoxyphenol = 1:1) used as extractant, water content of 35 wt%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:60 g/mL, extraction temperature of 25 °C, and ultrasonic time of 25 min, which was much higher than that extracted by methanol. Hesperidin of 74.38% was recovered in top phase after CO2 triggering. Density function theory (DFT) results indicated that hydrogen and π-π bonds were the main factors affecting hesperidin extraction. This study provides a new idea for extracting natural bioactive compounds using recyclable extractants.

DBS‐Based Eutectogels: Organized Vessels to Perform the Michael Addition Reaction**

AbstractSupramolecular eutectogels were obtained from the gelation of 1,3 : 2,4‐dibenzylidene‐D‐sorbitol (DBS) in cholinium chloride‐based deep eutectic solvents (DES), differing for the nature of the hydrogen bond donor. Ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol and urea were tested. Soft materials were fully characterized, determining critical gelation concentration, gel‐sol transition temperatures and mechanical properties. Furthermore, to have information about the organization of the gelator in the tridimensional network, resonance light scattering, circular dichroism and microscopy investigations were performed. Eutectogels were used as organized “vessels” to perform the L‐proline catalyzed Michael addition reaction. The probe reaction was carried out in gel phase and in DES solution. Data collected shed light on the effect that gel microenvironment exerts on the outcome of the reaction. In general, gel phases allowed having comparable or even better results than the ones collected in DES solution, with better results obtained in soft materials with the highest organization, as accounted for by the presence of larger aggregates and the occurrence of stronger intermolecular interactions. In turn, this accounts also for the effect of substrates structure that indicates that better yields could be obtained in the presence of more flexible nucleophile and dienones, having more extended π‐surface.

Unveiling the Influence of Hydrated Deep Eutectic Solvents on the Dynamics of Water-Soluble Proteins.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of two or more pure compounds (e.g., Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases, anionic and/or cationic species) in a well-defined stoichiometric proportion, with a melting point lower to that of an ideal liquid mixture. These neoteric solvents are highly tunable through varying the structure or relative ratio of parent components and have been evaluated as solvents able to improve biomolecules' performance, specifically their stability and biocatalytic properties. Inspired by a recent crystallographic study, we have explored through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations the dynamic properties of two different proteins (hen egg-white lysozyme and the human VH antibody fragment HEL4) in a (20% w/w) hydrated solution of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2). We have developed proper force fields to account for DES, protein, and DES-protein interactions, which have been calibrated using pair distribution function measurements of pure DES solutions. MD results show that the presence of DES quenches the protein motion, increasing the rigidity of the overall protein structure. Specific interactions among DES components and protein residues, such as those between choline ions and two Tryptophan residues of lysozyme, may amplify the protein-DES interactions and lead to protein crystallization in the presence of hydrated DES. These findings open new horizons to improve or achieve control on protein properties by a proper choice of hydrated DESs used as solvents.

Solubility of hesperidin drug in aqueous biodegradable acidic choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts, which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems. The selection of suitable green solvents for novel drug discovery and drug delivery depends on a molecular-level understanding of the interaction between drug molecules and the solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are already used in sustainable extraction methods of natural products for their very high solvent power, high chemical and thermal stability, non-toxicity, and non-flammable. The thermodynamic investigation provides deep and complete knowledge of interactions and the choice of appropriate and suitable production compounds in pharmaceutical fields. Particularly, the analysis of drugs+DESs in aqueous media is a central issue in many types of research. This research is aimed to determine hesperidin (HES) solubility in water and DES solvents [choline chloride/citric acid (ChCl/CA), choline chloride/oxalic acid (ChCl/OA), choline chloride/malonic acid (ChCl/MA), and choline chloride/lactic acid (ChCl/LA)] at temperature range (298.15–313.15 K). Furthermore, the measured solubility data of HES in studied aqueous DESs solutions was fitted by models of Van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree and Modified Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree. Finally, the Hansen solubility parameters as thermodynamic aspect for analyzing the dissolution processes for the four investigated aqueous DESs solutions were estimated.

Expliciting the interactions of tramadol hydrochloride + choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent + water systems: Thermodynamic aspects

In recent years, a new class of environmentally friendly solvents called deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been employed in a number of operations in both academia and industry. The study described herein offers an assessment of a green solvent in the preparation of Drug delivery systems (DDSs) as well as delivery vehicles made of a deep eutectic system (DES) constituted of Choline Chloride (ChCl) and Urea (U). For the designing of such processes, there is a need for an understanding of the molecular interaction of Tramadol hydrochloride with DES. In this regard, we have experimentally measured density and sound velocity for Tramadol hydrochloride in aqueous solutions and in different concentrations of aqueous DES (i.e., 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0)mol.kg−1 within the concentration range 0 to 0.15 mol.kg−1 at various temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. In order to interpret the view on solute–solvent and solute–solute interactions, several derived parameters chiefly apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ), isentropic compressibility (κS), apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (KS,ϕ) for tramadol hydrochloride in aqueous and in an aqueous DES solutions have been calculated from experimental density and speed of sound values. The limiting apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ0) and limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (KS,ϕ0) for binary as well as ternary systems have been calculated from apparent molar volume and compressibility values. The thermal coefficient of expansion (α) and partial molar isobaric expansion (Eϕ0) have been derived from the temperature dependence of limiting apparent molar volume of solute. Transfer volume (ΔVϕtrans0) and transfer compressibility ΔKS,ϕtrans0 of tramadol hydrochloride from aqueous to aqueous DES solutions have been calculated.

Improved Stability and Catalytic Efficiency of ω-Transaminase in Aqueous Mixture of Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The efficient biosynthesis of chiral amines at an industrial scale to meet the high demand from industries that require chiral amines as precursors is challenging due to the poor stability and low catalytic efficiency of ω-transaminases (ω-TAs). Herein, this study adopted a green and efficient solvent engineering method to explore the effects of various aqueous solutions of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as cosolvents on the catalytic efficiency and stability of ω-TA. Binary- and ternary-based DESs were used as cosolvents in enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of a ω-TA variant from Aspergillus terreus (E133A). The enzyme exhibited a higher catalytic activity in a ternary-based DES that was 2.4-fold higher than in conventional buffer. Moreover, the thermal stability was enhanced by a magnitude of 2.7, with an improvement in storage stability. Molecular docking studies illustrated that the most potent DES established strong hydrogen bond interactions with the enzyme's amino acid, which enhanced the catalytic efficiency and improved the stability of the ω-TA. Molecular docking is essential in designing DESs for a specific enzyme.

Thermo‐Responsive Microemulsions Containing Deep Eutectic‐Based Antibiotic Formulations for Improved Treatment of Resistant Bacterial Ocular Infections

AbstractThe rise of antibiotic resistant strains, as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), challenges the current treatment of infections. In the case of ocular infections, antibiotic eye drops are commonly prescribed. However, their efficacy is usually compromised by the low viscosity of these formulations and the eye drainage. To overcome these drawbacks, deep eutectic solvent (DES)‐based microemulsions with thermo‐responsive character, that increase their viscosity upon contact with the eye have been developed. Using betaine‐based DES aqueous solutions, it is possible to increase up to 140‐fold the water solubility of the antibiotic chloramphenicol, typically used in ocular infections. The DES solutions containing the antibiotic are applied as water phases in water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (w/o/w) microemulsions, being stable up to 3 months. Furthermore, a sustained‐release and a higher permeation of the antibiotic through the cornea than that of commercialized eye drops is achieved, while presenting comparable cytotoxicity profiles (cell viabilities > 88%). Higher antimicrobial activity and faster action of the antibiotic in case of infection with MRSA is observed compared to the commercialized formulations (7 log10 of inactivation in 48 h vs 72 h). Overall, these microemulsions comprising DES are a promising strategy to achieve higher antibiotic effectiveness in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections.

Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent-Treated Wood

Due to their adaptability and low preparation costs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been widely used in a variety of applications. For some potential industrial applications, developing new low-cost DESs is critical. Oxalic acid (OA), acetic acid (AA), urea (Ur), and glycerol (GL) were mixed in various molar ratios to make DES solutions, with choline chloride (ChCL) acting as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). In this work, DES solutions were applied to wood samples of Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) at 150 °C. The chemical structures of wood samples were significantly altered after impregnation with DES solutions, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hemicellulose and cellulose peaks increased around 1700 cm−1, while the lignin peak disappeared completely around 1500 cm−1. After the decay test, mass losses were lower than in the control samples. The decay tests revealed that the leached wood samples were more resistant to decay. DES-treated wood samples, on the other hand, decomposed at lower temperatures.

Ammonium chloride and urea based deep eutectic solvent: toxicological and antioxidant profile Authors

In the present study, the toxicity potential of ammonium chloride and urea-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was studied. A homogeneous DES solution was obtained by heating at 60°C for 20 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to verify the synthesis. The toxicity profiling of ammonium-based DES was performed using in vitro cell lines (fibroblast growth factor) and microbes (fungi, Gram positive and gram negative bacteria) and in vivo model organism (fish). DES was found to the had maximum zone of inhibition against tested bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (Candida albicans). Ammonium chloride-urea DES had higher LC50 against Cyprinus carpio. DES was found to have a higher percentage of cell viability at higher concentration along with DPPH scavenging activity of 92%. In conclusion, ammonium chloride-urea based DES had been successfully formed and found less harmful at higher concentrations, thus can be used as promising solvents in the future.