Deep Burn Wounds Research Articles

The experience of critical burn injury treatment in pediatric practice

Patients with severe burn injuries require specialized medical care. For many decades, burn injury in children remains an important issue both in medical and social-economic aspects. It is explained by the high frequency of this pathology, prevalence among all age groups of the population, severe clinical course accompanied by the multiple organ failure development. About 400 thousand burns per year occur in Russia, 3540% of them affect children. A burn injury often leads to fatal outcome, disability and reduce of the quality of life. Wound infection associated with the burn injury in children remains a topical problem of modern combustiology. The authors present the clinical case of successful treatment of Patient M., born in 2005. The patient was transferred from the city M. to the burn center of University Clinic of the Privolzhsky Research Medical University in Nizhny Novgorod on the third day after getting the injury. During the hospitalization period in the burn center, the patient underwent complex treatment: infusion-transfusion therapy under the hemodynamic and laboratory indicators control, antibacterial and anticoagulant therapy, nutritional support by a combined method, symptomatic treatment, active surgical tactics (necrectomy by bordering incisions using modern wound hydrocolloid coatings, autologous skin grafting). In skin grafting operations, a high perforation coefficient of split grafts was used (1:6, 1:3). The success of treatment was determined by the creation of an optimal wound environment for the autografts engraftment, the absence of regression, which made it possible to restore the skin integrity in a short time, and to avoid complications of the burn disease course. Thus, the early transfer of a child with a severe injury into a specialized burn center, intensive therapy, active surgical tactics, the use of modern wound coatings in the treatment of a patient with a critical area of deep burn injury made it possible to successfully restore the skin in a short time of hospitalization.

Abdominoplasty Panniculus as a Source for Human Acellular Dermis: A Preliminary Report.

In extensive deep dermal burn injuries, split-thickness skin graft (STSG) has been the most preferred treatment option for resurfacing burn wounds. A thick split-thickness skin graft is ideal for preventing graft contracture but is associated with delayed donor healing and the lack of adequate donor skin. When applied with STSG, the dermal substitutes offer better-reconstructed skin than STSG alone. Human-derived acellular dermal matrix (HADM) obtained from cadaver skin is a dermal equivalent with good clinical outcomes. However, high cost and limited cadaver donor skin availability limit its clinical utility. Developing a low-cost preparation method and finding an alternate source of human donated skin can help reduce the cost. The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of making HADM from abdominoplasty panniculus skin. Skin samples were collected from the abdominoplasty panniculus of ten eligible donors with their informed consent. A combination of low-cost reagents-sodium chloride and hypotonic solution (water for injection) was used for decellularizing the skin. Characterization of the prepared Acellular Dermis Matrix prototype was done. The skin was deepidermized with one molar NaCl treatment at 37°C for 24h. The deepidermized dermis became acellular with hypotonic solution treatment at 4°C for two weeks. The hematoxylin and eosin staining and cytotoxicity test confirmed the acellularity and non-cytotoxicity of the prepared HADM prototype. The HADM prototype also facilitated the formation of neo-epithelium in the 3D cell co-culture model. This study confirms that abdominoplasty panniculus can be a viable alternative for HADM preparation. Further characterization studies are required to prove the concept.

599 Eyelash Reconstruction Utilizing a Strip Graft for Burn-related Madarosis: A Case Report and Operative Technique

IntroductionFacial burns are a common occurrence with a small percentage causing injury to the periocular region. Although the eye itself is often spared, madarosis may occur from deep burn injury to the eyelid. Reconstruction of the eyelid margin is technically difficult due to the challenging aesthetic region, as well as specific characteristics of eyelashes. Although there are several options for eyelash grafting there is no established gold standard, and there is little to no-literature related to procedures involving burn madarosis.MethodsHere we describe a case of unilateral eyelash grafting utilizing a composite strip graft in a 20-year-old female who sustained a 70% flame injury at the age of two.ResultsThe presented results show the efficacy of this technique at restoring function and providing a good aesthetic result which is maintained at 1 year follow up.ConclusionsUtilization of a composite strip graft to recreate the eyelid margin is a viable choice for reconstruction of burned upper eyelids in the appropriate patient. Further exploration regarding procedure timing and choice of donor site are warranted.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Superficial and Deep Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds in Yorkshire vs Red Duroc Pigs.

Hypertrophic scars are a common negative outcome of deep partial-thickness (DPT) burn wounds resulting in increased dermal thickness, wound area contracture, and inflammation of the affected area. The red Duroc and Yorkshire porcine breeds are common large animal models for studying dermal wounds due to their structural similarities to human skin; however, the porcine transcriptomic profiles of dermal burn wounds and healing process are not well known. In response, a longitudinal transcriptomic comparative study was conducted comparing red Duroc and Yorkshire superficial and DPT burn wounds to their respective control uninjured tissue. Using next-generation RNA sequencing, total RNAs were isolated from burn wound tissue harvested on 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days postburn, and mRNA-seq and gene expression read counts were generated. Significant differentially expressed genes relative to uninjured tissue were defined, and active biological processes were determined using gene set enrichment analyses. Additionally, collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) protein concentration, epidermal and dermal thickness measurements, and wound area changes in response to burn injury were characterized. Overall, the red Duroc pigs, in response to both burn wound types, elicited a more robust and prolonged inflammatory immune response, fibroblast migration, and proliferation, as well as heightened levels of extracellular matrix modulation relative to respective burn types in the Yorkshire pigs. Collectively, the red Duroc DPT burn wounds produce a greater degree of hypertrophic scar-like response compared with Yorkshire DPT burn wounds. These findings will facilitate future porcine burn studies down-selecting treatment targets and determining the effects of novel therapeutic strategies.

Skin Grafting Compared with Conservative Treatment in Patients with Deep Second-Degree Burn Wounds of the Trunk and Buttocks.

BACKGROUNDBurns are among the most common causes of injury and result in long-term morbidity, psychological complications, and reduced quality of life. We aimed to evaluate and compare the results of skin grafting versus nonsurgical treatment in patients with deep second-degree burn wounds of the back and posterior trunk.METHODSThis is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study of patients with trunk and buttock burns admitted to Burn Hospital in Shiraz, Iran from 2017 to 2019. The skin surface with burns and the final repaired tissue was measured. The Vancouver Scar Score (VSS) and pigmentation, vascularity, thickness, and pliability were assessed. VSS, pigmentation, vascularity, thickness and pliability were considered as outcomes. RESULTSSeventy-five patients met the criteria for participation; thirty-two patients had skin grafts. The mean age was 27.79±20.03 yr and 53 patients (70.7%) were male. Scars were compared based on pigmentation, vascularity, thickness, and pliability, which was also statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean of VSS was higher in patients with skin graft than those without graft (P<0.001).CONCLUSIONThe mean VSS was significantly higher in patients with grade 2 deep burns who received skin grafting than in patients without skin grafting. Due to the lack of donor sites and the need to prioritize skin grafts in burn patients with high total body surface area, it is better to perform skin grafts on the posterior trunk and buttocks in areas with deep grade 2 burns as a last priority and treat this wound with conservative therapy.

The effect of NPWT in wound healing and bacterial count on deep dermal burn injury model: An experimental study

BackgroundSepsis is one of the main causes in burn victim's mortality. The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) provides an ideal environment to accelerate wound healing. We compare the use of normal saline (NS), intermittent NPWT, continuous NPWT and silver sulfadiazine in wound healing process. MethodThis study involved 6 Yorkshire pigs; each pig was induced with 20 burns on the flank area. Burns were divided into 4 treatment groups: NS gauze, intermittent NPWT, continuous NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine dressing. Burns were evaluated on day 1,3,7,14, and 21 for its morphology and bacterial colonization and on day 14 and 21 for the remaining burn surface area. ResultWound that received NPWT therapy appeared better in both granulation and crust formation. Remaining burn surface area (mm2) on day 14 in NS group, intermittent NPWT, continuous NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine were 107.43 ± 83.43, 178.07 ± 74.83, 146.10 ± 69.1, 126.03 ± 83.22, respectively(p = 0.457); on day 21 in NS group, intermittent NPWT, continuous NPWT, and silver sulfadiazine were 13.16 ± 16.86, 59.49 ± 20.72, 54.79 ± 46.59, 48.95 ± 39.84, respectively(p=0.169). There were no significant differences in each treatment group bacterial colonization(p>0.05). There were no significant correlation between bacterial colonization and remaining burn surface area (p>0.05). ConclusionWhile morphologically, the wound in NPWT treatment groups appeared better in granulation and crust formation, the remaining wound surface area and the number of bacterial colonization were not significantly difference compared to standard therapy (silver sulfadiazine and NS gauze). There were no significant correlation between the amount of bacterial colonization and remaining wound surface area on every treatment group.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Surgery: A Case Report of A Three-Year-Old Child with Deep Dermal Burn Injury

Introduction: In the past few years, there has been increased recognition that children, who have a history of traumatic incidences, can develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), just like in adults.&#x0D; Case: We presented a case of PTSD in a 3-year-old child hospitalized in the hospital for two days due to combustion (deep dermal burn injury) in his left hand, stomach, and both of his legs. The patient started to experience parasomnia such as nightmares, raves, difficulty to sleep and awakened from sleep (for one month from the beginning of wound treatment and debridement). The patient also had two re-experiencing symptoms: nightmare and emotional distress (anxiety, anger) after a traumatic stimulus. From his temperament scale and character assessment, there was dysregulation disorder. From the PEDSQL parent's reports, there was also decreased quality of life.&#x0D; Conclusion: First-line therapy of PTSD for the pediatric population is supportive psychotherapy with trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) that results in a remarkable improvement in child's psychiatric outcome.

The Use of Intact Fish Skin as a Novel Treatment Method for Deep Dermal Burns Following Enzymatic Debridement: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Background: The optimal therapy for deep burn wounds is based on the early debridement of necrotic tissue followed by wound coverage to avoid a systemic inflammatory response and optimize scar-free healing. The outcomes are affected by available resources and underlying patient factors, which represent challenges in burn care and suboptimal outcomes. In this study, we aimed to determine optimal burn-wound management using enzymatic debridement (NexoBrid™, MediWound Germany GmbH, Rüsselsheim, Germany) and intact fish skin (Kerecis® Omega3 Wound, Isafjordur, Iceland). Methods: In this retrospective case series, 12 patients with superficial or deep dermal burn wounds were treated with enzymatic debridement followed by fish skin, Suprathel® (PolyMedics Innovations GmbH, Denkendorf, Germany), or a split-thickness skin graft (STSG). Patients’ outcomes regarding healing and scar quality were collected objectively and subjectively for 12 months after the burn injury. Results: Wounds treated with fish skin demonstrated accelerated wound healing, a significantly higher water-storage capacity, and better pain relief. Furthermore, improved functional and cosmetic outcomes, such as elasticity, skin thickness, and pigmentation, were demonstrated. The pain and itch expressed as POSAS scores (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale) for fish skin decreased compared to those for wounds managed with an STSG or Suprathel. Importantly, fish skin-treated wounds had significantly improved sebum production and skin elasticity than those treated with Suprathel but showed no significant superiority compared to STSG-treated wounds. Conclusions: Enzymatic debridement in combination with intact fish skin grafts resulted in the faster healing of burn wounds and better functional and aesthetic outcomes than split-thickness skin grafts and Suprathel treatment.

Possibilities of using innovative technologies for treating a victim with thermal injury (case report)

BACKGROUND: Victims with severe burn injuries require specialized and high-tech care. The treatment results of such patients, as a rule, depend on the timing of the transfer and the volume of surgical treatment aimed at removing necrotic tissues and restoring the skin in conditions of a shortage of donor resources. In this regard, the development and implementation into clinical practice of innovative techniques for the temporary closure of burn wounds with synthetic coatings and the creation of optimal conditions in the wound for engraftment of skin grafts with a high perforation index.&#x0D; СLINICAL CASE: This paper demonstrates a clinical case of successfully treating a child with a critical area of deep burn injury by flame (carriage trauma) using early surgical treatment, innovative wound dressings, and cellular technologies.&#x0D; DISCUSSION: We consider the transfer to a specialized department of a multidisciplinary hospital essential in successfully treating a patient with a large burn area. Under burn center conditions, surgical treatment was performed to remove the necrotic tissues in the largest part of the deep lesion before inflammatory reactions developed. Subsequently, active surgical techniques were used to prepare the wounds for delayed plastic closure. The use of wound dressings and the introduction of cell technologies into clinical practice ensured successful patient treatment due to the early adaptation of skin autografts and risk minimization of their regression, and acceleration of epithelialization in the cells.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The early transfer of a severely burned child to a specialized burn center, active surgical techniques, the use of innovative wound dressings and cellular technologies in the treatment of a patient with a critical area of deep burn lesions made it possible to save a life, successfully restore damaged skin, and create optimal conditions for starting early rehabilitation measures.

Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure Dynamics in a Rat Burn Wound Model Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing.

Burns destroy the skin barrier and alter the resident bacterial community, thereby facilitating bacterial infection. To treat a wound infection, it is necessary to understand the changes in the wound bacterial community structure. However, traditional bacterial cultures allow the identification of only readily growing or purposely cultured bacterial species and lack the capacity to detect changes in the bacterial community. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect alterations in the bacterial community structure in deep partial-thickness burn wounds on the back of Sprague-Dawley rats. These results were then compared with those obtained from the bacterial culture. Bacterial samples were collected prior to wounding and 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the number of resident bacterial species decreased after the burn. Both resident bacterial richness and diversity, which were significantly reduced after the burn, recovered following wound healing. The dominant resident strains also changed, but the inhibition of bacterial community structure was in a nonvolatile equilibrium state, even in the early stage after healing. Furthermore, the correlation between wound and environmental bacteria increased with the occurrence of burns. Hence, the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis reflected the bacterial condition of the wounds better than the bacterial culture. 16S rRNA sequencing in the Sprague-Dawley rat burn model can provide more information for the prevention and treatment of burn infections in clinical settings and promote further development in this field.

Effectiveness of green tea cream in comparison with silver sulfadiazine cream in the treatment of second degree burn in human subjects

BackgroundThe objective of the present clinical study was to compare the efficacy of green tea (GT) extract cream with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream in the treatment of superficial second degree burns in human subjects. MethodsTwo-step hot water procedure was used for extraction. The antibacterial potency of the GT extract was compared with standard antibiotics against three common burn wounds bacteria. In addition, GT cream was subjected to a preservative challenge test. Using the 13 scoring items proposed by the Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool, the effectiveness of the cream was compared with SSD cream on 50 patients with second degree burns with a 14-day follow up. ResultsGT extract showed a wide range of in vitro antibacterial activity which was comparable with imipenem, gentamicin and more potent than vancomycin. In addition, it successfully passed the challenge test. Both treatment groups showed no significant differences, either in the rate of healing, or in other allocated healing parameters. However, epithelialisation, granulation tissue, oedema and exudate types showed a non-significant better profile of healing. In conclusion, these results suggest that GT extract is a promising novel agent in the treatment of 2nd degree superficial burns in human subjects. Further studies on its effectiveness in the treatment of deep second degree burn wounds are recommended.

The Superior Outcome of Collagen Nanosilver in Increasing Macrophage and Collagen on Deep Dermal Burn Wound Healing

AIM: This study aims to prove the superior outcome of collagen nanosilver in increasing macrophage and collagen on deep dermal burn wound healing. METHODS: This study was a randomized control trial design. All animals used were male Sprague Dawley rats aged 12–14 weeks old and weighed about 200–250 g. Each rat gets four site injuries and is given treatments. The treatment group includes: I (negative control using NaCl 0.9%), II (positive control using silver sulfadiazine cream), III (treatment with nanosilver collagen cream 1%), and IV (treatment with collagen nanosilver cream 2%). Macrophages counts were assessed using IHC F40/80 and collagen density was assessed using Masson’s trichrome staining. RESULTS: Macrophage on day 6 showed a significant difference as seen in group III and group IV. A significant difference was also obtained between macrophage on day 3 and day 6 from group IV, likewise between collagen between day 3 and day 6 from group III and IV. Collagen nanosilver acts as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent by increasing the mechanism of activation and migration of macrophages to the site of injury. Moreover, this formula modulated the collagen deposition, which forms the tissue fibers which ultimately provide a conducive environment for wound healing. CONCLUSION: Collagen nanosilver has a superior outcome in the increasing macrophage cell count and collagen density of deep dermal burn wound healing.

The clinical effectiveness and safety of using epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor as therapeutics in acute skin wound healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundPromoting wound healing is crucial to restore the vital barrier function of injured skin. Growth factor products including epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been used for decades although no systematic evaluation exists regarding their effectiveness and safety issues in treating acute skin wounds. This has resulted in a lack of guidelines and standards for proper application regimes. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to critically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these growth factors on skin acute wounds and provide guidelines for application regimes.MethodsWe searched PubMed/Medline (1980–2020), Cochrane Library (1980–2020), Cochrane CENTRAL (from establishment to 2020), ClinicalTrials.gov (from establishment to 2020), Chinese Journal Full-text Database (CNKI, 1994–2020), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM, 1978–2019), Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP, 1989–2020) and Wanfang Database (WFDATA, 1980–2019). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and controlled clinical trials treating patients with acute skin wounds from various causes and with those available growth factors were included.ResultsA total of 7573 papers were identified through database searching; 229 papers including 281 studies were kept after final screening. Administering growth factors significantly shortened the healing time of acute skin wounds, including superficial burn injuries [mean difference (MD) = −3.02; 95% confidence interval (CI):−3.31 ~ −2.74; p < 0.00001], deep burn injuries (MD = −5.63; 95% CI:−7.10 ~ −4.17; p < 0.00001), traumata and surgical wounds (MD = −4.50; 95% CI:−5.55 ~ −3.44; p < 0.00001). Growth factors increased the healing rate of acute skin wounds and decreased scar scores. The incidence of adverse reactions was lower in the growth factor treatment group than in the non-growth factor group.ConclusionsThe studied growth factors not only are effective and safe for managing acute skin wounds, but also accelerate their healing with no severe adverse reactions.

Deep Burn Injury of the Neck Caused by a Hair Dryer: A Case Report

Deep Burn Injury of the Neck Caused by a Hair Dryer: A Case Report

A Combination of Synthetic Molecules Acts as Antifreeze for the Protection of Skin against Cold-Induced Injuries.

Seasonal and occupational exposure of the human body to extreme cold temperatures can result in cell death in the exposed area due to the formation of ice crystals. This leads to superficial or deep burn injury and compromised functionality. Currently available therapeutics can be ineffective in extreme cases, and thus, it is necessary to develop prophylactic strategies. In this study, we have devised a combination of known synthetic cryopreservative agents (termed SynAFP) and evaluated their potential antifreeze applications on skin. The prophylactic activity of SynAFP in vitro is indicated by improved cellular revival and cell viability, retention of the cytoskeleton, and normal cell cycle progression even after cold stress. A comprehensive whole-cell proteomic approach revealed that in the presence of SynAFP, cold-induced downregulation of proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion and upregulation of those related to mitochondrial stress were ameliorated. Pre-application of SynAFP in mice facing a frostbite challenge prevents their skin from incurring significant injury as confirmed through macroscopic and histological examination. Moreover, multiple applications of SynAFP on mouse skin at room temperature did not compromise skin integrity. SynAFP was also formulated in anAloe vera-based cream (referred to as fSynAFP), which offered similar protection under cold stress conditions. Thus, SynAFP can be considered as a potential candidate for formulating a topical intervention for protection from cold-induced injuries to skin.

N-carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate composite hydrogel loading plasmid DNA as a promising gene activated matrix for in-situ burn wound treatment.

Improving the degree of vascularization through the regulation of wound microenvironment is crucial for wound repair. Gene activated matrix (GAM) technology provides a new approach for skin regeneration. It is a local gene delivery system that can not only maintain a moist environment, but also increase the concentration of local active factors. For this purpose, we fabricated the mVEGF165/TGF-β1 gene-loaded N-carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel and studied its effect on promoting deep second degree burn wound repair. The average diameter of the hydrogel pores was 100 μm and the porosity was calculated as 50.9%. SEM and CLSM images showed that the hydrogel was suitable for cell adhesion and growth. The NS-GAM could maintain continuous expression for at least 9 days in vitro, showing long-term gene release and expression effect. Deep second-degree burn wound model was made on the backs of Wistar rats to evaluate the healing effect. The wounds were healed by day 22 in NS-GAM group with the prolonged high expression of VEGF and TGF-β1 protein. A high degree of neovascularization and high expression level of CD34 were observed in NS-GAM group in 21 days. The histological results showed that NS-GAM had good tissue safety and could effectively promote epithelialization and collagen regeneration. These results indicated that the NS-GAM could be applied as a promising local gene delivery system for the repair of deep second-degree burn wounds.

A Sequential Therapeutic Hydrogel With Injectability and Antibacterial Activity for Deep Burn Wounds' Cleaning and Healing.

As a severe clinical challenge, escharotomy and infection are always the core concerns of deep burn injuries. However, a usual dressing without multifunctionality leads to intractable treatment on deep burn wounds. Herein, we fabricated a sequential therapeutic hydrogel to solve this problem. Cross-linked by modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-SH/ε-PL) and benzaldehyde-terminated F127 triblock copolymers (PF127-CHO), the hydrogel demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, injectability, tissue adhesiveness, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and satisfactory wound cleaning through both in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, based on the conception of “sequential therapy,” we proposed for the first time to load bromelain and EGF into the same hydrogel in stages for wound cleaning and healing. This work provides a strategy to fabricate a promising wound dressing for the treatment of deep burn wounds with injectability and improved patients’ compliance as it simplified the process of treatment due to its “three in one” characteristic (antibacterial activity, wound cleaning, and healing effects); therefore, it has great potential in wound dressing development and clinical application.

A prospective randomized controlled study of the application effect of hydrogel dressings on deep partial-thickness burn wounds after dermabrasion and tangential excision

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of applying hydrogel dressings in deep partial-thickness burn wounds after dermabrasion and tangential excision. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. From November 2015 to August 2019, 168 patients with deep partial-thickness burns hospitalized in Zibo Sixth People's Hospital met the inclusion criteria. According to the random number table, the patients were divided into hydrogel dressing+vaseline gauze group (84 cases, 67 males and 17 females) and vaseline gauze only group (84 cases, 65 males and 19 females) who were aged (31±16) and (35±17) years, respectively, and were given corresponding treatment after dermabrasion and tangential excision. The dressings were changed every 3-5 days. Autologous skin grafting was performed with split-thickness or medium-thickness skin grafts taken from trunk or thigh if the wounds failed to heal over 21 days or the wounds were less than 21 days but located in the joints, which might affect the functional activities at later stage. After operation, the general condition of the wounds was observed continuously and dynamically till the wounds were healed. The degree of dressing adhesion was evaluated during the first 4 dressing changes after operation, and the degree of pain was evaluated using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). The wound healing rate on post operation day (POD) 3, 6, and 15 was calculated. The positive proportion of bacterial culture of wound exudates/cleanout fluid on admission and at dressing change on POD 3, 6, and 15 was calculated. The number of dressing changes were recorded, the rate of skin grafting operation was calculated, and the time of complete wound healing was recorded. Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 months of follow-up to evaluate the hyperplasia of scar. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: During the observation period after operation, the wound was moist with less exudates and the wound healed much faster in patients of hydrogel dressing+vaseline gauze group, with the inner dressing being easier to remove with mild pain, while the wounds showed more exudates and slower healing in patients of vaseline gauze only group with the obvious adhesions of inner dressing, stronger pain, and bleeding in the wounds. Compared with those in vaseline gauze only group, the degree of dressing adhesion and pain NRS score of patients in hydrogel dressing+vaseline gauze group decreased significantly during the first 4 dressing changes after operation (χ2=52.625, Z=-10.854, P<0.01), the wound healing rate increased significantly at dressing change on POD 3, 6, and 15 (t=10.347, 41.150, 167.627, P<0.01), the positive proportion of wound exudates/cleanout fluid bacterial culture did not change significantly on admission or at dressing change on POD 3 (P>0.05) but decreased significantly at dressing change on POD 6 and 15 (χ2=15.616, 15.226, P<0.01), the dressing change times was significantly reduced (t=-11.986, P<0.01), and the rate of skin grafting operation was significantly decreased (χ2=35.850, P<0.01). The complete wound healing time of patients in hydrogel dressing+vaseline gauze group was (17.6±2.8) d, significantly shorter than (27.1±3.0) d in vaseline gauze only group (t=-21.288, P<0.01). During the follow-up of 6 months, the VSS score of scar hyperplasia of patients in hydrogel dressing+vaseline gauze group was significantly lower than that in vaseline gauze only group (Z=-11.287, P<0.01). Conclusions: Compared with the use of vaseline gauze only, the application of vaseline gauze coated with hydrogel dressing in deep partial-thickness burn wounds after dermabrasion and tangential excision is more effective in moisturizing, significantly reducing the degree of dressing adhesion and patients' pain during dressing change, increasing wound healing rate, decreasing wound infection rate and the rate of skin grafting operation, and reducing the number of dressing changes. It shortens the time for complete wound healing, and effectively relieves scar hyperplasia.

Tea polyphenol modified, photothermal responsive and ROS generative black phosphorus quantum dots as nanoplatforms for promoting MRSA infected wounds healing in diabetic rats

BackgroundHealing of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infected deep burn wounds (MIDBW) in diabetic patients remains an obstacle but is a cutting-edge research problem in clinical science. Surgical debridement and continuous antibiotic use remain the primary clinical treatment for MIDBW. However, suboptimal pharmacokinetics and high doses of antibiotics often cause serious side effects such as fatal complications of drug-resistant bacterial infections. MRSA, which causes wound infection, is currently a bacterium of concern in diabetic wound healing. In more severe cases, it can even lead to amputation of the patient's limb. The development of bioactive nanomaterials that can promote infected wound healing is significant.ResultsThe present work proposed a strategy of using EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate) modified black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) as therapeutic nanoplatforms for MIDBW to achieve the synergistic functions of NIR (near-infrared)-response, ROS-generation, sterilization, and promoting wound healing. The electron spin resonance results revealed that EGCG-BPQDs@H had a more vital photocatalytic ability to produce singlet oxygen than BPQDs@H. The inhibition results indicated an effective bactericidal rate of 88.6% against MRSA. Molecular biology analysis demonstrated that EGCG-BPQDs significantly upregulated CD31 nearly fourfold and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) nearly twofold, which were beneficial for promoting the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and skin epidermal cells. Under NIR irradiation, EGCG-BPQDs hydrogel (EGCG-BPQDs@H) treated MIDBW area could rapidly raise temperature up to 55 °C for sterilization. The MIBDW closure rate of rats after 21 days of treatment was 92.4%, much better than that of 61.1% of the control group. The engineered EGCG-BPQDs@H were found to promote MIDBW healing by triggering the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, which could enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, intravenous circulation experiment showed good biocompatibility of EGCG-BPQDs@H. No significant damage to major organs was observed in rats.ConclusionsThe obtained results demonstrated that EGCG-BPQDs@H achieved the synergistic functions of photocatalytic property, photothermal effects and promoted wound healing, and are promising multifunctional nanoplatforms for MIDBW healing in diabetics.Graphical

Effect of precise partial scab removal on the repair of deep partial-thickness burn wounds in children: a retrospective study.

BackgroundThe choice of treatment methods for children with deep partial-thickness burn wounds (DPBWs) is an issue that requires careful consideration from surgeons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of precise partial scab removal (PPSR) in the treatment of DPBWs in children.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 78 children with DPBWs. The children were divided into a PPSR group (n=37) and a routine dressing change (RDC) group (n=41). In the PPSR group, an electric dermatome was used to cut the scab in the early post-injury period. The thickness scale of the electric dermatome was set to 0.1 mm. The scab was removed to the base with scattered bleeding points. There was still a small amount of necrotic tissue in the base of the wound. For the acellular dermal matrix, the first dressing change was about 1 week after surgery. The RDC group was given conventional wound-dressing treatment. The wound dressing was changed with epidermal growth factor, silver-zinc antibacterial cream, and dressing change. The frequency of dressing change was adjusted once a day or once every other day depending on the condition of wound secretions. The hospitalization time, wound-healing time, fever duration, antibiotic use time, number of subsequent operations, and overall hospitalization expenses were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe wound-healing time of the PPSR group was 19.86±6.4 days, and the wound-healing time of the RDC group was 24.15±7.12 days (P=0.0068). The duration of fever in the PPSR group and RDC group was 2.62±1.99 and 4.44±3.10 days, respectively (P=0.0032). The antibiotic use time in the PPSR group and RDC group was 4.0±1.33 and 4.83±1.88 days, respectively (P=0.0292). The overall hospitalization cost of the PPSR group and RDC group was yuan renminbi ¥37,852.84±10,894.64 and ¥38,047.46±19,450.37, respectively (P=0.9573).ConclusionsPPSR can shorten wound-healing time, reduce the frequency of dressing changes, shorten the time of fever in children, lower the frequency of antibiotic use, and decrease number of dressing changes on the wound.