Deductive Theory Research Articles

Logical abductivism on abductive logic

Logical abductivism is the epistemic view about logic according to which logical theories are justified by abduction (or Inference to the Best Explanation), that is on how well they explain the relevant evidence, so that the correct logical theory turns out to be the one that explains it best. Arguably, this view should be equally applied to both deductive and non-deductive logics, abduction included. But while there seems to be nothing wrong in principle in using abduction to determine the correct logical theories of deduction and induction, things might be more complicated regarding logical theories of abduction. We may wonder whether allowing for an abductive justification of a theory of abduction is an epistemically legitimate move, since here circularity casts its shadow and makes the situation darker. This is the issue to which this work is devoted. I will defend that, to be effective, an abductive justification for a theory of abduction calls for a justification of abduction in advance, which we do not yet have.

Sacred space: a qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis of women’s experiences of supportive birthing environments

BackgroundIn the United States there are roughly three million births a year, ranging from cesarean to natural births. A major aspect of the birthing process is related to the healing environment, and how that helps or harms healing for the mother and child. Using the theoretical framework, Theory of Supportive Care Settings (TSCS), this study aimed to explore what is necessary to have a safe and sacred healing environment for mothers.MethodThis study utilized an updated Qualitative Interpretive Meta-synthesis (QIMS) design called QIMS-DTT [deductive theory testing] to answer the research question, What are mother’s experiences of environmental factors contributing to a supportive birthing environment within healthcare settings?ResultsKey terms were run through multiple databases, which resulted in 5,688 articles. After title and abstract screening, 43 were left for full-text, 12 were excluded, leaving 31 to be included in the final QIMS. Five main themes emerged from analysis: 1) Service in the environment, 2) Recognizing oneself within the birthing space, 3) Creating connections with support systems, 4) Being welcomed into the birthing space, and 5) Feeling safe within the birthing environment.ConclusionsProviding a warm and welcoming birth space is crucial for people who give birth to have positive experiences. Providing spaces where the person can feel safe and supported allows them to find empowerment in the situation where they have limited control.

The Theoretical Unity of Aristotle’s Categorical Syllogistic and Sophistics

ABSTRACT The hypothesis of a theoretical unity between On Sophistical Refutations and Prior Analytics presents a major challenge to scholars attempting to unify the criteria of analysis. This paper examines this problem and proposes a middle ground between the perspectives of Woods and Boger to address this crucial question: If a unitary and coherent theory of deduction exists, why does not the technical apparatus of syllogistic modes for analyzing fallacies appear in SE? This paper makes useful contributions to the discussion on the internal unity of Aristotle's logical writings on around categorical syllogistics and the doctrine of sophistical refutations.

Mülahizələr hesabında deduksiya metodunun tətbiqinin elmi-nəzəri metodoloji problemləri

The issue of the emergence of formal axiomatic logical systems due to the emergence of logical antinomies in formal axiomatic systems, specifically the issue of developing formal logical axiomatics in the calculus of considerations was investigated in the considered research. At the same time, in order to determine the characteristics of the implementation of the logical-methodological principles and provisions of the deductive reasoning obviously, conceptual-logical foundations of the calculus of considerations was studied and the main propositions of the calculus of considerations and the analysis of the initial logical operations on them were given in the study. The basic laws of logic and the expression of one logical act with another one were also explained in the research work by giving the concepst of proportional form and tautology in the calculus of considerations. At the same time, main properties and the procedure of setting of the formal deductive theory in the calculus of considerations were studied in the article. In order to provide an adequate characterization of the conceptual and methodological bases of the calculus of considerations in the research work, the basic logical laws of the calculus of considerations developed by the German mathematician and thinker P. Hilbert were also given. In addition, the main principles and methodological provisions of the deductive method were investigated, and the rules of deriving new conclusions from the axioms were interpreted. At the end of the reviewed article, the main principles and methods of the formal axiomatic mathematical systems built on a deductive basis, specifically the calculus of considerations, were studied and a logical-methodological analysis of the calculus of considerations was carried out on this basis. In this framework, the syntactic and semantic analysis of formalized language in formal axiomatic logical systems was carried out separately, the constituent parts of those systems, including the construction scheme, were given.

Peirce on the Normative Basis of Deductive Logic

Abstract: I analyze Peirce's reply in the 1903 Lowell Lectures to the "defendant argument" and show how his response provides a key to interpreting his later philosophy of logic and his views on the normative role of deductive logic in inquiry. I argue that in Peirce's discussion of self-control in reasoning and evaluation of reasoning, we find an underappreciated position on logical revision and how to understand rational choice between deductive theories. To defend this point, I reconstruct Peirce's reply by providing an interpretation of his comments on higher-order criticism and the soundness of our reasoning, arguing that the resulting position's ability to separate questions involving the role of logic in inquiry from questions better suited to the mathematical study of a logical theory provides a fruitful pragmatist reframing of problems in the epistemology of logic.

Quantitative Inquiry in the Early Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois

Abstract A New Du Boisian Sociology has recently clarified, elevated, and synthesized Du Bois’s sociological contributions. We argue that more systematic and detailed study of Du Bois’s research methodologies, with an eye towards their contemporary applicability, can further strengthen this body of scholarship. Here we begin this effort with sustained attention to Du Bois’s use of quantitative data and methods during a productive and illustrative period around the turn of the twentieth century (1898–1902). This adds a level of depth and specificity to a subset of existing Du Bois scholarship that has more generally noted quantitative inquiry as one aspect of Du Bois’s social-scientific approach of mixed-methods triangulation. We detail how and why Du Bois developed an inductive, theoretically generative approach to his research on race. This orientation appears, at first glance, to be a misfit for contemporary quantitative sociology, which is currently skewed towards deductive theory testing and causal inference. We demonstrate that Du Bois’s quantitative methodology invites sociologists to return to exploratory, descriptive, and theoretically generative quantitative research based on creative syntheses of primary and secondary data that span generations and levels of institutional and geographic aggregation. Such data can, among other possibilities, assess within- and between-race comparisons and intersections of race with factors including class, gender, age, place, and time. Our study also enters Du Bois, as historical precedent, into current debates regarding quantification’s productive role, if any, in social science research on race/racism and other axes of systemic inequality.

A complementary ratio based clause selection method for contradiction separation dynamic deduction

Automated reasoning is a key research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and has attracted much greater attention in recent years due to the demands of trustworthy AI, where binary resolution inference rule based first-order automated reasoning play a crucial role. Recently, a novel multi-clause dynamic standard contradiction separation (S-CS) inference rule and related automated deduction theory were proposed to overcome the limitations of binary resolution-based automated deduction. Now that strategies for dynamic clause selection are essential for S-CS based automated deduction, in the present work, a class of novel clause selection strategies, along with the corresponding novel complementary ratio based dynamic S-CS automated deduction algorithm (called CRA), are proposed. Furthermore, we are interested in determining whether CRA may be deployed on top of the current best first-order automated reasoning system designs to increase their performance. As a result, CRA is applied to the current leading systems, Vampire and E, resulting in two integrated automatic reasoning systems, CRA_Vampire and CRA_E. Experiment results demonstrate that CRA can improve E and Vampire in CASC 2020–2022 competitions. The new integrated automated reasoning systems can resolve 44 problems with rating of 1, meaning they are intractable by other existing first-order automated systems.

The basic postulates of accounting. Part 2

Subject. This article examines the basic postulates of accounting as the basis of deductive theory. It analyses two main directions in the development of accounting postulates, namely the methodological and ethical ones, and examines the types of postulates and their impact on the accounting theory and methodology. Objectives. The article aims to study the postulates of accounting as a basic structural element of deductive theory, identify the main approaches to establishing postulates, and reveal the influence of accounting postulates on the theory and methodology of modern accounting. Methods. For the study, I used combinations of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and historical and logical research methods. Results. The article shows that postulates, along with concepts, are the basis of modern accounting theory and methodology. Postulates contain assumptions about the external environment of an economic entity, while theoretical concepts contain assumptions about the internal nature of an economic entity. The article identifies two main directions in the development of postulates in world practice, i.e. methodological and ethical directions. Relevance. The results obtained can be used to create the theory of accounting.

The basic postulates of accounting. Part 1

Subject. This article examines the basic postulates of accounting as the basis of deductive theory. It analyses two main directions in the development of accounting postulates, namely the methodological and ethical ones, and examines the types of postulates and their impact on the accounting theory and methodology. Objectives. The article aims to study the postulates of accounting as a basic structural element of deductive theory, identify the main approaches to establishing postulates, and reveal the influence of accounting postulates on the theory and methodology of modern accounting. Methods. For the study, I used combinations of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and historical and logical research methods. Results. The article shows that postulates, along with concepts, are the basis of modern accounting theory and methodology. Postulates contain assumptions about the external environment of an economic entity, while theoretical concepts contain assumptions about the internal nature of an economic entity. The article identifies two main directions in the development of postulates in world practice, i.e. methodological and ethical directions. Relevance. The results obtained can be used to create the theory of accounting.

Heuristics, Biases and the Psychology of Reasoning: State of the Art

Investigations on heuristics and biases have had a great impact on the study of reasoning and related higher cognitive processes, such as judgment and decision making. Specifically, the research in cognitive psychology of reasoning has revealed that people frequently activate mental shortcuts, or heuristics, to make inferences. These are non-logical strategies and could lead subjects to commit systematic deviations from the tenets of normative principles, that is, cognitive biases. The key objective of this paper is to present some of the most relevant theories on heuristics and biases in reasoning, focusing on the dual process theories of deduction. According to these theories, there are two kinds of thinking. Type 1, automatic, unconscious, implicit, fast and effortless and Type 2, reflective, controlled, conscious, explicit, slow and effortful. Much debate on these theories has emphasized on the relationship between both types of processes and the underlying factors that could triggered one or other. In this regard, different dual-process theories propose distinct answers to these questions. The results in the literature have registered that the likelihood of activation of Type 1 and Type 2 processes has important consequences on reasoning, both in experimental laboratory tasks and in everyday situations. Recent empirical investigations that have studied the critical role that intuitive and deliberative processes play in different professional areas are displayed. It is a key question that future research continues with the study of the underlying procedures that professionals activate for reasoning and decision making.

The Origins of Social Evolution

This study hypothesizes the emergence of social evolution in northeast Africa, about 70,000 years ago. The combined emergence of syntactic language and collaborative groups generated a process of systematic social change. Spoken language itself and its speaking community, as they solidified, became the first social institutions. A deductive theory formalizes the emergence of language in a group of youths, tracing the “institutional evolution” of their community in a model inspired by Darwinian logic. The model relies on innovative variation in creating institutions, on institutional inheritance by succeeding generations, and a process of social selection that preserves the institutions seen as fit. It is argued that the articulation of this theory, with its testing on evidence from the late Pleistocene era, should help sort out relations among the many current research projects in human biological, cultural, and social evolution. [social evolution, syntactic language, we-group behavior, institutional change, social selection]

Hypothetical structuralism

M. Resnik (2019) suggests a new version of structuralism which he calls non-ontological structuralism. In the present short article I discuss this view-point in the context of the Frege-Hilbert controversy about meaning of primitive notions in deductive theory, with special regard to the original views of K. Ajdukiewicz, Hilbert’s student. Following the proposed differentiations, I introduce a new type of structuralism which I call hypothetical structuralism, close to Resnik’s non-ontological structuralism.

A Theory of Abrupt Climate Changes: Their Genesis and Anatomy

We combine our ice-sheet and climate models to formulate a deductive theory of abrupt climate changes pertaining to Heinrich/Dansgaard–Oeschger (H/DO) cycles and the last deglaciation punctuated by the Younger Dryas (YD). Since they are all accompanied by ice-rafted debris, we posit their common origin in the calving of the ice sheet due to a thermal switch at its bed, which naturally endows abruptness to these climate signals of the millennial timescale characteristics of the ice-mass balance. To distinguish the H/DO cycles, we differentiate the thermal triggers by geothermal-heat/surface-melt in the calving of inland/coastal ice, which provide their respective freshwater sources. Since surface-melt requires post-H warmth during the glacial, but is already operative in the Holocene, the DO cycles are encased within the H cycle during the glacial, but self-sustaining in the Holocene. They otherwise share the same time signature, thus resolving this seeming puzzle of commonality without invoking unknown climate forcing. The DO cycles transcend deglaciation to produce the observed sequence, but the calving-induced freshwater flux needs to be boosted by the rerouting of continental meltwater to cause YD. We discern a key process of an eddying ocean in its millennial adjustment toward maximum entropy production (MEP), which would melt the H-induced sea ice to cause an abrupt post-H warming followed by a gradual cooling that anchors the DO cycles to form the hierarchical Bond cycle. Since the modelled anatomies resemble the observed ones, our theory may provide a robust and unified account of abrupt climate changes.

Representing negated statements: when false possibilities also play in the mind

ABSTRACT Some possibilities (e.g. “there are roses and lilies”) are true given a particular expression (e.g. “If there are roses, then there are lilies”) but false given another (e.g. “It is not the case that there are roses and lilies”). Deductive theories disagree about what people have in mind after reading these sentences. This research reports the results of two priming experiments that examine the mental representations underlying the comprehension of negated conjunctions, affirmative conjunctions and affirmative conditionals. Experiment 1 revealed that people have more accessible true possibilities when they are explicit models than false possibilities, but true and false possibilities are equally accessible to them when both are in the initial models. Experiment 2 extended this to show that for both true and false possibilities, the initial models are the most accessible possibilities. We discuss the implications of the results for theories of reasoning.

Testing the contextual Interaction theory in a UHC pilot district in South Africa

BackgroundWorld-wide, there is growing universal health coverage (UHC) enthusiasm. The South African government began piloting policies aimed at achieving UHC in 2012. These UHC policies have been and are being rolled out in the ten selected pilot districts. Our study explored policy implementation experiences of 71 actors involved in UHC policy implementation, in one South African pilot district using the Contextual Interaction Theory (CIT) lens.MethodOur study applied a two-actor deductive theory of implementation, Contextual Interaction Theory (CIT) to analyse 71 key informant interviews from one National Health Insurance (NHI) pilot district in South Africa. The theory uses motivation, information, power, resources and the interaction of these to explain implementation experiences and outcomes. The research question centred on the utility of CIT tenets in explaining the observed implementation experiences of actors and outcomes particularly policy- practice gaps.ResultsAll CIT central tenets (information, motivation, power, resources and interactions) were alluded to by actors in their policy implementation experiences, a lack or presence of these tenets were explained as either a facilitator or barrier to policy implementation. This theory was found as very useful in explaining policy implementation experiences of both policy makers and facilitators.ConclusionA central tenet that was present in this context but not fully captured by CIT was leadership. Leadership interactions were revealed as critical for policy implementation, hence we propose the inclusion of leadership interactions to the current CIT central tenets, to become motivation, information, power, resources, leadership and interactions of all these.

Mathematical Models of Diagnostic Information Granules Generated by Scaling Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

The paper presents a certain class of the mathematical models of diagnostic information granules describing the fuzzy symptoms-faults relationship. A certain fuzzy diagnostic information retrieval system is described as an application of an expert diagnostic system. Symptoms and faults are fuzzy, and with some scaling of the symptom-fault concept pair values. These value pairs can be considered as intuitionistic fuzzy sets for the space of diagnosed objects. In this article, for scaling intuitionistic fuzzy sets (n-ScIFS), the deductive theory is formulated. There the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) are generalized to the n-ScIFS objects. The membership and non-membership values, as standard, can be described by the 1:1 scale or the quadratic function scale. However, any power scale n>2 can be used. In this paper, any n-Sc scaling functions retaining the IFSs properties are considered. The n-ScIFS theory introduces a conceptual apparatus analogous to the classical theory of Zadeh fuzzy sets and Yager PFSs, consistently striving, for the first time, to formulate the relational structure of n-ScIFSs as a model of a certain information granule system called here the diagnostic granule system. In addition, power- and linear-repeatable diagnostic granules are defined in the n-ScIFSs structure for serial or parallel diagnosis processes. The information granule base is determined and a diagnostic granule system model produced by this information granule base is shown. Certain algorithms have been given to establish the semantic language of diagnosis describing the system of diagnostic information granules.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MAHASISWA INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAH SAHID INAIS BOGOR MENABUNG DI BANK BNI SYARIAH

Abstract
 The results of the purpose of this study are to determine what factors influence and how much interest in Bank BNI Syariah. The benefits of increasing knowledge and getting to know what products are in BNI Syariah for INAIS students and increasing funding and leanding at Bank BNI Syariah, quantitative methods with deductive theory, with descriptive statistics online questionnaire to test data, nonprobability sample research sampling with purposive sampling technique and the Tabhacic & Fiedell approach. This research is supported by a Skrifsi from Yayan Fauji 2010 which states that what influences the interest in saving in Islamic banking is the profit sharing ratio and product quality of Islamic banking. A number of other findings that are not in line with this research regarding the factors that influence the interest in saving in Islamic Bank, a Skrifsi from Uniyanti 2018 states that what affects the interest in saving in Islamic Banks is the religious factor and pocket money income. The results of this study used linear regression test, partial T test, then the t-table with two-way test and α = 5% (0.05) was 1.97944. Then the t count in the variable of X1 Religious 1.293, X2 Knowledge 0.984, X3 Economic Ability of Parents 0.361, Promotion of Sharia Banks 1.367, the existence of facilities 1.758, and 1.549 administrative costs less than t table. Thus the decision Ho accepted Ha was rejected. This means that there is no influence and it is not significant (not real) from the 6 variables. The only effect of the 7 variables is the profit sharing ratio of 2.389, so that Tcount is greater than Ttable. So thus Ho's decision rejected Ha accepted. This means that there is an influence and significant (real) profit sharing ratio on student interest in saving at Bank BNI Syariah. Looking at the partial t test with Constant B 1,850 which affects the interest in saving INAIS students at Bank BNI Syariah is the profit sharing ratio variable with a value of 0.226 using a two-way test α = 5% (0.05) of 1.97944, then the value of Constant B + If the ratio value is around 2.076, the number of INAIS students who are interested in BNI Bank is around 0.02%, so 9.93% of students are not interested in saving at BNI Syariah Bank.
 Keywords: Religious, Knowledge of Parents' Economic Ability, Promotion of Sharia Banks, Availability of Facilities, Administration Costs and Profit Sharing Ratio.

Law and Logic: E. Bulygin’s Deductive Pattern of Judicial Reasoning

In the twentieth century, the debate over the possibilities and limits of logic in law became particularly acute with the emergence of judicial realism, a philosophical and legal trend that denied the deductive nature of judicial decision-making. This compromised the theory of the judicial syllogism, assuming that a judicial decision could be deduced as a logical consequence from the premises - norms and facts, and generally provoked a sceptical attitude towards logic in law. The subject of the article is the deductive model of the justification of judicial decisions proposed by the outstanding legal philosopher Eugenio Bulygin. The aim of the article is to show Bulygin’s contribution to the improvement of the deductive model of judicial reasoning. The main innovations Bulygin brought to the deductive model of judicial reasoning are: 1) justifying, based on logical analysis and open texture of language theory, the analytical character of the court interpretative sentences; 2) distinguishing the individual and the generic subsumptions, etc. At the same time, the authors conclude that Bulygin’s improved deductive theory is not free from criticism, as the Argentine jurist does not succeed in complete eliminating doubts about the logical deducibility of at least some categories of decisions from general rules.

Public Enthusiasm for Integrated Islamic Schools

This article aims to express the enthusiasm of the community (parents) to entrust their children to study at the Integrated Islamic School. Since the outbreak of the Integrated Islamic School, it has emerged amid the community that not only the existence of the school is in the province but has penetrated districts and cities in Indonesia. The author's observation is that the Integrated Islamic School is the main attraction for parents to entrust their children. Even in the last five years, this school has continued to increase the number of students who register. On this basis, the author is very interested in examining what factors attract parents to send their children to this school more deeply. This research is qualitative research that seeks to capture and translate the phenomena and facts related to the Integrated Islamic Elementary School (SDIT) Permata Hati Merangin Jambi with a descriptive-analytical method, which describes what findings were obtained based on interviews, observations and documentation, then analyzed using inductive and deductive theories so that the object of the research is well represented. The results found are the enthusiastic factors of the community (parents) entrusting their children to the Integrated Islamic School, namely (1) the integration of the Religious Education curriculum with general education; it is implemented and not just a mere slogan; (2) Integrated Islamic School Implementing a full day school learning system, because this model system has many benefits, especially respect for time, and (3) Parents are personally involved actively in guiding children to learn.

Extension of Blasius Newtonian Boundary Layer to Blasius Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer

Blasius equation is very well known and it aries in many boundary layer problems of fluid dynamics. In this present article, the Blasius boundary layer is extended by transforming the stress strain term from Newtonian to non-Newtonian. The extension of Blasius boundary layer is discussed using some non-newtonian fluid models like, Power-law model, Sisko model and Prandtl model. The Generalised governing partial differential equations for Blasius boundary layer for all above three models are transformed into the non-linear ordinary differewntial equations using the one parameter deductive group theory technique. The obtained similarity solutions are then solved numerically. The graphical presentation is also explained for the same. It concludes that velocity increases more rapidly when fluid index is moving from shear thickninhg to shear thininhg fluid.MSC 2020 No.: 76A05, 76D10, 76M99