Deductive Logic Research Articles

Learning and reasoning with graph data.

Reasoning about graphs, and learning from graph data is a field of artificial intelligence that has recently received much attention in the machine learning areas of graph representation learning and graph neural networks. Graphs are also the underlying structures of interest in a wide range of more traditional fields ranging from logic-oriented knowledge representation and reasoning to graph kernels and statistical relational learning. In this review we outline a broad map and inventory of the field of learning and reasoning with graphs that spans the spectrum from reasoning in the form of logical deduction to learning node embeddings. To obtain a unified perspective on such a diverse landscape we introduce a simple and general semantic concept of a model that covers logic knowledge bases, graph neural networks, kernel support vector machines, and many other types of frameworks. Still at a high semantic level, we survey common strategies for model specification using probabilistic factorization and standard feature construction techniques. Based on this semantic foundation we introduce a taxonomy of reasoning tasks that casts problems ranging from transductive link prediction to asymptotic analysis of random graph models as queries of different complexities for a given model. Similarly, we express learning in different frameworks and settings in terms of a common statistical maximum likelihood principle. Overall, this review aims to provide a coherent conceptual framework that provides a basis for further theoretical analyses of respective strengths and limitations of different approaches to handling graph data, and that facilitates combination and integration of different modeling paradigms.

Vocal analysis of kindergarten and nursery school teachers

What distinguishes humans from rest of the animal kingdom, is ability to convey ideas, emotions and complex deductive logic by the human faculty referred to as speech which in turn is fundamentally dependent on tones produced by voice box or the larynx .Communication ability is a must in the present day scenario and the inability to do so leads to a lot of unpleasentness in an individual. Abuse of the same leads to numerous problems ranging from fatigue or inability to speak for long to strain and sometimes severe dysphonia affecting the normal chores of day to day living and such an upset can lead to severe depression and inferiority complexes especially in people who need voice in their profession which includes teachers, call center employees, radio jockeys, trainers, motivational speakers. With all this in mind the following study was designed to exactly understand the problem and to come up with a solution if any to counter it.

Reforming education via radio lessons for teachers? The promise and problems of distance learning in Cameroon, 1960–1995

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the study of radio pedagogy in Africa by exploring the Cameroonian case. It shows how Cameroon, after it gained independence in 1960 but faced a shortage of primary school teachers, set up a continuous training scheme based on distance learning via radio broadcasts. Drawing on archival sources of Yaoundé, documentaries and field interviews, and taking a historical approach and a deductive logic, the article analyzes the implementation of this training initiative. It highlights the didactic devices, the teaching methods and the distance learning programs. The analysis shows that many teachers benefited from a professional qualification. The distance learning contributed to their skills development and career advancement. However, the article also reveals that the economic crisis of the 1980s put an end to this continuous training of teachers. It concludes with shedding light on the current challenges of technology use in Cameroon’s education.

Traditional family values as an object of interest: private law and public law aspects

The article considers traditional family values as an object of legal protection and protection, examines the nature of family relations, and provides approaches to determining the essence of the traditional understanding of the family. On the basis of a systematic analysis of the current legislation, a characterization is given to family legal relations and their regulatory norms, the content and object of family interests are determined; the definition of the traditional values of the Russian family is formulated. In conclusion, it is concluded that the current unstable political and economic situation in the modern world is accompanied for Russia by the emergence of not only new challenges and threats, but also additional opportunities. In particular, it is proposed, when improving family legislation, to take into account traditional family values and be based on Russian historical experience, and not alien, foreign. The study was carried out using the general scientific dialectical, formal-legal method of cognition, as well as the method of inductive and deductive logic.

AUTOMATED PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN TRANSPORT LOGISTICS

The article is a continuation of regular research on project management based on efficient transportation. The purpose of the work is to improve the efficiency of management decision-making in the implementation of projects in transport logistics through the use of automated planning and analysis systems. The object of study is the process of forming organizational support for project management in transport logistics using automated planning and analysis systems for project efficiency. The subject of the study is the practical tools for organizational support of project management in transport logistics using automated systems for planning and analyzing project performance. Methods. In the course of the study, a systematic approach was implemented, general scientific methods were used, including logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, and modeling. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of project management, management efficiency theory, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on project management at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Given the purpose of the work, several tasks were set and solved, in particular, the applied imperatives of resource and budget planning were outlined on the example of a logistics center based on the Odesa seaport and the project implementation was monitored in Microsoft Project. In terms of resource and budget planning, the expediency of using the method and indicators of the volume utilized is proved. The actual progress of the project against the planned indicators is analyzed. A new project was created using the Microsoft Project software and data entry method. In terms of monitoring, conclusions were drawn on the course of events in the project implementation and the status of implementation by individual types of work was clearly shown. All this made it possible to achieve concrete results. In terms of resource and budget planning, it was determined to what extent there is a deviation from the planned project implementation timeframe. In terms of monitoring, the need to optimize staffing, budget, and time parameters was identified. The essence of this optimization boils down to the decision to attract additional labor resources with the corresponding cost of work per hour. This made it possible to get rid of the conflict and obtain positive dynamics in the project implementation, as evidenced by the date of its completion, which remained unchanged after the resources were equalized. The need to continue the study and focus on project risk management is outlined.

Protection of personal data of victims of child sexual abuse in court decision

This article was prepared with the intention of outlining legal protection for victims who are not anonymized in decisions on cases of child sexual intercourse and legal remedies that can be taken. The research method used is normative legal research with research data in the form of legal materials consisting of primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and all official documents containing legal provisions relating to research topics and secondary materials consisting of text books written by influential jurists, law journals, legal cases related to the research topic. The law material analysis technique used is logical deduction. The research approach used is a statutory, conceptual and case approach. The author concludes that the law provides protection to the aggrieved party due to negligence in obscuring the child's identity in court decisions published on the website of the Supreme Court decision directory in the form of threats of disciplinary sanctions and/or criminal sanctions. Sanctions are a form of preventive legal protection that makes people introspective so that they do not violate the law so that no party is harmed. The aggrieved party can submit an application to the Supreme Court through the District Court in order to obscure the identity of the party in the decision that has already been published. If the request is not followed up, then the aggrieved party can report to the Ombudsman.

Penguatan Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dayak Paser di Kabupaten Panajam Paser Utara Dari Dampak Pemindahan Ibukota Indonesia

<p class="Abstract-Eng-Text">The decision of the Indonesian government to move its capital from Jakarta to North Penajam Paser Regency (PPU) in East Kalimantan Province has affected the vulnerable local indigenous people (MHA). This study aims to determine the impact of this relocation and formulate a strategy that protects Dayak Paser in PPU Regency as a traditional community despite challenges from modern society. Historical and statutory approaches were used for literature documentation., while qualitative data analysis was based on inductive and deductive reasoning logic. The results showed that capital relocation affects Dayak Paser's existence in economics, environment, natural resources, environment, politics, livelihood, and security fields, though three strategies can be adopted for legal protection. These include drafting and ratifying a law on the State Capital for regulating the legal protection of indigenous people in the PPU Regency area, guaranteeing the determination of the legal standing of MHA automatically and permanent human rights for people of MHA origin. Therefore, the government and legislature should use these findings to formulate policies and regulations about the existence of the state capital. <strong></strong></p>

A public health study on the participation mechanism of social capital in the governance of public sports space in dilapidated urban communities - a case study of Changsha City, Hunan Province.

China's aging population, mobile population, low-income families, and other vulnerable groups congregate in dilapidated urban communities serving as public health spaces. As a result, managing public sports spaces in aging urban areas is a significant public health project in China, an essential strategy for raising residents' quality of life, and a significant effort to support the active aging of the older adult. The study used mathematical and statistical techniques, questionnaires, and logical deduction to conduct a public health study on the participation mechanism of social capital in the governance of public sports spaces in dilapidated urban communities. It chose 11 old Changsha, Hunan Province, communities as the research objects. Personal social capital was found to boost the availability of public sports spaces in older populations through social connections. Collective social capital improves the availability of public sports spaces in aging populations through social trust and stabilizes the order of public sports spaces in aging communities through social involvement. To improve the governance efficiency of public sports spaces in aging urban communities, the study aims to actively mobilize and accumulate social capital through cultivating the public spirit, reshaping the concept of sports governance, appropriately decentralizing and empowering, strengthening sports governance structures, enhancing communication and collaboration, and building sports governance. This is essential for China to fully implement the policies of active aging, a healthy China, and creating a community for global public health.

Urgensi Pengembangan Kebijakan Energi Baru dan Terbarukan Dalam Rangka Ketahanan Energi Nasional

The existence of the use of new energy and renewable energy until now has not been optimal. This study aims to formulate policy concepts for the management and utilization of new and renewable energy in the framework of national energy security. The research method used is normative legal research using a statute approach. The data collection technique uses primary data, namely a number of laws and regulations related to energy and natural resources and secondary data, namely encyclopedias, news in print media, and websites. Then it is analyzed qualitatively, namely legal norms in laws and regulations using deductive thinking logic. The results show that new energy and renewable energy management policies to maintain national energy security need to use legal protection instruments for the interests of private property, common property and state property so that it is necessary to elaborate on the concept of control rights over natural resources by the state regulated in laws and regulations in Indonesia.

Cognitive perspectives on maintaining physicians' medical expertise: II. Acquiring, maintaining, and updating cognitive skills.

Over the course of training, physicians develop significant knowledge and expertise. We review dual-process theory, the dominant theory in explaining medical decision making: physicians use both heuristics from accumulated experience (System 1) and logical deduction (System 2). We then discuss how the accumulation of System 1 clinical experience can have both positive effects (e.g., quick and accurate pattern recognition) and negative ones (e.g., gaps and biases in knowledge from physicians' idiosyncratic clinical experience). These idiosyncrasies, biases, and knowledge gaps indicate a need for individuals to engage in appropriate training and study to keep these cognitive skills current lest they decline over time. Indeed, we review converging evidence that physicians further out from training tend to perform worse on tests of medical knowledge and provide poorer patient care. This may reflect a variety of factors, such as specialization of a physician's practice, but is likely to stem at least in part from cognitive factors. Acquired knowledge or skills gained may not always be readily accessible to physicians for a number of reasons, including an absence of study, cognitive changes with age, and the presence of other similar knowledge or skills that compete in what is brought to mind. Lastly, we discuss the cognitive challenges of keeping up with standards of care that continuously evolve over time.

Conditional Probability in Machine Learning

To help teaching of machine learning course, manipulation rules and application examples of conditional probabilities in machine learning are presented. The emphasis is to make a clear distinction between reasonable assumptions and logical deductions developed from assumptions and axioms. The formula for conditional probability of conditional probability is presented with examples in Bayesian coin tossing, Bayesian linear regression, and Gaussian processes for regression and classification. The signal + noise model is formulated in terms of a proposition and exemplified by linear-Gaussian models and linear dynamical systems.

A critical re-analysis of six implicit learning papers

We present a critical re-analysis of six implicit learning papers published by the same authors between 2010 and 2021. We calculated effect sizes for each pairwise comparison reported in the papers using the data published in each article. We further identified mathematically impossible data reported in multiple papers, either with deductive logic or by conducting a GRIMMER analysis of reported means and standard deviations. We found the pairwise effect sizes were implausible in all six articles in question, with Cohen’s d values often exceeding 100 and sometimes exceeding 1000. In contrast, the largest effect size observed in a million simulated experiments with a true effect of d = 3 was d = 6.6. Impossible statistics were reported in four out of the six articles. Reported test statistics and eta2 values were also implausible, with several eta2 = .99 and even eta2 = 1.0 for between-subjects main effects. The results reported in the six articles in question are unreliable. Many of the problems we identified could be spotted without further analysis.

The Good Faith Of The Buyer Who Controls The Land Based On The Land Sale And Purchase Receipt (Supreme Court Decision Number 801 K / Pdt / 2022)

In Land Law in Indonesia, valid evidence for someone to prove himself as the holder of land rights is the existence of a land certificate in which the name of the right holder is written. With the land certificate, the holder of land rights already has juridical power over the land. Through land certificates that provide juridical control, land rights holders are also entitled to physical control of the land. The position of the landholder whose name and land has been registered is strong which is guaranteed certainty and legal protection. In the event that land becomes the object of sale and purchase, there are conditions and characteristics of buying and selling land that must be met in order for the legal act to be valid. To prove that there has been a sale and purchase of land, it is necessary to prove the existence of a Sale and Purchase Deed made by the Land Deed Making Officer. With the deed, the sale and purchase of land can be registered with the Land Office to provide legal certainty and protect the buyer as the holder of new land rights. The problem is when the process of buying and selling land stops at the process of paying prices only. Meanwhile, the buyer has mastered the land based on the receipt of payment of the sale and purchase price. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the good faith of buyers in buying and selling land in cases based on Supreme Court Decision Number 801 K / PDT / 2022. This research used normative legal research, which was carried out through literature studies. Research methods in analyzing and processing data are carried out qualitatively and are descriptive analytical with deductive logic conclusions.

Low-Level Bank Managers: Factors that Affect Ethical Decision-Making (The Indonesian Case)

Purpose: To find out the factors that influence ethical decision-making in low-level bank managers Theoretical framework: Research findings emphasized that the theory of McCosh in 1999 is certainly still relevant to use if the perception of the ethical meaning is not more to the application of ethics in the standard operating procedure is true but more to the fulfillment of a lending activity that really. Design/methodology/approach: The study also took a step with a positivistic epistemological approach in the process of answering research questions by following the deductive logic of parts and phenomena and their relationships; The research strategy used in the completion of this study was to use confirmation data analysis (CFA) of this research conducted with a single cross-sectional. Findings: The results of the research with the use of analysis of confirmatory factor (CFA) indicate that when a lending activity takes place, ethical ideology, financial attitudes, and financial ethics give a guarantee that the manager will be able to make an ethical decision. Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest a future research agenda and highlight the contribution a low-level bank manager makes in making ethical decisions Originality/value: The results show that ethical ideology, financial attitudes, and financial ethics have a significant influence on ethical decisions in lending activities by low-level bank managers, and financial ethics have a significant role in mediating the effect of ethical ideology and financial attitudes on ethical decisions, in lending activities by lower-level bank managers.

Law and logic: A deductive criterion for determination of truth value of evidence in civil and administrative procedures – Part I

The study examines the possibility of applying a deductive logical criterion for determination of the truth value of evidence in civil and administrative procedures. Part I points out types of evidence and facts with ex lege definite truth value according to current legislation in Bulgaria. It reviews the opportunity evidence without such ex lege definite truth value to be subjected to verification using the proposed deductive criterion. It is also argued that in the criterion’s application as premises evidence and facts with ex lege definite truth value should be involved in order to guarantee the truth value of the conclusions. The study provides a detailed review of the propositional logic apparatus involved. Part II reviews the deductive method applied – the method of natural deduction. The application of the deductive criterion in determining the truth value of evidence in an example from legal practice is also shown. At the end the method of natural deduction is applied to a particular kind of proof – based only on circumstantial evidence with ex lege definite truth value. The study concludes with summary of the advantages and limitations of the application of the deductive criterion, some new areas of application of deductive logic in civil procedure are reviewed and some open research issues are pointed.

THE POLITICS OF LAND LAW AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

Agrarian reform is primarily aimed at overcoming inequality in land ownership, realizing legal certainty, prosperity and welfare for the whole community. The research objective is to describe howthe development of agrarian politics related to agrarian reform, the implementation of agrarian reform in Indonesia and the obstacles faced in implementing agrarian reform. This type of normative legal research is descriptive and the statute approach and concept approach are used in this study. Secondary data that has been collected is analyzed qualitatively, and conclusions are drawn using deductive logic. The results of the study show that the politics of agrarian law related to agrarian reform in the Old Order, New Order and Reform Order eras have led to efforts to realize equal distribution of prosperity for all people. The implementation of agrarian reform achieved success achieved by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency through the acceleration of the Agrarian Reform Object Land and Complete Systematic Land Registration programs which always reach the target every year. It is targeted that in 2025 all land parcels in Indonesia will have been certified through the Complete Systematic Land Registration program. There are various internal and external obstacles faced in implementing agrarian reform.

Electrophysiological connectivity of logical deduction: Early cortical MEG study

Complex human reasoning involves minimal abilities to extract conclusions implied in the available information. These abilities are considered “deductive” because they exemplify certain abstract relations among propositions or probabilities called deductive arguments. However, the electrophysiological dynamics which supports such complex cognitive processes has not been addressed yet. In this work we consider typically deductive logico-probabilistically valid inferences and aim to verify or refute their electrophysiological functional connectivity differences from invalid inferences with the same content (same relational variables, same stimuli, same relevant and salient features). We recorded the brain electrophysiological activity of 20 participants (age = 20.35 ± 3.23) by means of an MEG system during two consecutive reasoning tasks: a search task (invalid condition) without any specific deductive rules to follow, and a logically valid deductive task (valid condition) with explicit deductive rules as instructions. We calculated the functional connectivity (FC) for each condition and conducted a seed-based analysis in a set of cortical regions of interest. Finally, we used a cluster-based permutation test to compare the differences between logically valid and invalid conditions in terms of FC. As a first novel result we found higher FC for valid condition in beta band between regions of interest and left prefrontal, temporal, parietal, and cingulate structures. FC analysis allows a second novel result which is the definition of a propositional network with operculo-cingular, parietal and medial nodes, specifically including disputed medial deductive “core” areas. The experiment discloses measurable cortical processes which do not depend on content but on truth-functional propositional operators. These experimental novelties may contribute to understand the cortical bases of deductive processes.

ЭКСПЕРТНАЯ СИСТЕМА ТЕПЛОТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО РАСЧЕТА ОГРАЖДАЮЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ

The article discusses an expert system allows for the calculation of heat transfer through enclosing structures, taking into account parameters such as the thermal conductivity of materials, the thickness and surface area of the structure, indoor and outdoor temperatures, and other factors that influence heat exchange. To operate, the system uses a knowledge base that contains information about material properties, thermal exchange laws, principles of thermal insulation calculation, and other relevant thermal engineering factors. The system may also employ inference rules that allow for logical deductions to be made based on the knowledge contained in the base.

Teaching an Introductory Logic Course in High Schools and Colleges

In order to improve the challenging situation in teaching an introductory logic course as a part of a curriculum in high schools and colleges, this paper aims to answer the following two questions. First, what should an introductory logic course teach? Second, what would be an effective teaching plan for an introductory logic course? An answer can be found at the 2022 High School Logic and Thinking Curriculum. It emphasizes first, to teach contemporary logic, second, to teach deductive logic and inductive logic evenly, and third, to introduce the connection between logic and contemporary science technologies such as coding and machine learning. In addition, this paper proposes that an urgent practical matter to be dealt with is a reference book for such an introductory logic course and re-education programs for teachers of this sort in high schools and colleges.

Strengthening Legal Certainty for Land Ownership Based on Girik and Village Head Land Certificates

In addition to statutory regulations, legal certainty in the land sector requires the implementation of land registration, resulting in a land certificate containing juridical and physical data. In practice, the legal certainty of land ownership still needs to be clarified for landowners, especially regarding the strength of certificate proof. The reason is that in a dispute in court, it is not certain that the court declares a certified land owner as the land owner. Several court decisions state that those who are entitled are not the certificate holders but those who control the land based on a Land Certificate or based on a Girik. The formulation of the first research problem, how is the legal certainty of land ownership based on a certificate? Second, how to strengthen the legal certainty of land ownership based on girik and village head certificates? The research objective is to provide an overview of the legal certainty of land ownership based on certificates and to strengthen the legal certainty of land ownership based on girik and village head certificates. The research method used in achieving these goals is of a normative type, descriptive nature, secondary data is analyzed qualitatively, and conclusions are drawn using deductive logic. Legal certainty of land ownership is manifested as a certificate as a letter of strong evidence. As a requirement for land certification, it is necessary to strengthen legal certainty regarding girik and Village Head Land Certificates.