Deductive Procedure Research Articles

The role of management administration to implement key competences in schools: a case study

The goal of this research was to assess the impact of management administration to implement key competencies in schools. All management teams of the 30 existing secondary schools in the city of Burgos agreed to participate. An experimental pre-test, post-test design and a mixed data extraction procedure, quantitative-qualitative, were used. Two groups were generated at random: A, experimental (16 schools) and B, control (14 schools). In the first one, key competencies were implemented under the supervision of the schools’ management administration along the school year (deductive), while in schools in group B the implementation process was conducted by the teachers (inductive). Quantitative data was obtained through the key Competencies Implementation Questionnaire, while discussion groups were used for qualitative data collection. Quantitative results showed that the deductive procedure had a significant positive impact in the schools’ identity and administration, and in the methodological and assessment strategies used by the teachers. Qualitative results reflected three themes: improve school coordination, teacher and training innovation, and student learning. It can be concluded that direct supervision from the school administrators seems to be necessary to successfully implement key competencies.

Barriers to the diffusion of Reduced Risk Drinking programs in Poland

Background: The study presented here sheds light on factors promoting or impeding change in the Polish treatment system, by focusing on the specific case of reduced risk drinking (RRD) as treatment objective and modality. More specifically, treatment providers’ perceptions of implementation, barriers and potential chances of adoption of RRD in practice were explored.Method: The 26 alcohol addiction professionals working in 13 outpatient facilities in different parts of Poland took part in four focus group interviews conducted from June to August 2015. The computer assisted qualitative data analysis followed an inductive–deductive procedure. Initially, the transcripts were inductively coded ‘sentence by sentence’ in order to capture the meaning of data. Afterwards, the codes were linked with the deductive, theoretical categories.Results: In their assessment addiction therapists drew upon their individual experience and organizational context, but also stressed system and societal aspects. Five types of barriers to the adoption of RRD programs emerged from the qualitative data analysis: (a) Potential conflicts between RRD and abstinence-oriented programs; (b) Professional routines and paradigms; (c) Information deficits and knowledge requirements; (d) Feasibility and implementation problems and (e) Evaluation issues.Conclusions: The typology of barriers to reduced risk drinking identified among treatment providers will inform policy efforts to plan changes and to anticipate dynamics within the addiction treatment systems more successfully and reduce the treatment gap.

José Echegaray: neorromanticismo y librecambio

Jose Echegaray was a notable politician, scientist, economist and playwright at the end of the 19th Century. For this reason, his literary work requires an interdisciplinary approach. The critics of his time considered his plays to be the result of an unlimited or extreme imagination. However, Echegaray argues that he uses rigorous deductive procedures in his plays and that he does not deviate from the artistic and scientific trends of his time that sought to explore social issues. In fact, the influence of the French economist Frederic Bastiat and the literature on Free Trade of the time are clearly present in his plays and can help us to understand and explain some of the procedures and reasoning that Echegaray uses in his plays. This paper deals with El gran Galeoto and Como empieza y como acaba in particular.

A New Type of Lexicographic Product: Thesaurus of Text Strings. Field of EFL/ESL

The “Thesaurus of Text Strings: The field of EFL/ESL” (TTS) is a structured collection of text fragments extracted from various texts, both printed and digital, that deal with teaching and learning English as a foreign or second language. While the sublanguage of ELF/ESL has been vastly discussed in literature, the TTS is a radically new type of dictionary due to the nature of its constituent objects, the text strings. A text string (TS) is a lexicographic object of unique status; as such, it has not been used before. It is different from all other objects traditionally treated in dictionaries of various types, such as words, collocations, idioms, proverbs and other reproducible linguistic units. TSs have been extracted from specialized texts, they are supposed to reflect the various aspects, even the minute ones, of the referential situations presented in the texts. The TSs in the Thesaurus are arranged mostly according to the conceptual structure of the Foreign Languages Teaching Methodology (a deductive logical procedure, ‘head – bottom’), but on the lower, more concrete, levels of analysis the TSs have to be grouped following the opposite logical direction, ‘bottom – up’ as the Teaching Methodology concepts prove to be too general to differentiate between finer meaning distinctions of numerous TSs. The TTS supplies a considerable amount of carefully structured professional information in language form. It is aimed primarily at teachers of English who are not native speakers of the language and who wish to make their professional communication in English more authentic. It can also be used in classroom activities with students who are preparing for teaching careers. Thus, a conclusion may be justified that the TTS has both the theoretical significance for lexicography and the practical value as a good professional teaching material. The TTS may also be meaningfully considered against the background of today’s Corpus Linguistics. Though not a ‘true’ corpus per se, it has certain features that are essentially similar to those of contemporary linguistic corpora.

Democritus Junior as Reader of Auctoritates: Robert Burton's Method and The Anatomy of Melancholy.

This essay analyzes Robert Burton's methodological approach to the subject of melancholy and draws comparisons between Burton's method of inquiry and the 17th-century scientific method at large. Burton's sources are hence examined and two epistemological lines of influence are singled out, one being characterized by deductive procedures (Galen, Ramus), and the other by inductivism (Hippocrates, pseudo-Hippocratic representation of Democritus). Combined by Burton, these traditions inspired the structure of Burton's Anatomy, which allowed the concurrence of multiple opinions that mutually interact and automatically correct one another within a cento-like text.

Applicability of the Hole-Drilling procedure for stresses quantification in timber bending elements in service

Hole-Drilling is a widely applied method for measuring residual stresses and stresses of in-site structural elements. The procedure can be considered as minor destructive testing because the inferred damage in the element is reduced and does not affect its structural strength. The relaxed strains by material extraction are related with the stresses state before making the drill through a compliance tensor. A general plane state of stresses near surface has been considered under an orthotropic behavior. The paper shows the procedure for the experimental deduction at laboratory of the nine constants of the elastic compliance tensor for the analyzed material (Pinus radiata D. Don) under the bending effects. Once the constants of compliance for the tested material are known, it is possible to go the opposite way for its application on real structures by drilling a hole with the same dimensions as those chosen at laboratory. It has been possible to approach the real stresses state in several timber beams by recording those strains.

Smashie McPerter and the Mystery of Room 11 by N. Griffin (review)

Reviewed by: Smashie McPerter and the Mystery of Room 11 by N. Griffin Jeannette Hulick Griffin, N. Smashie McPerter and the Mystery of Room 11; illus. by Kate Hindley. Candlewick, 2015 [256p] ISBN 978-0-7636-6145-8 $15.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 3-5 Unlike her best friend, Dontel, and the rest of her third-grade class, Smashie McPerter does not like the new class pet, a hamster named Patches. When Patches goes missing, Smashie (despite her hamster revulsion) and Dontel launch an investigation to find the culprit behind not only Patches’ disappearance but also the theft of a teacher’s prize brooch and a stealth “glue-er” who keeps applying glue to objects that then end up stuck to people. Smashie and Dontel work methodically through the various possibilities, but their hasty (and incorrect) public accusation of hamster-loving classmate Willette leaves the accused in tears and their classmates and teacher righteously angry. Humbled, the detective duo redouble their efforts, more carefully, to solve the three mysteries, and Smashie is able to finally reveal to the class, with diplomacy and dramatic flair, the identities of all involved, restoring not only Patches but also classroom harmony. Smashie is a unique and engaging heroine, and her relationship with the likable Dontel is credible and endearing. Plentiful humor in the colorful characterizations and amusing phraseology (“The children waved their outerwear like pitchforks”) make this an excellent readaloud selection as well. Smashie and Dontel’s deduction procedures and their list of “investigator language” also expand the use possibilities for class discussions of the [End Page 401] mystery genre. Hindley’s casual, sketchy illustrative style suits the animated narrative, and the frequent pictures lighten the somewhat lengthy text. Kids moving up from Cam Jansen will find Smashie an entertaining next step. Copyright © 2015 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Kinematics Modelling and Simulation of Aero-Engine Fuel Piston Pump

Kinematics parameters calculation is the basis of piston pump design and performance analysis. Taking an axial piston pump with incline piston and spherical swash plate as the research object, Aimed at the deficiency of current formula for calculating piston pump kinematics parameters which included displacement, velocity and acceleration. In this paper, according to piston pump part motion geometry relationship, a correction kinematics algorithm is deduced by using the the spherical coordinate and cartesian coordinate transformation method, the analyse method and deduction procedure ensure the new calculating formula are precise in theory. Applying the calculating formula to an aero engine fuel axial piston pump, results show that. The displacement, velocity, acceleration according to the kinematics principle of piston pump, it can be used in the kind of piston pump kinematics parameters calculation and current calculating method evaluation.

Language Learning of Children With Typical Development Using a Deductive Metalinguistic Procedure

PURPOSE In the current study, the author aimed to determine whether 4- to 6-year-old typically developing children possess requisite problem-solving and language abilities to produce, generalize, and retain a novel verb inflection when taught using an explicit, deductive teaching procedure. METHOD Study participants included a cross-sectional sample of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children with typical cognitive and language development. The 66 participants were randomly assigned to either a deductive or inductive teaching condition in which they were taught a novel gender morphological inflection across 4 sessions. Learning was assessed on the basis of performance on learning, generalization, and maintenance probes. RESULTS Across all age groups, children were more likely to successfully use the novel gender form when taught using the deductive procedure than if taught using the inductive procedure (Φ range: .33-.73). Analyses within each age group revealed a robust effect for the 5-year-old children, with less consistent effects across the other age groups. CONCLUSIONS Study results suggest that 4- to 6-year-old children with typical language and cognitive abilities are able to make use of a deductive language teaching procedure when learning a novel gender inflection. Evidence also suggests that this effect is driven by expressive and receptive language ability.

Analytical Solutions of Fukui-Ishibashi (FI) Model and Quick-Start (QS) Model

Through straightforward deduction procedure, we explicitly show analytical solutions for both Fukui-Ishibashi (FI) model and Quick-Start (QS) model, which are fundamental deterministic Cellular Automaton (CA), applied to traffic flow.

New governance and Physical Education and School Sport policy: A case study of School to Club Links

Background: International concern regarding the marginalisation of physical education in school curricula worldwide led to international calls for the establishment and strengthening of national, regional and local networks to integrate physical education into education, sports, health and related policies. The subsequent introduction of the national Physical Education, School Sport and Club Links (PESSCL) strategy in England in 2002 appeared to address some of these concerns and was an innovative, ground breaking infrastructure in which schools and local partners worked together to deliver PESS to their communities. The School to Club Links (SCL) initiative was one of nine PESSCL work strands designed to empower and strengthen the links between schools and local sports clubs in order to increase the number of children and young people in accredited sports clubs. A European Union (EU) study entitled the Current Situation and Prospects for Physical Education in the European Union trumpeted the PESSCL strategy as a model of good practice.Purpose: In this article we use the SCL work strand as a case study to examine the policy-making process. We draw upon a growing body of literature in political science that focuses upon the concept of ‘new governance’ which postulates that policy-making in Western states during the past 20 years has substantively changed from one of hierarchical modes of governance instigated by governments, to horizontal models that involve local policy actors and interest groups in power sharing agreements. This article investigates the extent to which these ‘new governance’ arguments hold true and are reflective of policy-making and implementation for PESS in England.Methods: We draw upon empirical data from a project that analysed policy change for selected aspects of the PESSCL strategy and the SCL work strand in particular. Interviews were conducted with a range of government, sport and education agents who had been involved in the policy area for at least five years in order to elicit an agent-informed perspective. Documentary analysis was also used, as it provided an ‘integrated and conceptually developed method, procedure and technique for locating, identifying and analysing documents for their relevance, significance and meaning’ and included a range of government sport policy documents, National (Sport) Governing Body (NGB) annual reports and inspection evidence from quangos such as Sport England and the Youth Sport Trust (YST).Data analysis: Our analysis used deductive and inductive procedures which involved scanning the data for categories and relationships among the initial pre-defined questions. As Ten Have suggests, a two-stage data analysis process was adopted. Inductive analysis was used in the examination of documentary evidence such as NGB annual reports, whilst deductive analysis arose from the insights provided by ‘new’ governance theory.Findings: Our data suggests that policy delivery and implementation in this case exhibits few of the characteristics highlighted by ‘new’ governance theory. Indeed we argue that such approaches that privilege the concept of decentralised power hold little weight in policy arrangements for SCLs in England. It appears that government intervention and centralised state control permeate all facets of policy delivery and implementation in this case.Conclusion: We propose that horizontal models of governance through the involvement of localised policy actors are not reflective of policy area delivery for SCLs. Indeed our case study reveals highly structured and hierarchical arrangements for policy delivery that exhibit little of the celebrated ‘new governance’ principles that many political scientists describe.

From policy to practice: the challenges of providing high quality physical education and school sport faced by head teachers within primary schools

Background: Despite considerable investment in UK government initiatives (e.g., the Physical Education School Sport [PESS] plan) aimed at improving the delivery and quality of physical education (PE) in primary schools, many remaining problems have been highlighted (e.g., facilities; staff training). It is suggested that the head teacher (school principal) plays a fundamental role in the experience of PE delivery within their schools as well as the effective implementation of government initiatives (e.g., PESS) that aim to enhance the quality of PE within primary schools. However, this role has been previously overlooked in the literature. Purpose: This study offers an in-depth examination of the challenges faced by primary school head teachers in effectively creating and managing an environment that supports high quality PE and school sport. The study also explores the head teachers' perceptions of the challenges caused by the implementation of the PESS plan within their school. Participants: 14 head teachers of primary schools located in the same local authority agreed to participate in the study through the provision of informed consent. The participants ranged in age from 45 to 61 years, had held their position between 6 and 10 years, and included 5 males and 9 females. Research design: A qualitative approach using a semi-structured interview design was employed. Data collection: Participants were sent an interview preparation booklet one week prior to their individual interview date in an attempt to aid memory recall and improve the flow of the interview. During the interview itself, participants were guided through a semi-structured interview process that consisted of six sections but remained flexible in attempts to enhance the depth and quality of data collection. Data analysis: A combination of both inductive and deductive content analysis procedures were applied to each interview transcript with trustworthiness characteristics being considered throughout the analysis procedures via thick description, the recording and transcribing of all interviews, triangulation, peer debriefing, and member checking. Findings: The participants reported a number of issues relating to the provision of high quality PE including: (a) school policies; (b) the curriculum; (c) extra-curriculum provision; and (d) resources and finance. Participants also acknowledged the challenge of implementing and managing the PESS plan and outlined some initial problems with the initiative. Benefits of the PESS initiative in raising the standards of PE delivery were also reported. Conclusions: The head teacher faces many challenges when it comes to creating and managing an environment that supports high quality PE provision. Although some aspects of these challenges are out of the control of the head teacher (e.g., government targets; access to facilities), it would appear clear that a commitment to PE provision by head teachers would result in greater strategic planning and use of resources to support their staff in implementing PE policy. Consequently, the role of the head teacher in ensuring a specific policy is developed for PE that considers the wider targets of government PE initiatives and that encourages the development of effective, high quality PE cannot be underestimated.

Três “por quês” à jurisdição constitucional brasileira diante do (aparente) conflito entre o mínimo existencial e a reserva do possível na garantia dos direitos fundamentais sociais e no controle de políticas públicas: há mesmo escolhas Trá

Este artigo tem por intenção aclarar que o conflito entre a teoria da reserva do possível e a teoria do mínimo existencial, no Brasil, é apenas aparente. Mira, ainda, apresentar três questões à jurisdição brasileira, sendo elas: “por que a jurisdição deve conhecer a Análise Econômica do Direito?”, “por que a jurisdição deve estar atenta aos discursos (vazios) da reserva do possível?” e “por que a jurisdição deve priorizar o mínimo existencial?”, todas no intuito de servirem como meio de reflexão ao julgador, notadamente quando da necessidade da prestação jurisdicional em casos que demandem alocação de recursos. Pretende-se, ao fim, com o auxílio do método dedutivo e do procedimento histórico-crítico, questionar se existem, mesmo, em face do mínimo existencial, escolhas “trágicas”, mesmo diante da teoria da reserva do possível, na proteção e garantia de direitos fundamentais sociais e no controle de políticas públicas.

ICONE19-43471 A FAST DEDUCTIVE ANALYSIS TOOLSET FOR DYNAMIC FLOWGRAPH METHODOLOGY

A fast Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) software program has been developed, based on Binary Decision Diagram (BDD)/Zero-Suppressed BDD (ZDD) data structure and a recursive 'divide-and-conquer' approach, and using the 'Deduction Sequence Heuristic Strategy (DSHS)' and 'All-States-One-Byte Representation (ASOB)' proposed by us. Experimental results show that DSHS and ASOB are very useful for speeding up the deductive procedure and reducing total runtime. The software accelerates the speed of DFM deductive analysis and Complete Base of Prime Implicants (CBPI) derivation at least 10 times more than Dymonda for 3 or 4 steps trace back deduction analysis of the benchmark model.

Multidimensional assessment of technology and innovation programs: the impact evaluation of INCAGRO-Peru

This article presents a methodological proposal and an empirical validation for the assessment of ST&I programs, particularly for choosing indicators and metrics from a multidimensional perspective. Its key feature is the construction of indicators designed to apprehend the wide array of characteristics displayed by the many different types of innovation program. Thus it combines deductive procedures (decomposition of goals) and inductive procedures (discussion with the players involved) with evaluation results and impacts in specific dimensions linked to the nature of a given program. We illustrate the approach using a World Bank Program called INCAGRO. The proposed method is a contribution to systematizing the definition of indicators and metrics for the assessment of ST&I programs. It helps define ?what should be evaluated? in a given program. Many different (unforeseen) results and impacts can emerge simultaneously with the main subject of the program. Thus multidimensional issues and multiple actors should be considered in the impact evaluation process.

Exploring how students think: a new method combining think-aloud and concept mapping protocols

A key element of medical competence is problem solving. Previous work has shown that doctors use inductive reasoning to progress from facts to hypotheses and deductive reasoning to move from hypotheses to the gathering of confirmatory information. No individual assessment method has been designed to quantify the use of inductive and deductive procedures within clinical reasoning. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and reliability of a new method which allows for the rapid identification of the style (inductive or deductive) of clinical reasoning in medical students and experts. The study included four groups of four participants. These comprised groups of medical students in Years 3, 4 and 5 and a group of specialists in internal medicine, all at a medical school with a 6-year curriculum in France. Participants were asked to solve four clinical problems by thinking aloud. The thinking expressed aloud was immediately transcribed into concept maps by one or two 'writers' trained to distinguish inductive and deductive links. Reliability was assessed by estimating the inter-writer correlation. The calculated rate of inductive reasoning, the richness score and the rate of exhaustiveness of reasoning were compared according to the level of expertise of the individual and the type of clinical problem. The total number of maps drawn amounted to 32 for students in Year 4, 32 for students in Year 5, 16 for students in Year 3 and 16 for experts. A positive correlation was found between writers (R = 0.66-0.93). Richness scores and rates of exhaustiveness of reasoning did not differ according to expertise level. The rate of inductive reasoning varied as expected according to the nature of the clinical problem and was lower in experts (41% versus 67%). This new method showed good reliability and may be a promising tool for the assessment of medical problem-solving skills, giving teachers a means of diagnosing how their students think when they are confronted with clinical problems.

The dynamics of thick curved beams constructed with functionally graded materials

During the last two decades materials, that exhibit graded properties, left their spirit of conceptual laboratory specimens to become a technological reality with a well established background. However structural applications of these materials are not a fulfilled research. Models of straight and curved beams are normally reported in the scientific literature as the easiest way to understand some existing aspects in mechanics of structures. Most of these models are formulated appealing to numerical approaches such as the finite element method among others, without taking into account theoretical aspects that can be quite useful to reduce algebraic complexity. In the present work a technical theory for dynamic analysis of thick curved beams is deduced within the context of functionally graded materials. The concept of material neutral-axis shifting is employed in the deduction procedure in order to reduce the algebraic handling and complexity of the motion equations. This leads to find analytical solutions of the governing differential system, even if it has variable coefficients. Parametric studies on the dynamics of curved beams are offered to show the versatility of the adopted formulation by means of solutions handled with the power series method.

Identifying and assessing valuable resources and core capabilities in public organizations

The resource-based view has been one of the most relevant theoretical approaches in Strategic Management. However, its use has not been widespread in public management practice and research. This work aims to apply its premises to public organizations to support strategy formulation. To that end, a set of deductive procedures has been designed to identify the organization’s valuable resources and its core capabilities. These procedures seek to reinforce the coherence between the internal diagnosis and the organization’s objectives and to make that diagnosis more systematic and exhaustive. They have been applied to a Spanish University to illustrate its utility.Points for practitionersThis work applies the prescriptions of the resource-based view to public organizations. The practical implications of this work are straightforward, since it consists of some procedures for internal diagnosis in public organizations. This internal analysis enables the identification of the valuable resources and core capabilities of public administrations, these being the basic units of the internal environment. The determination of these resources and capabilities forms the groundwork to build up the strategy of the organization.

Analytic Method, the Cogito, and Descartes’s Argument for the Innateness of the Idea of God

The analytic method by which Descartes discovered the first principle of his philosophy —cogito, ergo sum- is a unique cognitive process of direct insight and non-logical inference. It differs markedly from inductive as well as deductive procedures, but also from older models of the direct noetic apprehension of first principles, notably those of Plato and Aristotle. However, a critical examination of Descartes's argument for the innateness of the idea of God shows that there are serious obstacles in the way of his employment of the analytic method of discovery to reach this or any other conclusion about ideas that do not fall within the scope of ordinary human experience.

Evaluation of a Deductive Procedure to Teach Grammatical Inflections to Children With Language Impairment

To evaluate the learning effects of a deductive language-teaching procedure when teaching a novel gender agreement verb inflection to children with language impairment. Thirty-two 6-8-year-old children with language impairment were randomly assigned to either a deductive (N = 16) or an inductive (N = 16) treatment group. In the deductive treatment, the examiner presented a rule guiding the novel inflection to be learned as well as models of the inflection. In the inductive treatment, only models of the verb inflection were presented. Learning was assessed in 3 different production contexts during each of 4 treatment sessions. Significantly more participants in the deductive group than the inductive group acquired the novel morpheme based on a teaching probe (10 vs. 3), generalization probe (10 vs. 3), and maintenance probe (7 vs. 2). Task performance was not significantly influenced by language ability or nonverbal intelligence. The deductive teaching procedure was found to be efficacious when teaching a novel grammatical inflection. However, this effect was limited because treatment gains varied across participants, testing contexts, and sessions. Future studies should continue to examine the efficacy of deductive procedures when integrated into traditional implicit approaches for children with language impairment.