Dedicated Short Range Communication Research Articles

Cooperative vehicular networks: An optimal and machine learning approach

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide a promising technology to enhance road safety. The vehicular standard wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE), also known as dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), can assist in reducing the number of deadly crashes. However, DSRC has a limited range. To enhance the network coverage, roadside units (RSUs) are placed along the road. However, the placement of RSUs at every instant increases the infrastructure cost. In this paper, we proposed the cooperative vehicular architecture, with network function virtualization (NFV) enabled RSU inside the mobile edge computing (MEC) unit. RSUs are only placed in the dense traffic region. We applied the Long short-term memory (LSTM) based machine-learning algorithm to predict the traffic flow based on the vehicle information table (VIT) maintained at the MEC unit. NFV is implemented at the top of RSU. Based on predicted traffic density it assists RSU to enhance its coverage range by exploiting the transmit power. Furthermore, MEC is also responsible for cooperative relay-based communication. Optimal stopping theory is modeled to select the best candidate relay node immediately. In this paper, we tested the proposed scheme in actual on-road vehicles and through simulations performed in network simulator NS-3.

Adaptive QoS-Aware Multi-Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme for Heterogenous Vehicular Network

A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET) is a promising network architecture that combines multiple network technologies such as IEEE 802.11p, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and third/fourth generation cellular networks (3G/4G). In this network area, vehicle users can use wireless fidelity access points (Wi-Fi APs) to offload 4G long-term evolution (4G-LTE) networks. However, when using Wi-Fi APs, the vehicles must organize themselves and select an appropriate mobile gateway (MGW) to communicate to the cellular infrastructure. Researchers are facing the problem of selecting the best MGW vehicle to aggregate vehicle traffic and reduce LTE load in HetVNETs when the Wi-Fi APs are unavailable for offloading. The selection process utilizes extra network overhead and complexity due to the frequent formation of clusters in this highly dynamic environment. In this study, we proposed a non-cluster adaptive QoS-aware gateway selection (AQAGS) scheme that autonomously picks a limited number of vehicles to act as LTE gateways based on the LTE network’s load status and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application’s QoS requirements. The present AQAGS scheme focuses on highway scenarios. The proposed scheme was evaluated using simulation of Urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator version 2 (NS2) simulators and benchmarked with the clustered and non-clustered schemes. A comparison was made based on the end-to-end delay, throughput, control packet overhead (CPO), and packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance metrics over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) applications. Using VoIP, the AQAGS scheme achieved a 26.7% higher PDR compared with the other schemes.

BCAS: A Blockchain Model for Collision Avoidance to Prevent Overtaking Accidents on Roads

Overtaking at high speeds, especially on non-divided roadways, is a leading cause of traffic accidents. During overtaking maneuvers, humans are more likely to make mistakes due to factors that cannot be predicted. For overtaking operations in autonomous vehicles, prior research focused on image processing and distant sensing of the driving environment, which didn't consider the speed of the surrounding traffic, the size of the approaching vehicles, or the fact that they could not see beyond impediments in the road. The past researches didn't focus on the speed of the surrounding traffic or the size of the approaching vehicles. Moreover, most of the techniques were based on single agent systems where one agent manages the source vehicle's (autonomous) mobility within its surroundings. This research conducts a feasibility study on a remote Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication framework based on Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) to improve overtaking safety. This work also tries to improve safety by introducing a blockchain-based safety model called BCAS (Blockchain-based Collision Avoidance System). The proposed multi-agent technique strengthens the ability of real-time, high-speed vehicles to make decisions by allocating the total computation of processing responsibilities to each agent. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the proposed approach performs better than existing techniques and efficiently covers the limitations of existing studies.

Federated Learning Empowered Computation Offloading and Resource Management in 6G-V2X

Humankind's urbanization and luxuriousneed increase the number of vehicles day by day. Alongside the advancement of technologies, autonomous vehicles have now come into a greater existence. Due to the resource constraints for obtaining a high processing rate in performing the intelligent tasks, Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) has been introduced. However, a delay occurs in transferring the information due to the traits of automotive tasks. In this paper, a Federated Learning empowered computation Offloading and Resource management (FLOR) is proposed, which offloads and manages the resources with low latency. The FLOR framework operates over heterogeneous networks that include Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), 5G millimeter-wave (5G-mmWave), and 6G Vehicle-to-Vehicle (6G-V2V) communication. FLOR employs the stochastic network calculus mechanism for computing the upper bound delay of the heterogeneous communication and obtains the probability of offloading mechanism. Upon the detected probability value, the FLOR offloads the computation task to the optimal network. Further, to avoid the increase in resource cost and utilize the available resources efficiently, an effective Radio Resource Management (e-RRM) based on Federated Q-Learning is proposed in FLOR, for allocating and using the available resources optimally. The simulation result shows that the proposed FLOR framework effectively offloads the computation between the available heterogeneous networks with optimal resource allocation by 20.69% than the existing solutions.

Modeling and Analysis of Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications in C-V2X Networks

To compensate for the limitations of existing dedicated short range communications (DSRC), cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) has been proposed recently, which is also a promising technology for future intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Using stochastic geometry approach, this paper presents the modeling and analysis of success probability in multi-relay cooperative C-V2X networks. The spatial distribution of base stations (BSs) and vehicles in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {R}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are modeled as a 2D Poisson point process (PPP) and a Poisson line Cox point process (PLCPP), respectively. We focus on the success probability of a source vehicle sending a message to the nearest destination vehicle assisted by the closest BS. Each vehicle is equipped with single antenna whereas each BS is equipped with multiple antennas, which act as independent relays. We consider two decoding schemes, i.e., selection combining (SC) and maximum ratio combing (MRC), and obtain the analytical expressions for joint success probability during two continuous time slots, taking into account the interference correlation (i.e., the spatial correlation of vehicle location). The analytical model is validated using Monte Carlo simulations in MATLAB, and the effects of major parameters on success probability are investigated.

Design of Triple-Band (DSRC, 5G, 6G) Antenna for Autonomous Vehicle Telematics

A triple-band stacked-patch antenna covering dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave, and sixth-generation (6G) millimeter-wave frequency bands is reported for autonomous vehicles telematics applications. To show the effectiveness of the developed antenna, the antenna performances, such as the S-parameter, realized gain at boresight, and radiation patterns were simulated and measured for DSRC and 5G, and only simulated for 6G. The simulated results show good agreement with the measured results. The results show that the developed triple-band antenna can cover all three bands with high peak realized gains of 6.87 dBi, 12.3 dBi, and 19.8 dBi at DSRC, 5G, and 6G frequency bands, respectively, as well as high isolation between ports of &gt;20 dB. The results also show a straightforward structure and higher antenna gain than the previously reported triple-band antennas in the simulation level.

Signalized intersection delay analysis using transit signal priority (TSP) and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) system for bus rapid transit (BRT)

Signalized intersection delay analysis using transit signal priority (TSP) and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) system for bus rapid transit (BRT)

Multi-Radio Access Software-Defined Vehicular Network

With the promising advances in the telecommunication and automotive industries, there are increasing concerns on the reliability of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications and standardization efforts. Nowadays, vehicles are empowered with innovative communications and sensing capabilities to accelerate next-generation Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. Furthermore, V2X is based on many radio access technologies including Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), Cellular-V2X, and millimeter-wave. It is expected that a single technology is incapable to support the diverse QoS and reliability requirements of vehicular safety and non-safety applications. Therefore, recent research works have investigated and developed different approaches to enable multi-radio access technologies (Multi-RAT) in V2X networks to support these multitudes of requirements. In addition, the heterogeneity of diverse radio access technologies and rigidity in their deployment increases the complexity of the network management. Complications may also arise from inefficient resource utilization due to the complexity of an optimum RAT selection or multi-link establishment through Multi-RATs. Therefore, a global monitoring paradigm such as Software-Defined Vehicular Network (SDVN) has been identified as a solution to reduce this bottleneck, by adding flexibility and agility to the vehicular network. This paper extensively reviews recent related works on Multi-RAT V2X networks focusing on the opportunistic selection mechanism of RAT, allocation of radio resources, and simultaneous establishment of multi-link over a heterogeneous network. Consequently, we have outlined the SDVN architecture, layers, features, and significance towards enhancing the performance of such Multi-RAT networks. Finally, several potential challenges with probable solutions and opportunities are discussed.

F-802.11P: A Fuzzy Enhancement for IEEE 802.11P in Vehicle-to-Everything Communications

Vehicle-to-Everything communications (V2X) are becoming increasingly popular as a solution for safer roads and better traffic management. One of the essential protocols in V2X is the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) protocol suite. DSRC includes the IEEE 802.11p protocol that operates at the medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers. Upon collision, the IEEE 802.11p MAC layer applies a carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism that randomly selects a backoff time to re-check the channel activity and then retransmit. However, the random selection of the backoff time may lead to further packet collisions that decrease the utilization of the communication channel, which suffers from a limited bandwidth in the first place. This paper proposes a fuzzy model based on rational decision-making, which we call F-802.11p, to improve the IEEE 802.11p protocol backoff time selection by limiting the IEEE 802.11p beacon messages to better use of the available bandwidth. A simulation study presents the evaluation of our work compared to IEEE 802.11p. We deployed the simulation software in two scenarios: the Veins Framework map and the map of New Administrative Cairo in Egypt. We base our comparison on slots backoff, times into backoff, PHY busy time, MAC busy time, total lost packets, and generated/received beacon messages. Simulation results show that both protocols have comparable results in slots backoff, times into back off, and the generated beacon messages. At the same time, our F-802.11p significantly outperforms the IEEE 802.11p in PHY busy time, MAC busy time, total lost packets, and the received beacon messages in both scenarios.

Adaptive and Optimized Control Channel Utilization in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are counted as a state-of-art technology which can be considered to provide reliable communication which is increase the safety and convenience of drivers in the road. Due to channel congestion occurrence in both highway and urban scenario, many VANET’s safety applications face degradation in their quality of service especially in a high-density environment. To improve the performance, reliability, and safety of VANETs, message overhead on the standard wireless channel dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) should be alleviated to guarantee safety-related applications. To this end, this paper proposes an approach to optimize the utilization of the control channel (CCH) and make the control channel interval (CCHI) adaptive to the emergency cases in the vehicular scenarios. More precisely, when there is an emergency cases, a part of service channel interval (SCHI) is exploited to ensure the guarantee of emergency message delivery. When a vehicle intended to transmit the safety message to the surround vehicles, the proposed method granted that CCH is allocated to meet the traffic safety demands; then, the safety messages disseminate properly to the transmission range. A part of the service channel interval (SCHI) is exploited to ensure the guarantee of emergency message delivery, Then, applying the laying chicken algorithm (LCA) to solve the derived CCH optimized utilization. Finally, extensive simulations are carried out to validate the proposed optimized CCH utilization. To validate the performance of the proposed adaptive congestion control approach (ACCA), we used the network simulator Ns-3 [35] to simulate the vehicle’s environment, after generating vehicles’ mobility traces of the nodes using the network simulator for urban mobility (SUMO) with OpenStreetMap (OSM). The simulation indicates that our congestion algorithm (ACCA) performs better service quality than other existing algorithms. We got a better network connection regarding safety messages, beacon rate with time, and packet length for different vehicles’ densities.

Design and Optimization of Cluster-Based DSRC and C-V2X Hybrid Routing

With the continuous development of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) and Internet of Vehicle (IoV) technologies, various application scenarios have put forward higher requirements for vehicular communications. On the one hand, applications related to vehicle driving safety require lower latency and higher throughput. On the other hand, users who use cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) to transfer data will have to face high communication fees due to the increasing amount of data. Therefore, from the perspective of balancing quality of service (QoS) and user communication costs, this paper integrates dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and C-V2X, two vehicular communication technologies with their own advantages, into a framework called cluster-based traffic differentiated hybrid routing (CTDHR), to provide services for in-vehicle communication. A vehicle clustering method based on hierarchical clustering is proposed to solve problems (e.g., the communication linking being difficult to maintain and the frequent cell handover due to high-speed movement of vehicles). The CTDHR framework is modeled on the resulting clusters and an objective equation was established. Finally, since the obtained objective equation is a nonlinear integer programming problem, we propose a heuristic algorithm to solve this optimization problem. In the simulation experiments, CTDHR shows better communication performance than the existing DSRC and C-V2X hybrid models. The experimental results show that CTDHR can reduce the communication costs of users while satisfying QoS.

A novel four port reconfigurable filtering MIMO antenna

AbstractThis paper presents the design and implementation of a novel four‐port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with reconfigurable filtering characteristics. The proposed filtering MIMO antenna is constructed using a super wideband (SWB) monopole. The feedline of the monopole radiator is integrated with a microstrip filter network. Reconfigurable filtering characteristics are realized using a feed selection network making the antenna work at two modes viz. SWB mode (2.2 to over 20 GHz) and dual narrow‐band (d‐NB) mode (2.45 and 5.8 GHz). The feed selection is accomplished using a PIN diode. An interlocked four‐port MIMO antenna is then constructed using the proposed reconfigurable filtering monopole antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits an average gain greater than 5.2 dBi in both operating modes and has total efficiency greater than 80%. The MIMO parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG) are evaluated and presented. The prototype MIMO antenna is fabricated and the experimental results are validated in real‐time. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna is suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN), Internet of things (IoT), dedicated short‐range communication (DSRC), ultra‐wideband (UWB), and SWB applications in the automotive scenario.

Radio Frequency Fingerprint-Based DSRC Intelligent Vehicle Networking Identification Mechanism in High Mobility Environment

In recent years, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) vehicle interconnection technology has achieved mature development and broad applications, which is the key Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology to realize transport intelligence. However, the openness of wireless transmission and the mobility of wireless terminals cause the identification mechanism of the DSRC system to face serious security threats. A radio frequency fingerprint (RFF)-based identification method can better resist the identity attack and spoofing by extracting the hardware characteristics formed by the differences of electronic components to authenticate different devices. Therefore, in this paper a novel RFF identification mechanism is proposed for IEEE 802.11p protocol-based DSRC intelligent vehicle networking devices suitable for a high mobility environment, in which the preamble field features of physical layer frames are extracted as device fingerprints, and the random forest algorithm and sequential detection method are used to distinguish and authenticate different devices. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the identification accuracy rates of the eight DSRC modules in the low-speed LOS and NLOS experimental states and up to 70 km/h high-speed simulations all exceed 99%, illustrating that this method has important application value in the field of identity authentication of V2X devices in high-speed scenarios.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Space–Air–Ground-Integrated Networks for Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the most promising applications of Internet of Things (IoT) in the automotive industry, which can empower moving vehicles to exchange information with neighboring cars, roadside infrastructure, remote servers, traffic control centers, and so on. IoV expects to support a wide range of vehicular services, such as road safety, path planning, infotainment, and smart parking, which will play a vital role in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> – <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</xref> . The main enabling platforms for IoV consist of dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs)-based networks and cellular networks (C-V2X). However, these terrestrial networks alone might not be able to support the vehicular applications well in all the cases and scenarios, due to the issues of limited coverage and capacity, as well as costly deployment.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Next-generation intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are envisioned to greatly improve transportation safety and efficiency by incorporating wireless communications and informatics technologies into transportation systems. As the cornerstone for ITS, vehicular communication networks enable vehicles on the go to exchange information with other vehicles and the external environments, which expect to play a significant role in supporting a variety of services such as road safety, traffic management, and infotainment. However, the existing terrestrial networks including dedicated shortrange communications (DSRC)-based networks and cellular networks alone cannot serve the vehicular applications very well in different scenarios, due to the inherent issues of deployment, coverage, and capacity. It is imperative to exploit other communication infrastructures, such as low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and high-altitude platforms, to support vehicular applications better, resulting in space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN). SAGIN can provide more comprehensive and three-dimensional network connectivity for moving vehicles, anywhere and anytime, by exploiting their respective advantages in terms of coverage, flexibility, reliability, and availability.

A Survey on Resource Allocation in Vehicular Networks

Vehicular networks, an enabling technology for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), smart cities, and autonomous driving, can deliver numerous on-board data services, e.g., road-safety, easy navigation, traffic efficiency, comfort driving, infotainment, etc. Providing satisfactory Quality of Service (QoS) in vehicular networks, however, is a challenging task due to a number of limiting factors such as erroneous and congested wireless channels (due to high mobility or uncoordinated channel-access), increasingly fragmented and congested spectrum, hardware imperfections, and anticipated growth of vehicular communication devices. Therefore, it will be critical to allocate and utilize the available wireless network resources in an ultra-efficient manner. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on resource allocation schemes for the two dominant vehicular network technologies, e.g. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and cellular based vehicular networks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities for resource allocations in modern vehicular networks and outline a number of promising future research directions.

Evolutionary Game Based Strategy Selection for Hybrid V2V Communications

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications is an important technology in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) to support autonomous data exchange among vehicles. Multiple V2V communications modes have been investigated for VANET, including dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) based on IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2X, which are suitable for different packet transmission cases. In order to fully exploit the strengths of various modes, hybrid V2V communications strategies are designed in this paper, where each vehicle is allowed to choose different modes for different kinds of transmissions in separate frequency bands for transmission throughput improvement. Furthermore, since it is usually impractical to decide all the vehicles’ communications strategies globally due to high computational complexity and heavy overhead to broadcast the decisions, we model the selection of hybrid V2V communications strategies for vehicles as an evolutionary game. A strategy selection algorithm is then proposed, where each vehicle can select its hybrid V2V communications strategy locally based on its evaluation of the payoffs for different strategies and limited signalling from the base station. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can converge to an asymptotic stable state, which can improve the transmission throughput of vehicles, and is robust to the slight evaluation errors of payoffs and the strategy mutations of a few vehicles.

A Novel Highway Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using VMaSC-LTE and DBA-MAC Protocols

The vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an example of mobile networks, which utilizes dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to establish a wireless connection between cars, and their primary purpose is to provide more security and comfort for passengers. These networks utilize wireless communications and vehicular technology to collect and disseminate traffic information, and it is required to be delivered to all vehicles on the network reliably and quickly. One of the major challenges raised in VANETs is that the communication path between the source and destination nodes is disconnected due to the dynamic nature of the nodes in this network, and the reconnection process of nodes through the new path reduces the performance of network. This paper presents a highway routing protocol to overcome some of the challenges of these networks including routing cost, delay, packet delivery rate, and overhead. The NS2 is used for simulation, and the performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the VMaSC-LTE and DBA-MAC protocols. The results of the simulation indicated that the proposed protocol outperforms the other two protocols in terms of delay, packet delivery rate, and routing overhead.

A non-uniform strip-array decoupling structure of the MIMO antenna-arrays for the DSRC application

ABSTRACT In this paper, a non-uniform strip-array decoupling structure (SADS) of the MIMO antenna-arrays for the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is presented. The SADS is composed of metal strips with non-uniform longitudinal layout, which has a simple strip-array geometry, low design and fabrication complexity, and easy to be applied to the design domain without destroying the original antenna-array. The design of the strip thickness, strip-array layout and number of strips is realised by the proposed simple and effective optimisation method. The mutual coupling between the elements can be effectively suppressed to less than −32 dB by the proposed structure in the required bandwidth (5.795 GHz~5.815 GHz). The results show that, compared with the no-strip and uniform SADS, the non-uniform SADS can improve the maximum mutual coupling reduction by 23 dB and 13 dB, respectively. Both the simulated and measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed SADS, which makes it very suitable for the large-scale MIMO antenna-arrays.

Impact of Dust and Sand on 5G Communications for Connected Vehicles Applications

Recent research activities are focused on improving Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V) based on the 5G Technology. V2V applications are important because they are expected to reduce the risk of accidents up to 80%, enhance traffic management, mitigate congestion, and optimize fuel consumption. Typical autonomous vehicle applications require a high bandwidth transmission channel, so the 5G communication channel might be a reliable solution to support this technology. The dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), characterized by a frequency bandwidth of 5.9 GHz, were used as vehicular connectivity with bandwidth up to 200 mb/s and limited capacity, and it is here utilized for comparison to 5G. The 5G band can support connected autonomous vehicles with higher data rates and larger bandwidth. The 5G communication channel is suitable for vehicular connectivity since it has a very high bandwidth in the millimeter waves spectrum range. The quality of 5G wireless communication channels between connected vehicles is affected by weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, dust, and sand. In this paper, the effect of dust and sand on the propagation of millimeter waves is presented. The effect of dust and sand on the communication path loss of DSRC and 5G frequency band is investigated in the case of Urban area and Highway condition. Results show that the attenuation caused by dust and sand depends on the particle size of sand,frequency of propagating wave, and concentration of dust. Finally, a new model of link margin is proposed to estimate the effect of dust and sand on DSRC (5.9 GHz) and 5G (28 GHz-73.5 GHz) communication path loss.