Decreased Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Hypoglycemic and Antimicrobial Properties of Parkia biglobosa, Lannea humilis Stem Bark and KO-888 Methanol Extracts as a Target for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds

Diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia and a lowered immune response when the individual is exposed to infection, increasing the risk of a delay in wound healing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antimicrobial properties of Parkia biglobosa, Lannea humilis stem bark methanol extracts, and KO-888 (Jigsimur). These plants’ stem barks were extracted with methanol using soxhlet extraction. The phytochemical screening of the extracts and KO-888 was carried out using standard procedures. Hypoglycemia was induced in 45 male albino rats divided into 9 groups of 5 each, and extracts were administered orally with 2.5 mg/kg of glucose and treated with various doses of the extracts and KO-888. The antibacterial properties of the extracts and KO-888 were tested against pure isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The formulated extracts and KO-888 were tested on 25 male rats grouped into 5 groups of 5 rats each and applied topically to the excised wound for 20 days. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, hydrogen cyanides, glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids with copious concentrations of glycosides, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. While, steroids, hydrogen cyanides, alkaloids, and terpenoids were absent in K0-888 compared to the plant extracts. The hypoglycemic effect of the extracts and KO-888 showed a significant (p=.05) decrease in blood glucose levels at all doses, similar to glibenclamide. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts showed a similar effect as compared to penicillin on the bacterial isolates. However, KO-888 was effective against Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. with a significant (p=.001) antibacterial activity at 25 mg/ml. The extracts and KO-888 were more potent than penicillin at a significant (p=.001) level of wound closure. Hence, these extracts may be formulated and used as herbal remedies, especially for diabetes, since the effect is similar to that of KO-888, which is a known commercial herbal remedy.

Affordable oral proinsulin bioencapsulated in plant cells regulates blood sugar levels similar to natural insulin

Diabetes Mellitus is a silent epidemic affecting >500 million, which claimed 6.7 million lives in 2021, a projected increase of >670% in <20 years old in the next two decades but insulin is unaffordable for the large majority of the globe. Therefore, we engineered proinsulin in plant cells to facilitate oral delivery. Stability of the proinsulin gene and expression in subsequent generations, after removal of the antibiotic-resistance gene, was confirmed using PCR, Southern and western blots. Proinsulin expression was high (up to 12 mg/g DW or 47.5% of total leaf protein), stable up to one year after storage of freeze-dried plant cells at ambient temperature and met FDA regulatory requirements of uniformity, moisture content and bioburden. GM1 receptor binding, required for uptake via gut epithelial cells was confirmed by pentameric assembly of CTB-Proinsulin. IP insulin injections (without C peptide) in STZ mice rapidly decreased blood glucose level leading to transient hypoglycemia, followed by hepatic glucose compensation. On the other hand, other than the 15-min lag period of oral proinsulin (transit time required to reach the gut), the kinetics of blood sugar regulation of oral CTB-Proinsulin in STZ mice was very similar to naturally secreted insulin in healthy mice (both contain C-peptide), without rapid decrease or hypoglycemia. Elimination of expensive fermentation, purification and cold storage/transportation should reduce cost and increase other health benefits of plant fibers. The recent approval of plant cell delivery of therapeutic proteins by FDA and approval of CTB-ACE2 for phase I/II human clinical studies augur well for advancing oral proinsulin to the clinic.

Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Fasting Blood Glucose

Muscle contraction during physical activity improves glucose metabolism and glycemic control by facilitating muscle glucose uptake and utilization. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an involuntary alternative mode of muscle contraction and is widely applicable and suitable for individuals with sedentary lifestyle including people with physical functional limitations and other mobility impairments. Use of NMES has the potential to improve metabolic health analogous to voluntary exercise. Purpose: To determine the acute effect of 30 mins of NMES on energy metabolism and fasting blood glucose level. Methods: Fifteen participants without diabetes participated in the study (Males: 6; Females: 9; Age: 33.80 ± 12.99 years; BMI: 32.59 ± 9.17 kg/m2). Each participant underwent 30 mins of cyclical NMES on the quadricep muscles of both legs while lying supine on a bed. NMES was applied at a frequency of 50Hz with a pulse width of 300μs up to maximum tolerable intensity. Blood glucose and lactate levels were determined at baseline and at 5 mins intervals during the stimulation. Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were measured at baseline and monitored continuously during the NMES via indirect calorimetry. The experimental procedure was performed in a fasting condition and was directly preceded by a day of dietary control. Results: A decreasing blood glucose effect of NMES was observed between baseline glucose level (95.94 ± 7.81 mg/dL) and after 25 mins (92.85 ± 8.82 mg/dL) and 30 mins (91.79 ± 9.00 mg/dL) of NMES (p&lt;0.05). Average energy expenditure rate during the 30min of NMES (19.37 ± 4.49 Kcal/kg/day) was relatively higher than that of the resting baseline rate (19.24 ± 3.57 Kcal/kg/day) (p&lt;0.05). Blood lactate level and respiratory exchange ratio (substrate utilization) however, remained unaffected throughout the experimental procedure. Conclusion: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is effective in decreasing blood glucose level and hence could serve as a beneficial intervention for blood glucose management. Supported by NIH Grant R01 DK132430 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Antidiabetic Effect of Noni Fruit and Moringa Leaves Extract on Blood Glucose Level, Hepatic and Pancreatic Histological Features of Diabetic Mice

One of the chronic diseases with high blood glucose levels is a characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus. Utilization of herbal ingredients needs to be developed to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetes, and one of them is by using moringa leaf extract and noni fruit. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a combination of moringa leaf extract and noni fruit on blood glucose levels and tissue cytology in diabetic mice. The study was a randomized pretest-posttest control group design using 28 male mice divided into seven groups. The data analysis showed the lowest decrease in blood glucose levels in the group of diabetic mice given noni fruit and moringa leaf extract at a dose of 150mg/20g BW/oral/day for two weeks. The results of histological examination of liver and pancreas tissue showed no tissue is damaged.

Influence of Sterculia setigera Delile extract on oxidative stress enzyme activity and treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

BackgroundSterculia setigera Delile is a plant member of Sterculiacea family whose ethnobotanical investigation has revealed medicinal virtues. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has several advantages as it includes a wide variety of plants, low cost, minimal toxic and side effects. More significantly, many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins are active constituents of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, which generally have no adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of S. setigera Delile extract in impairing hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats. MethodsThe intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) generated hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. Diabetic animals were treated for 4 weeks with S. setigera extract. Insulin concentration and lipid profile biomarkers were evaluated. Oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed in pancreas and kidney. Histological sections of pancreas and kidney were made. ResultsAfter 4 weeks of treatment, the extract could decrease blood glucose levels by CI% (-92.3 to -39.94) compared to the diabetic control. Serum insulin, triglycerides and total cholesterol were improved towards their normal values. Pancreatic and renal cell architecture, were also improved in animals treated with the extract. ConclusionS. setigera extract could thus reverse hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin diabetic rats.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activities of Three Brown Algae, Polycladia myrica, Padina antillarum, and Sargassum boveanum, and a Red Alga, Palisada perforata from the Persian Gulf.

In recent decades, algae have attracted worldwide attention for their great biological activities, such as antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. We measured antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of methanol and 80% methanol extracts of three brown algae species, Polycladia myrica, Padina antillarum, and Sargassum boveanum, and a red alga, Palisada perforata, from the Persian Gulf coasts. Antibacterial activity of the algal extracts was assessed by broth dilution method against three gram-negative and -positive bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Furthermore, the yeast's α-glucosidase inhibition of the algal extracts was measured via colorimetric assay. In addition, we investigated the beneficial effect of 80% MeOH extract of S. boveanum on the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The MeOH extract of S. boveanum was the best antibacterial extract with MIC = 2.5 mg/mL against all bacterial strains except for E. coli. The MeOH and 80% MeOH extracts of P. myrica and P. antillarum inhibited α-glucosidase at most with IC50 values of 12.70 ± 1.88 µg/mL and 13.06 ± 4.44 µg/mL, respectively. The oral gavage of S. boveanum extract in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats resulted in decreasing their postprandial blood glucose levels. The algae and acarbose decreased blood glucose levels after sucrose administration in 60 minutes, compared to the non-drug-treated animals, with p values of 0.03 and 0.007, respectively. Overall, due to the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potential of S. boveanum, we suggest the alga as a new source for the isolation and identification of potential antidiabetic and antibacterial compounds.

A novel peptide isolated from Aphonopelma chalcodes tarantula venom with benefits on pancreatic islet function and appetite control

Proof-of-concept for therapeutic application of venom-derived compounds in diabetes is exemplified by the incretin mimetic, exenatide, originally extracted from the saliva of the venomous Heloderma suspectum lizard. In this regard, we have isolated and sequenced a novel 28 amino acid peptide named Δ-theraphotoxin-Ac1 (Δ-TRTX-AC1) from venom of the Mexican Blond tarantula spider Aphonopelma chalcodes, with potential therapeutic benefits for diabetes. Following confirmation of the structure and safety profile of the synthetic peptide, assessment of enzymatic stability and effects of Δ-TRTX-AC1 on in vitro beta-cell function were studied, alongside potential mechanisms. Glucose homeostatic and satiety actions of Δ-TRTX-AC1 alone, and in combination with exenatide, were then assessed in C57BL/6 mice. Synthetic Δ-TRTX-AC1 was shown to adopt a characteristic inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK)-like structure and was non-toxic to beta-cells. Δ-TRTX-AC1 evoked glucose-dependent insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells with bioactivity confirmed in murine islets. Insulin secretory potency was established to be dependent on KATP and Ca2+ channel beta-cell signalling. In addition, Δ-TRTX-AC1 enhanced beta-cell proliferation and provided significant protection against cytokine-induced apoptosis. When injected co-jointly with glucose in mice at a dose of 250 nmol/kg, Δ-TRTX-AC1 decreased blood-glucose levels and evoked a significant satiating effect. Moreover, whilst Δ-TRTX-AC1 did not enhance exenatide induced benefits on glucose homeostasis, the peptide significantly augmented exenatide mediated suppression of appetite. Together these data highlight the therapeutic potential of tarantula spider venom-derived peptides, such as Δ-TRTX-Ac1, for diabetes and related obesity.

Ameliorative Potentials of Methanol Bark Extract of Detarium senegalense (Tallow Tree) in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a global metabolic disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and raises the global death rate, posing a public health concern. Because antidiabetic traditional drugs are expensive, have side effects, and are ineffective, researchers are looking into novel medicinal plants to find a long-term cure that is inexpensive, has few or no side effects, and is highly effective in treating diabetes and its consequences. Detarium senegalense is a versatile plant used to cure a variety of ailments, including diabetes. This research aimed to investigate the ameliorative potentials of methanol bark extract of Detarium senegalense in streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic male Wistar Rats. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing 120-180gm were chosen at random and put into six (6) groups of five rats each (n=5) for this investigation. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150mg/kg) produced diabetes in rats. Normal and diabetic control groups are represented by groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3, a diabetic group, received metformin (50mg/kg). Groups 4, 5, and 6 received methanol bark extract of Deterium senegalenses at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. The animals were euthanized at the end of the 21-day treatment period, and organs were excised for biochemical examination. The generated data was analyzed with the SPSS software, and the results were expressed as mean SEM. Result confirms Detarium senegalense methanol bark extract as a hypoglycemic agent on the diabetic rats, by decreasing blood glucose level and the activity of metabolic enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), increase hexokinase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glut 1 and Glut 2 activities while decreasing the activities of Malondialdehyde. Conclusively, the bark of Detarium senegalense has been shown to have anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative.

Formulation and Optimization of Repaglinide Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics for Enhanced Bioavailability and Management of Diabetes

The technologies for fabrication of nanocrystals have an immense potential to improve solubility of a variety of the poor water-soluble drugs with subsequent enhanced bioavailability. Repaglinide (Rp) is an antihyperglycemic drug having low bioavailability due to its extensive first-pass metabolism. Microfluidics is a cutting-edge technique that provides a new approach for producing nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled properties for a variety of applications. The current study's goal was to engineer repaglinide smart nanoparticles (Rp-Nc) utilizing microfluidic technology (Dolomite Y shape), and then to perform in-vitro, in-vivo, and toxicity evaluations of them. This method effectively generated nanocrystals with average particle sizes of 71.31 ± 11 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.072 ± 12. The fabricated Rp's crystallinity was verified by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). In comparison to the raw and commercially available tablets, the fabricated Rp's nanoparticles resulted in a higher saturation solubility and dissolving rate (p < 0.05). Rp nanocrystals had a considerably lower (p < 0.05) IC50 value than that of the raw drug and commercial tablets. Moreover, Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose level (mg/dL, p < 0.001, n = 8) compared to its counterparts. Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.001, n = 8) in blood glucose compared to its counterparts at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The selected animal model's histological analyses and the effect of Rp nanocrystals on several internal organs were determined to be equivalent to those of the control animal group. The findings of the present study indicated that nanocrystals of Rp with improved anti-diabetic properties and safety profiles can be successfully produced using controlled microfluidic technology, an innovative drug delivery system (DDS) approach.

In–Vitro Drug Interaction between Tulsi and Glimepride

The study was designed to determine the interaction of O. sanctum, an herbal drug used in many herbal formulations for hypoglycemic activity with Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea (SU) derivative, widely used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, in diabetic rats. Whole study was divided into four phases in which hypoglycaemic activity with single doses of O. sanctum and glimeperide was established in single day study and repeated dose treatment of O. sanctum (7 days) followed by a single dose of glimeperide on 8th day was also established. Further the interaction between the two drugs was studied in both single and repeated treatment, i.e., the effect of single and glimeperide repeated doses treatment on O. sanctum. All the results were analysed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s‘t’ test. Rats were administered with streptozotocin for inducing diabetes and left for 2 weeks to stabilize blood glucose levels. Various doses of O. sanctum (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and glimeperide (½ TD, TD and 2 TD) upon single dose treatment of each in different groups of diabetic rats produced a dose dependent decrease in blood glucose levels. The maximum reduction in serum glucose was observed at 6 th h in all the groups. Single dose of O. sanctum prolonged the effect of glimepiride from 4th to 6th h without any hypoglycemic convulsions.

The Effectiveness of Red Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum) on Decreased Blood Glucose Levels in Mice (Mus Musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia conditions (increased blood glucose) caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion, abnormalities in the action of insulin or perhaps both. Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) contains alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, saponins, gingerol and shagol which have blood glucose-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antitumor effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Red Ginger extract against decreasing blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus). This research is a type of experimental study conducted to determine the effectiveness of red ginger extract against decreasing blood glucose levels in mice. This study was conducted using alloxane as a diabetes inducer, Na CMC 1% as a negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, extract dose 2 %, 5 % and 7 % orally for 7 days in 5 groups of test animals. The results of the study obtained 1% Na-CMC results showed a percentage decrease, namely -16.32% and -103.03%. In the group of mice given Red Ginger extract 2% showed a percentage decrease, namely 105.57% and 102.04%. The group of mice given Red Ginger extract 5% showed a percentage decrease of 105.83% and 86.84%. The group of mice given 7% Red Ginger extract showed a percentage decrease, namely 67.34% and 97.45%. The group of mice suspended by glibenclamide showed a percentage decrease of 73.05% and 66.66%. It can be concluded that the administration of Red Ginger extract has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in aloxane-induced mice at concentrations of 2%,5% and 7% with significant values (p &lt; 0.05) indicating a difference and obtained the most effective concentration in lowering blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus) is a concentration of 7%.

S-allyl cysteine and Taurine attenuate diabetic nephropathy in rats via the inhibition of oxidative stress and recovering histopathological changes

PurposeRenal failure is an end-stage consequence after persistent hyperglycemia during diabetic nephropathy (DN), and the etiology of DN has been linked to oxidative stress. The purpose of this research was to determine the beneficial synergistic effects of S-Allyl Cysteine (SAC) and Taurine (TAU) on oxidative damage in the kidneys of type 2 diabetic rats induced by hyperglycemia.Design/methodology/approachExperimental diabetes was developed by administering intraperitoneal single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) with nicotinamide (NA; 230 mg/kg) in adult rats. Diabetic and control rats were treated with SAC (150 mg/kg), TAU (200 mg/kg) or SAC and TAU combination (75 + 100 mg/kg) for four weeks. The estimation of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), oxidative stress markers along with kidney histopathology was done to investigate the antidiabetic potential of SAC/TAU in the NA/STZ diabetic group.FindingsThe following results were obtained for the therapeutic efficacy of SAC/TAU: decrease in blood glucose level, decreased level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased levels of GSH, glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT). SAC/TAU significantly modulated diabetes-induced histological changes in the kidney of rats.Originality/valueSAC/TAU combination therapy modulated the oxidative stress markers in the kidney in diabetic rat model and also prevented oxidative damage as observed through histopathological findings.

Antidiabetic activity of Armillaria mellea polysaccharides: Joint ultrasonic and enzyme assisted extraction

Armillaria mellea polysaccharides (AMPs) were obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction (U), enzyme assisted extraction (E) and ultrasonic-enzyme assisted extraction (UE), respectively. The yield of UE-AMPs (6.32 ± 0.14%) was 1.64 times higher than that of U-AMPs (3.86 ± 0.11%) and 1.21 times higher than that of E-AMPs (5.21 ± 0.09%); meanwhile, the highest total sugar content and the lowest protein content were found in UE-AMPs. AMPs obtained from the three extraction methods had the same monosaccharide composition but in different proportions, allowing UE-AMPs to have the most potent antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic activity of UE-AMPs was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. UE-AMPs, when given by gavage, greatly prevented weight loss, increased water intake, and considerably decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, which were dose-dependent (P < 0.05). In addition, UE-AMPs also had a positive effect on the reduction of lipid levels in the blood, oxidative damage and liver function impairment. The pathological observation by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) revealed that UE-AMPs protected the organs of mice from diabetic complications (liver disease and nephropathy). Hence, our findings demonstrate that UE-AMPs are a suitable choice for improving diabetes and its complications and have great application prospects in the fields of natural medicine and functional food.

Development and in-vitro, in-vivo evaluation of Pioglitazone-loaded polymeric nanoparticles using central composite design surface response methodology

Pioglitazone is a type 2 diabetes drug encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles using solvent evaporation techniques. In this study, the drug-polymer ratio (A), stirring speed (B), and stirring time (C) were three process parameters that were optimized using a three-factor, three-level Central Composite design. Entrapment efficiency, Pioglitazone content, and particle size were assessed as responses to the three dependent variables. The independent and dependent variables were associated using mathematical equations and response surface graphs. The optimization model of entrapment efficiency of about 61.7 %, Pioglitazone content of 12.33 %, and particle size of 323 nm with A, B, and C levels of 1:2, 3000 rpm, and 20 min respectively. The expected values of the optimized technique and the observed responses exhibited good agreement. Morphological examinations, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and in-vitro drug release tests were used to characterize the produced nanoparticle. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated effective sustained drug release. In an in vivo system, the synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced drug bioavailability. Pioglitazone-loaded nanoparticle treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly decreased blood glucose levels (up to 7 days) to normal levels (up to 6 hours) when compared to the native drug-treated group. The in vivo toxicity study of the nanoparticles in albino rats failed to detect any appreciable alterations in hematological, biochemical, or behavioral tests. Since Pioglitazone is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, the created system may help achieve a regulated release of the medication, which could assist in lowering dosage frequency and improve patient compliance.

Bosentan effect on Teneligliptin’s Antidiabetic effect in Animal Model

Due to a variety of comorbidities, Patients with type 2 diabetes usually require a multifaceted approach to therapy. A large number of medications taken at the same time increase the risk of undesirable drug effects or drug interactions in the patient. It's vital to think about cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme interactions while using a multifactorial pharmacotherapy approach. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 metabolize bosentan in the liver similarly, teneligliptin is metabolized by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. This study was conducted to investigate a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and teneligliptin. Interaction of teneligliptin, the known dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors or gliptins anti diabetic drugs with bosentan, a pulmonary antihypertensive agent, in healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, was tested. Blood samples were taken from rats at various intervals up to 24 hours and blood glucose levels were calculated. The parameters considered for the analysis of the effect on teneligliptin induced hypoglycemia were the onset of hypoglycemia (duration required to reduce blood glucose level by 15% - 20%), duration of hypoglycemia (duration of time in which more than 15 % -20 % decrease in blood glucose level is managed to maintained), and peak hypoglycemia. In both healthy albino rats and diabetic rats, a single dose of bosentan did not affect blood glucose levels. These results suggest that bosentan has no hypoglycemic effect, implying that the drug-drug interaction with teneligliptin is of the pharmacokinetic kind.

The effect of Kawa Daun (Coffea canephora) decoction on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cells regeneration in rats with diabetes

Giving coffee leaves Kawa Daun (Coffea canephora), which contains flavonoids and chlorophyll, which are antioxidants, is one of the therapies that may be used to treat diabetes mellitus, which is expected to affect 783 million people worldwide by 2045. This study, therefore, aims to demonstrate Kawa Daun decoction’s potency in lowering blood glucose levels and restoring pancreatic β-cells in rats with diabetes mellitus. Wistar rats (2-3 months, 200 g, n = 28) were used in this true experimental study, which applied a pre-post-control group design. Regular feeding + no intervention was for the group (K-); Kawa Daun was not provided to (K+) DM (alloxan) rats + regular feeding; (P1) DM rats (alloxan) received 3.6 ml/200 g BW/day of Kawa Daun decoction along with regular feeding; Kawa Daun decoction 7.2 ml/200 g body weight/day in addition to regular feeding was given to (P2) DM rats (alloxan). For 14 days, the intervention was given orally. A spectrophotometer was utilized to detect blood glucose levels, and histological analysis using H&amp;E staining was employed to determine the state of the pancreatic β-cells. In comparison to the (K+) group, the intervention group significantly decreased blood glucose levels (p = 0.001), according to the findings. The P2 group's reduction in blood sugar levels (∆ = 139.33 mg/dl 38.45) was more significant than that of the P1 group (∆ = 109.17 mg/dl 35.32). Compared to the (K+) (27.1% damage) group, the intervention group's pancreatic β-cells revealed improvement according to the histopathological examination results. The group's (P2 = 14.9%) damage area was less than the group's (P1 = 22.4%). This study emphasizes how administering Kawa Daun decoction can improve blood glucose levels and reconstruct the pancreatic β-cells damage and its protection. Finally, this kind of leaf could be a substitute compound for diabetic herbal therapy.

Effect of resistance vs. aerobic exercise in pre-diabetes: an RCT

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the different impacts of aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on pre-diabetes and its possible influencing factor (obesity) to identify which exercise intervention mode was better for pre-diabetes to control their blood glucose levels.MethodsSingle-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from Southwest Hospital between February 2016 and May 2017 and randomly divided into three groups using stratified randomization: aerobic exercise (A), resistance exercise (R), and control (C). The effects of each group were analyzed, and the relationship with obesity was investigated following a 12-week intervention.ResultsEighty participants were enrolled (9 were lost, and 1 was excluded). Finally, 26 participants were included in group A, 23 in group R, and 21 in group C. In groups A and R, FPG, OGTT 2-h PG, and HOMA2-IR decreased by 6.17% (P = 0.001) and 4.81% (P = 0.019), 20.39% (P < 0.001) and 16.50% (P < 0.001), and 8.34% (P = 0.026) and 18.31% (P = 0.001, superior to that in group A), respectively (all P < 0.001 compared with group C, with no significant differences between groups A and R). The ratio of reversal to euglycemia was 69.2% (P = 0.003 compared with group C) in group A and 43.5% (P = 0.213 compared with group C) in group R. The decreased ratio of GSP in group R was greater (65.2%, P = 0.008 compared with group C) compared with group A (38.5%, P = 0.355 compared with group C). Decreases in the parameters BMI (3.1 ± 3.2% P < 0.001, moderately positive correlation with the decreased FPG level, r = 0.498, P = 0.010, two-tailed) and waist circumference (3.1 ± 2.7% P < 0.001) were noted in group A, but no significant correlations were noted between other indicators in group R.ConclusionsBoth resistance and aerobic exercise can control and reverse IGR. Compared with aerobic exercise, resistance exercise may be superior in terms of GSP and IR improvement. Aerobic exercise decreases blood glucose levels through weight loss. However, the effect of resistance exercise might not be mediated via weight loss and obesity control.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000038304. Registered on September 17, 2020.

Ketone supplementation abolished isoflurane anesthesia-induced elevation in blood glucose level and increased recovery time from anesthesia in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rats

BackgroundIt has been suggested that administration of exogenous ketone supplements (EKSs) not only increases blood ketone body levels but also decreases blood glucose level and modulates isoflurane-induced anesthesia in different rodents, such as Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. Thus, we investigated whether administration of EKSs can modulate the isoflurane anesthesia-generated increase in blood glucose level and the time required to recover from isoflurane-induced anesthesia.MethodsTo investigate the effect of EKSs on isoflurane anesthesia-induced changes in blood glucose and R-β-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) level as well as recovery time from anesthesia, we used KEMCT (mix of ketone ester/KE and medium chain triglyceride/MCT oil in a 1:1 ratio) in WAG/Rij rats. First, to accustom the animals to the method, water gavage was carried out for 5 days (adaptation period). After adaptation period, rats of first group (group 1) were gavaged by water (3 g/kg), whereas, in the case of second group (group 2), the diet of animals was supplemented by KEMCT (3 g/kg, gavage) once per day for 7 days. One hour after the last gavage, isoflurane (3%) anesthesia was induced for 20 min (group 1 and group 2) and the time required for recovery from anesthesia was measured by using righting reflex. Subsequently, blood levels of both R-βHB and glucose were also evaluated. Changes in blood glucose and R-βHB levels were compared to control, which control glucose and R-βHB levels were measured on the last day of the adaptation period (group 1 and group 2). Time required for recovery from isoflurane anesthesia, which was detected after 7th KEMCT gavage (group 2), was compared to recovery time measured after 7th water gavage (group 1).ResultsThe KEMCT maintained the normal glucose level under isoflurane anesthesia-evoked circumstances preventing the glucose level elevating effect of isoflurane. Thus, we demonstrated that administration of KEMCT not only increased blood level of R-βHB but also abolished the isoflurane anesthesia-generated increase in blood glucose level. Moreover, the time required for recovery from isoflurane-evoked anesthesia increased significantly in KEMCT treated animals.ConclusionsPutative influence of elevated blood ketone body level on isoflurane-evoked effects, such as modulation of blood glucose level and recovery time from anesthesia, should be considered by anesthesiologists.

The protective roles of allicin on type 1 diabetes mellitus through AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy pathway.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic diseases in children. Pancreatic β cells are thought to be critical cells involved in the progression of T1DM, and their injury would directly lead to impaired insulin secretion. Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of allicin on pancreatic β cell injury and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse T1DM model in vivo and STZ-induced pancreatic β cell Min6 model in vitro were used to explore the effects of allicin on T1DM. The experiments include fasting blood glucose test, oral glucose tolerance detection, HE staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, western blot, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and flow cytometry. Results: Allicin could significantly decrease blood glucose level, improve islet structure and insulin expression, and inhibit apoptosis to reduce STZ-induced pancreatic β cell injury and loss through activating AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy pathway. Conclusion: Allicin treatment significantly reduced STZ-induced T1DM progression, suggesting that allicin may be a potential therapy option for T1DM patients.

Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol and Atorvastatin Following High-Fat Diet Uptake-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Targeting Genes Involved in Cholesterol Metabolism and miR33

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol, atorvastatin, and a combination of resveratrol and atorvastatin on expression levels of genes involved in the cholesterol metabolic pathway in the fatty liver of C57/BL6 mice. A high-fat diet was used to induce fatty liver in C57/BL6 mice treated with resveratrol, atorvastatin, or a combination of resveratrol and atorvastatin. Pathological and biochemical studies were performed. In addition, hepatic gene expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, liver X receptor (LXR)α, scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and miR33 were evaluated by the real-time PCR method, and the Western blot method was used to measure the ABCA1, ABCG1, and LXRα protein levels. Resveratrol and atorvastatin reduced fat accumulation in the liver of mice with fatty liver, and this effect was correlated with decreased blood glucose levels, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol blood levels compared with the positive control (PC) group. In contrast to the animals of the PC group, fatty liver groups that received resveratrol and atorvastatin had a significant effect on the mRNA levels of the ABCA1, ABCG1, LXRα, SR-B1, LDLR, and miR33 genes. Moreover, resveratrol and atorvastatin administration elevated ABCA1 and ABCG1 and reduced LXRα protein expression. Obtained results showed that resveratrol and atorvastatin combination therapy can improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and miR33.