Decrease In Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

재활필라테스 운동과 영양물질 섭취가 비만여성들의 대사성 질환 위험인자와 생리적 기능에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rehabilitation Pilates exercise and nutrients(catechin) intake on obese women who are interested in diet, and how they affect metabolic disease risk factors and physiological functions. Conclusions could be drawn. When looking at the risk factors of metabolic diseases in obese women, the body composition showed a statistically significant result with a decrease in body fat percentage and BMI. In addition, there was a statistically significant result with a decrease in waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and an increase in HDL-C, and there was a significant change in TG and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but no statistically significant result. The results of α-amylase, a stress factor that directly affects physiological function items in obese women, showed a statistically significant decrease after rehabilitation Pilates exercise and nutrients (catechin) intake. Therefore, as a result of performing rehabilitation Pilates exercise and catechin intake, it was concluded that it improves the metabolic disease risk factors and physiological functions. Therefore, rehabilitation Pilates exercise and nutrients(catechin) intake are thought to be able to prevent and improve not only the diet of obese women but also chronic diseases that can be found in middle age. It is expected that this exercise will lead to a healthy life if it is carried out in consideration of the intensity and time of exercise by continuously prolonging.

Pengaruh Senam Aerobik dan Motivasi Latihan Terhadap Penurunan Persentase Lemak Tubuh

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and motivation on decreasing body fat percentage of members of the D'Ladies Gymnastics Gymnastics Padang. This type of research is an experiment with a factorial design By Level 2 x 2. The sample was drawn using purposive sampling technique, so that the sample amounted to 40 people with criteria aged 20-30 years. Body fat instrument using Body Fat Analyzer and training motivation using Likert scale model questionnaire. Data were analyzed using ANOVA 2 x 2 and Tukey's follow-up test at α = 0.05. The results of hypothesis testing show, (1) there is a difference in the effect of Mixed Impact aerobic exercise and Low Impact aerobic exercise on decreasing body fat percentage, (2) there is an interaction between aerobic exercise and motivation on decreasing body fat percentage, (3) there is a difference in effect. Mixed Impact aerobic exercise and Low Impact aerobic exercise seen from high training motivation, and (4) there is no difference in the effect of Mixed Impact aerobic exercise and Low Impact aerobic exercise seen from low training motivation. It can be concluded that Mixed Impact aerobic exercise is better than Low Impact aerobic exercise in reducing body fat percentage when seen from high training motivation. As for low exercise motivation, both treatments can be given to decrease the percentage of body fat

The effect of strength training with different frequency on untrained university students

Background and Study Aim: The target of this paper was to examine the effects of strength training with different frequency on physical, performance and strength features on untrained university male students.
 Material and Methods: 24 subjects (age= 21.47+1.50) were divided into three groups; 8 for strength training group once a week (ST1), 8 for strength training group three times a week (ST3) and 8 for control group (CG). The training groups were applied a 6-week ST that lasted approximately 80-90 minutes for each training 3 days a week for ST3 and once a week for ST1. Analysis of intergroup, intragroup and the effect of training were carried out with repeated measures ANOVA. Significance was set at 0.05.
 Results: There was no difference in body weight and body mass index values in training groups, while a significant increase was found in CG. In addition, there was a significant decrease in body fat percentage and a significant increase in skeleton muscle mass without any change in body weight and body mass index in ST3. No statistical difference was seen in 10-20 m sprint and agility tests in all groups. For vertical jump, balance test for right and left leg, there was a significant difference between the pre and post-test measurements of ST1 and ST3. In standing long jump measurements, significance was seen in favor of ST3. In strength parameter, while a significant difference was detected in bench press, shoulder press and push-up due to the development of training groups, a statistically significance was found in squat and biceps curl by reason of improvement in ST3.
 Conclusion: As a conclusion, it can be said that 6-week strength training with different frequency applied on untrained male students has a positive effect on physical, performance and strength features.

High intensity interval training increases the utilization of fatty acids in subjects with overweight or obesity. A randomized study

Introduction: the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on fat utilization during exercise needs to be studied in depth. Objective: to determine the effect of HIIT training program in subjects with overweight or obesity on the use of fat during exercise, body composition and cardiovascular variables. The second objective was to compare the variables according to the duration of the program (i.e., 12, 16 and 20 weeks). Material and methods: 30 subjects were studied (age 44.8 ± 11.6 years). Three groups were formed at random, the G1 (12 weeks, n = 12, 48.08 ± 8.20 years), G2 (16 weeks, n = 10, 42.10 ± 11.60 years) and G3 (20 weeks, n = 8, 43.38 ± 15.76 years). All groups performed HIIT 3 times per week. Results: the three groups showed a significant decrease in body fat percentage (p < 0.05), without differences between groups. Similarly, cardiovascular variables did not report differences between groups (p-interaction > 0.05) after the intervention; however, the groups reported a significant decrease systolic blood pressure (p < 0, 05). In the pre vs. post analysis by groups, the three groups showed improvements in VO2max without differences between groups (p-interaction > 0.05). Finally, the three groups increased the fats utilization during exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the program increased fat utilization during exercise, decreased body fat % and improved cardiovascular parameters, however after 12 training weeks it is advisable to apply variations to training to maximize results.

Maternal chlormequat chloride exposure disrupts embryonic growth and produces postnatal adverse effects

We showed previously that chlormequat chloride, a widely used plant growth regulator, could affect embryonic growth and growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis of rats. However, the potential effects of low dose chlormequat chloride exposure during pregnancy on embryonic and postnatal growth and development remain unclear. To further assess the risk of chlormequat chloride to human embryonic growth and postnatal health, we exposed maternal rats orally to the chemical during pregnancy at 5 mg/kg bw, a dose corresponding to the human acceptable daily intake (ADI) level set by World Health Organization (WHO), and determined the effects of chlormequat on embryo growth and postnatal health. We found that chlormequat chloride increased embryonic growth parameters, GH, and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) levels, but did not affect somatostatin and IGF-1 on gestational day (GD) 11. In the pups of postnatal day (PD) 7, we observed increased head length, decreased body fat percentage, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia. In conclusion, maternal exposure to chlormequat chloride during pregnancy disrupts the embryonic growth probably through its effects on growth regulators and even has adverse effects on postnatal health.

Cell-free DNA as an obesity biomarker.

Obesity is a disease that affects about 13 % of the world population (2016) (Who 2018). This condition generates a process of systemic inflammation that may contribute to the release of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) into the bloodstream. cfDNA has been considered a potential biomarker to monitor several physiological and pathological conditions, such as tumors, exercise intensity and obesity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cfDNA levels with the amount of weight and fat mass lost six months after bariatric surgery. Thirty-eight subjects classified as obese (BMI, 43.5+/-6.2; BFP, 46.6+/-4.8) were evaluated anthropometrically and underwent bariatric surgery. Weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and cfDNA levels were evaluated before and six months after surgery; furthermore, a correlation was performed between cfDNA levels and BFP and CRP. Decrease in total body weight and CRP were observed after bariatric surgery; however, the cfDNA levels remained unchanged. There was a weak correlation between cfDNA levels and BFP before the bariatric surgery, and a moderate correlation between cfDNA and CRP. Obese subjects who underwent bariatric surgery, the decrease in body fat percentage did not result in changes in cfDNA levels six months after surgery.

The effect of 8 Weeks squat exercise program on body composition in young males

Not only aerobic exercises, but also resistance exercise programs with maximum effort for large muscle groups such as squat have also been reported to be effective on muscle and body fat mass. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of squat exercise program on body composition. The data of the study were collected from 18 young adult males. They participated in the squat exercise program 3 days a week in July 2019 for 4 weeks between 4 sets between 85% and 6 repetitions of maximal load at 48 hours intervals for 8 weeks. Independent t-test analysis was used in binary comparisons because of normal distribution of data. The results of this study were not statistically significant with the increase in body weight, body mass index, total muscle weight, total body fluid weight and lean body mass and the decrease in total fat weight variable as a result of the 2-month squat strength training program. Only a significant decrease in body fat percentage by 7.15% was observed as a result of squat training. In conclusion it was proposed that the resistance training program including squats can be used effectively in reducing the body fat ratio and increasing the muscle mass plus appropriate diet due to meeting the energy consumption greatly from fats during the recovery period between sets and after the training.

A short-term yoga-based intervention improves balance control, body composition, and some aspects of mental health in the elderly men

Background: Body balance control represents a key function for the physical activities of elderly people aged sixty-five and over. Due to the biological and psychosocial changes in this age group, yoga-based intervention appears to be beneficial to maintaining their ability to balance along with related mental aspects of health. Objective: The aim of the presented study was to examine the effects of the 4-week yoga-based intervention on balance, body composition and the mental health aspects of elderly men. Methods: 67-80-year-old elderly men (N = 234, mean age 72.5 ± 7.7 years) were assessed with The Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, bioimpedance body composition analyser InBody 230 and the Health Survey SF-36, applied for the pre- and post-testing. The experimental group (n = 122) underwent the 4-week intervention based on yoga exercises, while the control group (n = 112) had a usual daily program at their senior homes or centers. Results: The yoga intervention led to significant improvement of both the static balance and gait scores compared to the control group, with medium effect size, ηp2 = .070 and .080. The intervention also had an effect on the decrease of body fat percentage (by 1.7%) and an increase in muscle mass (by 1.3 kg), with a large effect size, ηp2 = .214 and .301. Results of the Health Survey showed that overall mental health did not change significantly although positive improvement in two items connected with emotional problems. Conclusions: A short-term yoga-based intervention may have a significant positive influence on physical abilities such as balance control and body composition rather than on mental health aspects in elderly men aged sixty-five and over.

Personalised nutrition technologies: a new paradigm for dietetic practice and training in a digital transformation era

Personalised nutrition technologies: a new paradigm for dietetic practice and training in a digital transformation era

Effects of Self-Weighing During Weight Loss Treatment: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of self-weighing for weight loss in men for 6 months.MethodsIn the present study, 54 men, mean age of 40.1 ± 11.1 years, with overweight or obesity, were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: control group (CG), without weight self-monitoring and intervention group (IG), with weight self-monitoring. Both groups received the same nutritional and educational advice and the establishment of a weight target to reach in the weight loss program. Subjects of IG also had individualized motivating content to improve self-management for 24 weeks. Anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and weekly for 24 weeks.Results When the group assigned after randomization was introduced in the analysis, its influence was significant in weight loss (F1.52 = 19.465, ± 2 = 0.272, p < 0.001) and in the decrease in body fat percentage (F1.52 = 8,306, ± 2 = 0.132, p < 0.01).ConclusionStudy results indicate that self-weighing can help patients to lose additional weight. Our findings have implications in the emerging area of the behavioral approach of patients undergoing weight-loss treatment, as well as clinical care processes.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04032249.

A Long-Term Pilot Study on Sex and Spinal Cord Injury Shows Sexual Dimorphism in Functional Recovery and Cardio-Metabolic Responses

More than a quarter of a million individuals in the US live with spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI disrupts neural circuitry to vital organs in the body. Despite severe incidences of long-term peripheral complications from SCI, the cardio-metabolic consequences and divergences in sex-related responses are not well described. We examined the effects of SCI on functional recovery, cardiac structure and function, body composition, and glucose metabolism on adult female and male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. SCI was induced at T10 via contusion. Measured outcomes include behavioral assessment, body weight, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for body composition, echocardiography for cardiac structure and function, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) for glucose metabolism, insulin tolerance test (ITT), and histology of cardiac structure at the endpoint. There was a decrease in body fat percentage in both sexes, with SCI females disproportionately affected in percent body fat change. Left ventricular internal diameter during systole (LVIDs) was decreased in SCI females more than in SCI males. No significant differences in glucose metabolism were observed up to 20 weeks post-injury (PI). These data show significant cardio-metabolic differences as a consequence of SCI and, furthermore, that sex is an underlying factor in these differences.

Electrically induced cycling and nutritional counseling for counteracting obesity after spinal cord injury: A pilot study

Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the preliminary efficacy of interval functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling combined with nutritional counseling in obese adults with SCI. Setting: Community-based individuals with chronic SCI. Participants: Ten participants with chronic SCI. Interventions: Participants were divided into 2 groups (1) FES cycling and nutritional counseling (FES & Nutri) and (2) nutritional counseling only (Nutri Only). The FES & Nutri group performed high intensity interval FES cycling for 30 min 3 times per week for 8 weeks and received nutritional counseling for 30 min once per week for 8 weeks. The Nutri Only group received the nutritional counseling only. Outcome Measures: Body composition (fat mass, lean mass, body fat percentage), blood glucose levels. Results: Participants in the FES & Nutri group had a statistically significant greater decrease in body fat percentage (M = −1.14) compared to those in the Nutri Only group (M = +0.28) and gained more lean mass in their legs (M = +0.66 kg) compared to the Nutri Only group (M = –1.05 kg). Discussion/Conclusion: The statistically significant decrease in body fat percentage for the FES & Nutri group provides evidence that further study is merited. Future studies should include larger numbers of participants and the possible introduction of a preliminary strengthening program before initiating interval FES cycling. In addition, an increase in exercise volume and a greater role for nutritional counseling should be considered in order to optimize the treatment for obesity.

Structured Physical Activity did not Affect the Body Fat Percentage among Gymnastics Studio Members

The excess of body fat in the body can be associated with the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic diseases. Activit ies which can reduce the body fat percentage is a structured physical activity . This study aims to identify the effect of the structured physical activity on the decrease in body fat percentage on members of the gymnastics studio. This study use d one group of pretest-posttest design. The intervention was an aerobic exercise , conducted for a minimum duration of 150 minutes per week, and followed up for three months. The samples were selected by using purposive sampling and we re collected by measuring the respondent's weight with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at the beginning and the end of this study. The data were analyzed by using paired sample t - test. The result showed that the average of the body fat percentage on the pre-test was 33.156 %, and on the post-test wa s 32.920 %. Based on the data, t here was a decrease in a body fat percentage on pre-test and post-test in 13 out of 25 respondents . The p-value was 0.357, and it can be conclude d that the structured physical activity d id not have a significant effect on the decrease in body fat percentage.

Koroner Arter Baypas Cerrahisi Geçirmiş Hastalarda Bisiklet ve Kol Ergometresi Egzersiz Eğitiminin Fiziksel Fonksiyonlar ve Lipid Profili Üzerine Etkisi: Randomize Bir Çalışma

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects on physical functions (PF) and lipid profile (LP) of bicycle and arm ergometer exercises among the patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Material and Methods: The study involved 50 patients, who underwent CABG surgery. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. After the exclusion of 11 cases, evaluation was performed of 23 patients in the bicycle ergometer group (BEG) and 16 patients in the arm ergometer group (AEG). All the subjects participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program consisting of exercise training with bicycle or arm ergometer exercise for a total of 30 sessions as 5 sessions per week during 6 weeks. Before and after the exercise training, the 6-minute walking test distance (6MWTD), body composition evaluation, and blood lipid levels were recorded. Results: Before and after the exercise training, statistically significant positive changes were observed in the BEG including increased 6MWD, and LP parameters containing decreased percentage of body fat, LDL, trigliserid level, and total cholesterol. Statistically significant changes were found in the AEG including increased 6MWTD and LP parameters containing HDL, decreased body fat percentage, BMI, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Comparing the values between the groups, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the 6MWD in the BEG when compared to the AEG. Conclusions: In conclusion, bicycle and arm ergometer exercises had a positive effect on PF and LP after CABG surgery. For improving the functional capacity, the bicycle ergometer training was seen to be more advantageous.

Obesity is Irreversible Without a Controlled Dietary Regimen in a Murine Model

Category:Diabetes, Hindfoot, Midfoot/Forefoot, obesityIntroduction/Purpose:In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically. This can be attributed in-part to the high-fat “Western Diet”. Consequentially, the economic burden of obesity to the healthcare system has rapidly increased, accounting for more than 10 percent of all medical spending in America. Furthermore, with regards to orthopedics, obesity has been shown to be a strong risk factor for musculoskeletal pain, injury, and post-operative complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high intensity cardiovascular training and controlled dietary intake on body weight, body fat percentage (BFP), and bone mineral density (BMD) in obese and non-obese mice. These results will provide a better understanding of how to optimally facilitate weight loss in obese patients.Methods:Following IAUCUC approval, 8 diet-induced obesity (DIO) C57BL/6 mice were obtained along with 6 non-obese C57BL/6 control mice. DIO mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat by kcal) ad libitum starting at the age of 6 weeks. Control mice were fed a standard low-fat diet (10% fat by kcal) ad libitum from birth. Starting at the age of 14 weeks, all mice underwent a controlled high intensity cardiovascular training protocol using a treadmill four times per week at 30 minute intervals. This was carried out for seven weeks including a one-week acclimation period. Speed, distance, and time spent running were all constant between groups. Mouse body weights were recorded several times per week throughout the study. Additionally, BFP and BMD were obtained bi-weekly using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to assess morphophysiological changes longitudinally.Results:Preliminary investigations with a controlled exercise regimen reveal that obese mice, when fed a high-fat diet, continue to gain weight rapidly despite high intensity cardiovascular training whereas control mice maintain their weight. Following the seven-week training period, control mice gained an average of 1.25 g (p=0.41), while DIO mice gained an average of 8.55 g (p<0.001). DIO mice also showed an 8.74% increase in body fat percentage (p=0.002) while control mice showed a 0.51% decrease in body fat percentage (p=0.75). Lastly, BMD was significantly lower in DIO mice compared to controls following the exercise protocol (p<0.05).Conclusion:The results of this study support the hypothesis that a controlled exercise regimen alone is ineffective for facilitating weight loss. In fact, obese mice administered a high-fat diet actually gain weight despite undergoing a rigorous exercise program. Additionally, simple differences in dietary intake have significant effects on body weight, body fat percentage, and bone mineral density. This suggests that while exercise may play a small role in maintaining a normal weight, obesity is irreversible with exercise alone. Obese orthopedic patients should be counseled on dietary modifications before engaging in an exercise program.

Abstract 183: Phosphodiesterase 9 Inhibition Improves Cardiometabolic Profile in Female Mice Independent of Estrogen Status

Approximately 6.5 million Americans are living with heart failure (HF) currently and the number of persons is projected to increase 46% by 2030. One particularly notable syndrome associated with increasingly severe obesity is called - Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); which represents half of all HF patients world-wide. Epidemiologic insights have provided incremental evidence that female sex is a stronger risk factor for HFpEF, particularly post-menopausal women. Loss of estrogen after menopause reduces estrogen receptor induced-NO-cGMP-PKG activation and consequently less benefit from Phosphodiesterase 5(PDE5) inhibition which principally hydrolyze NO-derived cGMP that appears compromised in HFpEF patients. PDE9 targets cGMP generated by Natriuretic peptide (NP) signaling and is significantly increased in hearts from HFpEF patients. This supports a role of PDE9 in the heart and its value as a therapeutic target for abnormalities relevant to HFpEF. We created a murine model of postmenopausal obesity and mild cardiac stress induced HFpEF. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PDE9 conferred higher contractile performance with increased %EF, %FS and improved diastolic relaxation and filling. Echo-MRI analysis showed an improvement in whole body metabolism with significant decrease in percent body fat associated with enhanced O 2 consumption and increased energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects are increased mitochondrial function and enhanced expression of transcriptional regulators pgc1α and pparα, driving mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and increased energy dissipation. Our work identifies for the first-time reversal of changes in substrate metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics as a direct consequence of PDE9 inhibition in heart and fat. Proteomic analysis also revealed a dynamic cross-talk of PDE9 protein with biological networks of mitochondrial membrane proteins and proteins regulating cellular metabolism. This study greatly enhances our understanding of how the cGMP/PKG activation system can be modulated in females with reduced sex hormone- paving the way for gender-selective targeting in patients with obesity and HFpEF.

Behavioral Modification Enhances the Benefits from Structured Aerobic and Resistance Training.

Behavioral modification (BM) is a strategy designed to sustain or restore well-being through effects such as enhanced relaxation, reduced stress, and improved sleep. Few studies have explored the role of BM delivered in the context of fitness programs for healthy adults. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine whether BM combined with aerobic and resistance training programs would improve health and fitness measures more than the exercise training alone. Thirty-two healthy fitness club members (19 men) were randomized to receive a BM program (n=15) or an equal-attention (EA) control (n=17). BM consisted of twelve, 10-min education sessions between a trained fitness professional and the participant, coupled with weekly, individualized relaxation, stress reduction, and sleep improvement assignments. All participants engaged in 1 h of coached resistance training and remotely guided aerobic exercise thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Fitness measures (aerobic performance, body composition, muscle strength and endurance, lower-body power), sleep characteristics, and heart rate variability (HRV) were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week program. BM resulted in greater improvements in aerobic performance (increased maximum oxygen uptake, metabolic (lactate) threshold, and percent of maximum oxygen uptake at which metabolic threshold occurred), peak and average lower-body power, and body composition (decreased body fat percentage and fat mass) compared to EA. BM also positively influenced parasympathetic tone through increased High-frequency HRV. BM resulted in greater improvements in fitness measures, body composition, and heart rate variability compared with EA. These findings have intriguing implications regarding the role of BM in augmenting health and physical performance.

The benefits of nutritional counselling for improving sport performance.

It is well known that the synergy between physical activity and healthy eating habits is an important combination for the achievement of different objectives. However, recent studies in the literature focused mainly on the effect of this synergy on weight loss or different non communicable diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of healthy eating, based on the Mediterranean diet, on physical performance of kickboxers and runners. Forty athletes were recruited from the University Sports Center of Bergamo. Twenty participants practiced kickboxing, an High Energy Expenditure Rate sport, whereas twenty subjects practiced half marathon, a typical High Energy Expenditure Volume sport. Kickboxers and runners were randomly divided into two sub-groups of ten subjects each: one was the control group (CG) and one the nutritional counselling group (NCG), in which subjects were instructed to follow a nutritional counselling. At the baseline, runners started with greater VO2max and lower resting metabolic rate compared to kickboxers. After three months of controlled diet and training, kickboxers in NCG improved their results in Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) Test (P=0.015) and squat (P=0.012). Moreover, athletes had a decrease in body fat percentage (P=0.008). Runners in NCG, had a significant VO2max (P=0.007) increase and a reduction in body fat percentage (P=0.002). They also showed an increase of squat (P=0.012) and CMJ test (P=0.024). Significant benefits were achieved in all groups of athletes, but results were maximized by training plus nutritional counselling.

The Relationship between Bone Mineral Accrual and Changes of Body Composition in Competitive Girl Runners

Low bone density is a complication of a long-term strict weight control during adolescence in women. PURPOSE: To assess whether decrease in percent body fat (%BF) is associated with an impaired bone mineral accrual in girl runners. METHODS: Consecutive 22 freshmen girl runners (15y/o, 158cm, 45kg) during 7 years in competitive high school teams were evaluated over 2 years of training. DXA was performed at the preparatory phase (baseline) and repeated after 23 ± 2 months (follow-up). The runners were divided into 2 groups; negative (DEC, n=11) or positive (GAIN, n=11) changes of %BF (Δ%BF) during the period. The effect of the period and the group on the changes in bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of total body less head and z-score were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. As for lean soft tissue mass (LSM) and fat mass (FM), paired t-test was used to compare between baseline and follow-up. Bivariate correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between bone mineral accrual (ΔBMC and ΔBMD) and Δ%BF as well as the changes of FM (ΔFM) and LSM (ΔLSM). Written informed consent was obtained from the runners and their parents. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: %BF changed from 17.4 to 14.3 (DEC) and 15.0 to 18.4 % (GAIN). The period had significant effects on BMC, BMD, and z-score without interactions. Contrast showed significant increases in those variables, while the group of Δ%BF had no significant effect, indicating the values of DEC and GAIN were similarly increased; 1.57 to 1.64 and 1.66 to 1.77 kg, 0.98 to 1.00 and 1.00 to 1.03 g/cm2, and -0.25 to -0.20 and 0.04 to 0.22, respectively. The DEC runners gained LSM (34.2 to 36.1 kg) and reduced FM (7.7 to 6.4 kg) significantly, while the GAIN runners significantly increased FM (6.9 to 9.0 kg) without LSM change (36.6 to 37.0 kg). Neither Δ%BF nor ΔFM, but ΔLSM was significantly correlated with ΔBMC (r=0.45) and ΔBMD (r=0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Bone mineral was equally accrued among the runners of which %BF increased or decreased, where the accretion was associated with LSM gain. Competitive distance runners would develop leanness by not only losing FM but also gaining LSM (i.e., skeletal muscle) along with long-term exercise training. This would ameliorate an impairment of bone mineral acquisition by strict weight control.

Intentions Matter When it Comes to Body Composition Changes in DIII Athletes Over Summer Break

In Division III, coaches cannot require athletes to report summer workouts, but can suggest what should be done to be ready the upcoming season. Coaches also cannot cut an athlete based on knowledge of a lack of summer workouts. PURPOSE: To determine whether athlete intentions lead to efficacious outcomes in DIII athletes over summer break. It was hypothesized that due to lack of accountability, body composition intentions over summer break would not be achieved. METHODS: Fifty-one student athletes (32 women, 19 men; 20 &#177; 1 years old) had their body composition assessed in May in addition to their intention(s) regarding body composition changes over summer break (increase muscle mass and/or decrease fat mass or no change). Body composition was again assessed in August of the following school year. RESULTS: Only an intention to increase muscle mass or decrease body fat mass led to no significant change in either variable. When athletes had the combined intention of increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat mass, a significant decrease in body fat percentage was observed (-1.8 &#177; 2.3%; p = 0.017). Independently, the increase in muscle mass (+1.33 &#177; 2.3kg; p = 0.063) and decrease in fat mass (-1.1 &#177; 2.2kg; p=0.094) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, these data suggest in order to achieve a decrease in fat mass, that has a significant impact on percent body fat, this intention should be combined with the intention to increase muscle mass. Additionally, singular intentions did not evoke intended body composition changes.