Decreased Motor Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical Research and Screening of Pharmacological Activity in Eryngium planum L. Herb Extracts

Species of the genus Eryngium L. of the Apiaceae family are successfully used in folk medicine in various countries worldwide, but they are hardly implemented in official medicinal and pharmaceutical practices. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological research in E. planum L. herb extracts to develop and implement new phytomedicines based on this raw material. Purified water, and 40% and 70% ethanol were used for obtaining soft extracts. A total of seven hydroxycinnamic acids, six flavonoids, and three tannin metabolites were identified and quantified in the E. planum extracts by HPLC. These extracts were characterized as practically non-toxic medicines (V toxicity class, LD50 > 5000 mg/kg). The hepatoprotective activity of the E. planum extracts has been established. They were affected to reduce serum thiobarbituric acid (TBA) levels by 29.3%, 31.5%, and 32.4%, respectively, compared to untreated animals and in liver homogenate by 59.5%, 65.4%, and 66.8%, respectively. The alanine transaminase (ALT) activity decreased by 26.9%, 30.8%, and 33.8%, respectively. The aspartate transaminase (AST) activity decreased by 23.9 %, 25.7 %, and 30.5 %, respectively. The sedative activity of E. planum extracts was studied for the first time. The 70% ethanol extract has the most pronounced sedative effect due to a significant decrease in motor activity (by 2.4 times compared to the control group) in the «Open Field test» and reduction in concern in the «Cube tests», «Raised Cross Maze», and "Black and White Camera". This extract also demonstrates a moderate antibacterial effect against gram-positive microorganisms (8–10 mm), including staphylococci, streptococci, and bacilli. These results provide a foundation for further preclinical and clinical studies of the dry extract of E. planum herb (extractant: 70% ethanol) to integrate it into modern medical practice and develop new supplements.

Efficiency of detoxifying enteral nutrition therapy in oncological palliative patients

Introduction. Palliative care is an approach aimed at improving the quality of life of patients and their families. Palliative patients, including oncological ones, have pronounced manifestations of intoxication, body weight deficiency, loss of muscle mass, which leads to weakness, asthenization, decreased motor activity, and the inability to maintain a habitual lifestyle.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the impact of nutritional support for palliative patients by including in the diet a specialized product of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition Protein detoxification cocktail of domestic production.Materials and methods. The study involved 60 palliative patients of both sexes, the data from questionnaires on the organoleptic properties and parameters of the functional activity of patients, as well as clinical and biochemical studies of blood, liver functions after a 30-day intake of a detoxifying food product were examined.Results. The studies showed good tolerability, safety and excellent organoleptic properties of the therapeutic Protein Detoxifying Cocktail. Patients noted an improvement in their general condition, a decrease in weakness, an increase in physical activity, mobility and the ability to move, the ability to take care of themselves, engage in normal activities, an improvement in appetite and a decrease in bowel disorders, a decrease in pain and discomfort, anxiety and depression, and an improvement in sleep. Analysis of laboratory data showed that in the main group of palliative patients, there was an increase in the level of hemoglobin, hematocrit, total protein and albumin, as well as a decrease in such indicators as: CRP, creatinine, urea, bilirubin.Conclusions. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of detoxifying therapeutic enteral nutrition in oncological palliative patients. Detoxifying therapeutic enteral nutrition not only improves metabolism and protein-energy status of patients, but also improves the quality of life and overall survival due to detoxifying, antioxidant, restorative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and general tonic effects.

Effect of northwestern photoperiod and exogenous melatonin on the psychoemotional state of the Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Background. Among the environmental factors that influence the increase in the frequency of occurrence of psychoemotional states, great importance is attributed to the light conditions. However, the mechanisms of behaviour regulation in the mammals in non-standard light conditions and the role of melatonin in this process have not been fully studied.The aim of the study. To assess the effects of specific northern light conditions and melatonin on the behavior of Mesocricetus auratus.Methods. The animals were divided into 4 groups: LD (control), NL (northern light conditions), and LD + mel and NL + mel (melatonin, 100 μg/animal). The study of behavioral reactions, the level of emotional and phobic anxiety state of animals was carried out in the “Open field” and “Dark chamber with holes” installations.Results. Keeping M. auratus in NL had a negative effect on their behavior – a decrease in motor activity (horizontal and vertical) and the “hole-exploratory behavior”, an increase in the number of freezing and grooming reactions and the time of the first peeking out of the upper hole were revealed. It was shown that melatonin contributed to an increase in exploratory activity and a decrease in the number of anxiety acts in NL + mel group compared to NL group; the opposite effect of the hormone on these parameters was observed in LD + mel group.Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the important role of photoperiod and melatonin in regulating the behavior of seasonally breeding species.

Features of the state of bone tissue in children with cerebral palsy. Part 1. Etiological aspects. A literature review

BACKGROUND: The growth of the human body is the most significant period of development of the bone tissue, because it is during this period that the size, shape, and architectonics of bone are formed against the background of increasing body weight and increasing physical exertion. Considering a number of pathological factors of the underlying disease (alimentary, neurological, hormonal, stress, and physical), bone tissue in children with cerebral palsy grows and develops with deviations from the norm. АIM: To present up-to-date generalized information about the features of bone tissue in children with cerebral palsy to orthopedic traumatologists, neurologists, and physical therapy specialists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies on the problem of bone tissue condition in patients with cerebral palsy were analyzed. Data published over the past 20 years were searched in the scientific databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Crossref, and eLibrary without language restrictions. RESULTS: In the last 20 years, the number of studies about pediatric osteoporosis has increased. The gold standard for determining the level of bone mineral density is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, its use in children has presented some difficulties and limitations. In children, the relationship between bone mineral density values and the risk of fractures has not been well studied, which does not allow us to discuss about osteoporosis based on densitometric bone mineral density data alone. In patients with cerebral palsy, a decrease in bone mineral density and bone mass during growth was found. Previous studies showed that the main factors associated with a decrease in bone mineral density in this group of patients include neuroendocrine causes due to growth retardation against the background of CNS damage, alimentary factors, decreased calcium and vitamin D concentrations, systemic use of glucocorticoids, intake of antiepileptic drugs, decreased motor activity, and low muscle mass. Increasing serum vitamin D concentrations does not have a positive effect on bone mass, although increasing serum calcium concentrations is associated with an increase in bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying and correcting factors leading to decreased bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy can improve bone health in this group of patients. The absence of a relationship between bone mineral density values and the risk of fractures in children with cerebral palsy does not allow us to discuss about osteoporosis based only on bone mineral density densitometric data. There may be more factors leading to an increased risk of bone fractures in children with cerebral palsy that require further study.

Plastic Fly: What Drosophila melanogaster Can Tell Us about the Biological Effects and the Carcinogenic Potential of Nanopolystyrene.

Today, plastic pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment and public health. In the tissues of exposed species, micro- and nano-fragments accumulate, leading to genotoxicity, altered metabolism, and decreased lifespan. A model to investigate the genotoxic and tumor-promoting potential of nanoplastics (NPs) is Drosophila melanogaster. Here we tested polystyrene, which is commonly used in food packaging, is not well recycled, and makes up at least 30% of landfills. In order to investigate the biological effects and carcinogenic potential of 100 µm polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs), we raised Oregon [R] wild-type flies on contaminated food. After prolonged exposure, fluorescent PSNPs accumulated in the gut and fat bodies. Furthermore, PSNP-fed flies showed considerable alterations in weight, developmental time, and lifespan, as well as a compromised ability to recover from starvation. Additionally, we noticed a decrease in motor activity in DNAlig4 mutants fed with PSNPs, which are known to be susceptible to dietary stressors. A qPCR molecular investigation of the larval intestines revealed a markedly elevated expression of the genes drice and p53, suggesting a response to cell damage. Lastly, we used warts-defective mutants to assess the carcinogenic potential of PSNPs and discovered that exposed flies had more aberrant masses than untreated ones. In summary, our findings support the notion that ingested nanopolystyrene triggers metabolic and genetic modifications in the exposed organisms, eventually delaying development and accelerating death and disease.

Possibilities of Using Nootropic Drugs to Reduce Neurotoxic Reactions Caused by Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Experimental Conditions

The objective: to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of cytoflavin and combinations of mexidol with vitamin B6 or Magne B6 by changes in behavioral reactions in rats during in-take of a neurotoxic combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Subjects and Methods. Non-linear female rats divided in 4 groups were used in this study. For 14 days, all rats received a combination of Mxf+Lzd+Cs+Pto daily. Additionally, rats of Group 2 were administered cytoflavin before administration of the basic combination; Group 3 – Mexidol + vitamin B6; Group 4 - Mexidol + Magne B6. Doses of anti-tuberculosis drugs, cytoflavin, Mexidol, vitamin B6 and Magne B6 correspond to the recommended doses for humans. The manifestation of neurotoxicity was assessed by changes in behavioral reactions by Open Field Test.Results. Neurotoxicity caused by the combination Mxf+Lzd+Cs+Pto was manifested by a decrease in motor activity, exploratory activity and grooming. With cytoflavin administration, all parameters of behavioral reactions in rats improved. When using Mexidol with vitamin B6, only a slight decrease in grooming versus the baseline level was observed. There was a less qualitative decrease in neurotoxicity manifestations with administration of Mexidol in combination with Magne B6.

Evaluation of tentative and research activity in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis against the administration of cell-free cryopreserved biological agents

Background. Today, 20,924 people with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) live in Ukraine. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (AEM) is a classical model of MS in laboratory animals. As a new strategy for the treatment of MS, our attention was drawn to the use of modern biotechnological means that do not contain cells – placenta cryoextract (CEP), spleen cryoextract (CES) and conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM). Purpose – to characterize the tentative research activity of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis against the background of the introduction of cell-free cryopreserved biological agents (CEP, CES and MSK-CM). Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on 42 non-linear laboratory male rats weighing 200–220 g. AEM was modeled by injecting rats with an encephalitogenic emulsion subcutaneously at the base of the tail at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg of body weight. Encephalitogenic emulsion for rats was prepared according to the method by O.O. Nefiodov and al. (2017). The emulsion consisted of Сomplete Freund’s Аdjuvant (CFA) and allogeneic brain homogenate in a 1:1 ratio. AEM treatment was carried out from the 12th to the 20th day of the experiment. CcEP, CES and MSC-CM were administered every other day intramuscularly (a total of 5 injections), on days 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20, respectively. The glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (MP) was used as a reference drug. Behavioral responses of animals were studied in the «open field» test. To study behavioral reactions, rats were placed in the center of a square platform one by one, and behavioral reactions were recorded for 3 minutes, which were calculated as the sum of episodes by activity type: motor activity (number of squares entered by the animal); exploratory activity (total number of rear-limb climbs and number of peeks and/or sniffs at «burrows»). Results. It was established that the introduction of an encephalitogenic emulsion from an allogeneic brain homogenate and CFA in a ratio of 1:1 led to pronounced disorders of orientation-research activity in rats on the 12th day of the experiment. The development of AEM in rats was accompanied by pronounced disorders of orientation and research activity. On the 12th day of the experiment, a statistically significant (p = 0.009) decrease in motor activity by 78.8% and a statistically significant (p ˂ 0.01) decrease in exploratory activity of rats with AEM by 78.0% relative to baseline values were observed. On the 21st day of the experiment, the rats of the control group with AEM without treatment showed a relative regression of disorders of orientational research activity, however, the studied indicators remained significantly lower than their initial values. The analysis of the recovery of motor activity on the 21st day of the experiment in rats with AEM showed that the most clearly indicated indicator increased against the background of five-time introduction of MSC-CM (р ˂ 0.01), and the least (p ˂ 0.01) motor activity was restored in rats, which was administered CES. A study of the research activity of rats with AEM showed that the introduction of the studied biological drugs led to the restoration of the indicated spectrum of activity in rats on the 21st day of the experiment. It was found that MSC-CM and CES exceeded the effectiveness of MP in terms of the ability to restore the research activity of rats with AEM, which may indicate not only their anti-inflammatory activity, but also a possible neuroprotective effect on the model of the studied autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Conclusions. According to the ability to restore locomotor activity (% of changes in the indicator at 21 days compared to the indicator at 12 days) in AEM in rats, the investigated cell-free cryopreserved biological agents can be arranged in the following sequence: MSC-CM (368.6%) ˃ CEP (286.1%) ˃ CES (102.0%). According to the ability to restore research activity in rats with AEM on the 21st day of the experiment, the investigated cell-free cryopreserved biological agents can be placed in the following sequence (% changes in the indicator on the 21st day relative to the indicator on the 12th day): MSC-CM (347.1%; p ˂ 0, 01) ˃ CES (186.2; p ˂ 0.01) ˃ CEP (131.8%; p ˂ 0.01).

Features of Constipation Syndrome Management in Elderly and Senile Patients in General Medical Practice (Literature Review)

Constipation in old age ppatients is most often caused by disorders of the digestive tract (DT) and, less often, by the use of medications that affect it. One of the reasons that cause problems with bowel movements is a nutritional disorder. It is known that people in old age eat less. The amount of dietary fiber and the amount of water consumed in the diet are reduced. This leads to a decrease in liquid in the stool masses, which become harder. A significant decrease in motor activity of a person, in particular due to both somatic diseases and mental disorders, causes the development of pathology. Usually, such patients are prescribed cardiac glycosides, sleeping pills, analgesics, and antidepressants. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the psyche of the elderly and senile persons. Loneliness and social isolation combined with depression or egocentrism, as well as poor memory, have a negative impact on a person at this age. It should be taken into account that often elderly and senile patients have their own system of views on treatment and this can make it difficult for them to understand each other with the doctor. Due to biological, medical and social challenges, elderly patients are one of the most vulnerable population groups. At the same time, they are the main consumers of medicines. Therefore, it is very important that the prescribed treatment for constipation is the most rational and safe, taking into account the side effects of drug therapy of the main and concomitant diseases. Compliance with the specified requirements guarantees the safe use of medicinal products, prevents the development of their side effects, and contributes to the continuation of an active and healthy lifestyle of gerontological and geriatric patients.

Опыт лечения депрессивных расстройств вортиоксетином после гистерэктомии

Relevance. Antidepressants are widely used in clinical practice for neurological disorders. Vortioxetine refers to the latest generation of drugs, the appointment of which is appropriate for depressed patients after hysterectomy. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of vortioxetine in combination with menopausal hormone therapy in correcting depressive symptoms after hysterectomy. Materials and methods. 136 patients with depressive disorder after hysterectomy (average age 44.7±1.3 years) were examined and treated, who were divided into two groups. The main group consisted of 74 (54.4%) patients who were prescribed divigel with vortioxetine in combination. The control group included 62 (45.6%) patients who used only divigel. All underwent clinical and laboratory monitoring, psychological assessment on the Hamilton Depression scale (HDRS-21). Results. In the main group according to the Hamilton scale (HDRS-21), 26 (35.1%) patients showed mild depression, 48 (64.9%) moderate depression, in the control group 20 (32.2%) and 42 (67.8%) respectively. Against the background of complex therapy, a decrease in the indicators of the mental and somatic component was revealed. After a month, 16 (21.7%) patients of the main and 22 (35.4%) of the control group complained of depression, depression, a sense of self-worth, 21 (28.3%) and 27 (43.5%) of guilt, 9 (12.1%) and 11 (17.8%) slow thinking, 25 (33.8%) and 29 (46.8%), respectively, for a decrease in motor activity. Before the start of treatment, 49 (66.2%) patients of the main and 40 (64.5%) control groups complained of headache of varying intensity, 11 (14.9%) and 8 (13.0%) of pain in the lumbar region, 17 (23.0%) and 15 (24.1%), respectively, of body aches and soreness in small joints. During the first month of treatment, pain in the lumbar region decreased, followed by headaches, and soreness in the body and joints lasted longer. Conclusions. Against the background of taking an antidepressant in the examined patients, positive dynamics of the disease was noted, both in the subjective assessment of the condition and in the objective result of psychological symptoms. Vortioxetine, which has high clinical efficacy and good tolerability, can be recommended in the treatment of depression after hysterectomy.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The Honey Bee as a Social Animal Model.

Animal models have been essential for advancing research of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in humans, but few animal species effectively replicate the behavioural and clinical signs of FASD. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a previously unexplored research model for FASD that offers the distinct benefit of highly social behaviour. In this study, we chronically exposed honey bee larvae to incremental concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 10% ethanol in the larval diet using an in vitro rearing protocol and measured developmental time and survival to adult eclosion, as well as body weight and motor activity of newly emerged adult bees. Larvae reared on 6 and 10% dietary ethanol demonstrated significant, dose-responsive delays to pupation and decreased survival and adult body weight. All ethanol-reared adults showed significantly decreased motor activity. These results suggest that honey bees may be a suitable social animal model for future FASD research.

Alpha-pinene ameliorate behavioral deficit induced by early postnatal hypoxia in the rat: study the inflammatory mechanism

Neonatal hypoxia has a negative impact on the developing brain during the sensitive period. Inflammation plays a key role in the physiological response to hypoxic stress. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of alpha-pinene, which has received a lot of attention in recent years, in this research we focused on the impact of alpha-pinene on the behavioral responses and proinflammatory factors in rats subjected to the neonatal hypoxia. This study involved Wistar rats (7-day-old) that were divided into six experimental groups, including a control group, groups receiving different doses of alpha-pinene (5 and 10 mg/kg), a hypoxia group receiving 7% O2 and 93% N2, 90 min duration for 7 days, and groups receiving alpha-pinene 30 min before hypoxia. All injections were done intraperitoneally. The rats were evaluated for proinflammatory factors 24 h after exposure to hypoxia (PND14) and at the end of the behavioral test (PND54). The results showed that hypoxia led to decreased motor activity, coordination, and memory, as well as increased inflammation. However, the rats that received alpha-pinene showed improved behavioral responses and reduced inflammation compared to the hypoxia group (all cases p < 0.05). This suggests that alpha-pinene may have a protective effect via anti-inflammatory properties against the negative impacts of hypoxia on the developing brain.

PENDAH program for parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. French adaptation of a behavioral parent training group: pilot study

ABSTRACT Behavioral parent training (BPT) is recognized as an effective part of the care offered to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this pilot study was to objectively examine the effect that this intervention may have on motor activity, in addition to the measures classically found in this type of study. Parents of 24 school-aged children (6–12 year) with ADHD who met eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. Before, after and five months after the intervention, we used three-dimensional accelerometers over one-week periods to measure the children’s motor activity, and questionnaires for parental stress, quality of life, ADHD symptoms, anxiety and sensory disorders. To measure motor activity, a control group of normotypic children matched for age, sex and socio-professional category was set up. The experimental group showed slight decreases in motor activity compared with the control group, particularly in the classroom. The intervention showed improvements for parents in average stress and quality of life, and for children in average intensity global ADHD symptom, inattention, opposition and aggression, in line with previous studies on the effectiveness of BPT. The trial is the first clinical study to assess the effects of BPT on motor activity in children with ADHD.

IT diagnostics of Parkinson's disease based on voice markers and decreased motor activity

The objectives of the article to propose the method for complex recognition of Parkinson's disease using machine learning, based on markers of voice analysis and changes in patient movements on known data sets. The time-frequency function, (the wavelet function) and the Meyer kepstral coefficient function are used. The KNN algorithm and the algorithm of a two-layer neural network were used for training and testing on publicly available datasets on speech changes and motion retardation in Parkinson's disease. A Bayesian optimizer was also used to improve the hyperparameters of the KNN algorithm. The constructed models achieved an accuracy of 94.7 % and 96.2 % on a data set on speech changes in patients with Parkinson's disease and a data set on slowing down the movement of patients, respectively. The recognition results are close to the world level. The proposed technique is intended for use in the subsystem of IT diagnostics of nervous diseases.

Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles capped with curcumin against a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

The current study aims to investigate the protective effect of iron oxide nanoparticles capped with curcumin (FeONPs-Cur) against motor impairment and neurochemical changes in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by reserpine. Rats were grouped into control, PD model induced by reserpine, and PD model treated with FeONPs-Cur (8 rats/group). The open field test was used to assess motor activity. The concentration of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), lipid peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO), and the activities of Na+,K+,ATPase, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were determined in the midbrain and striatum. Data were analyzed by ANOVA at P-value<0.05. The PD model exhibited a decrease in motor activity. In the midbrain and striatum of the PD model, DA, NE, and 5-HT levels decreased significantly (P-value<0.05). However, an increase in MAO, NO, and MDA was observed. GSH, AchE and Na+,K+,ATPase decreased significantly in the two brain areas. FeONPs-Cur prevented the decline of dopamine and norepinephrine and reduced oxidative stress in both areas. It also prevented the increased MAO activity in the two areas and the inhibited activity of AchE and Na+,K+,ATPase in the midbrain. These changes were associated with improvements in motor activity. The present data indicate that FeONPs-Cur could prevent the motor deficits induced in the PD rat model by restoring dopamine and norepinephrine in the midbrain and striatum. The antioxidant activity of FeONPs-Cur contributed to its protective effect. These effects nominate FeONPs-Cur as an antiparkinsonian candidate.

STUDY OF EATING BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG WOMEN WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AS A COMPONENT OF LIFESTYLE

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome is one of the main problematic issues in the field of health care in many countries of the world; its frequency among the population is high. The main etiological factors of metabolic syndrome are genetic predisposition, excessive fat consumption and physical inactivity. Obesity is the main reason for limiting people's mobility, which leads to damage to the musculoskeletal system, inflammatory diseases of the joints, pain in the lower back, as well as decreased motor activity and performance. Obesity is the most serious endocrine complication of metabolic syndrome. The rapid increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity has led scientists to focus on such a problem as nutrition and eating behavior. Eating disorders and disorders are a behavioral, physiological and medical problem of modern science. Therefore, this research topic is relevant. The aim of the study is to assess the eating behavior of young women with metabolic syndrome and chronic musculoskeletal pain as a component of their lifestyle. Material and methods: 97 young women with metabolic syndrome and chronic musculoskeletal pain took part in the study; all respondents were aware that the survey was being conducted as part of a scientific study and had the right to refuse the survey at any time; the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to determine women with metabolic syndrome and chronic musculoskeletal pain, which provided for the distribution of individuals into four groups: a healthy type of nutrition (without eating disorders), restrictive, external and emotional types of eating behavior. Results. Eating disorder is one of the leading factors in weight gain, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Eating behavior was defined as a set of eating habits, both in everyday life and under stress, as well as attitudes toward food intake. It was revealed that young women with MS do not eat regularly; in their diet, the most high-calorie food comes at dinner. A significant number of respondents indicated experimenting with different diets, which had a short-term effect Conclusions. The women surveyed in our study noted that the risk of eating disorders in most of them is associated with low self-esteem and social adaptation, inadequate family support or its absence, difficulties in establishing interpersonal relationships, stressful lifestyle, family situation, etc.

Problems of organizing motor activity and forming need for it

In the conditions of the information society, the problem of decreased motor activity is aggravating. In the relatively near future, the unresolved nature of this problem will account for people’s impaired health. Therefore, the issues related to the organisation of people’s motor activity and the formation of their need for it become relevant. The purpose of the article is the analysis of the pressing problems of motor activity organisation and formation of the need in it. The reliability of the findings is secured by the integrative approach based on the methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature and the analysis of the results of fitness testing conducted with the help of fitness trackers. The results of foreign research on the given problem were taken into account. The implemented research leads to the conclusion that the formation of motor activity and the motivation for it is a complex multilevel problem. The analysis of “big data” statistics on the use of personal gadgets has made it possible to systematise the trends and regularities in the formation of motor activity and the need for it.

Local Administrations of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Prefrontal Cortex and Caudate Putamen of Rats Do Not Compromise Working Memory and Motor Activity

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have come into focus for their use in medical applications although possible health risks for humans, especially in terms of brain functions, have not yet been fully clarified. The present study investigates the effects of IONPs on neurobehavioural functions in rats. For this purpose, we infused dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated IONPs into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and caudate putamen (CPu). Saline (VEH) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) were administered as controls. One- and 4-week post-surgery mPFC-infused animals were tested for their working memory performance in the delayed alternation T-maze task and in the open field (OF) for motor activity, and CPu-infused rats were tested for their motor activity in the OF. After completion of the experiments, the brains were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. We did not observe any behavioural or structural abnormalities in the rats after administration of IONPs in the mPFC and the CPu. In contrast, administration of FAC into the CPu resulted in decreased motor activity and increased the number of microglia in the mPFC. Perls’ Prussian blue staining revealed that FAC- and IONP-treated rats had more iron-containing ramified cells than VEH-treated rats, indicating iron uptake by microglia. Our results demonstrate that local infusions of IONPs into selected brain regions have no adverse impact on locomotor behaviour and working memory.

Экспериментальные способы изучения нейрофизиологических особенностей киберспортсменов (обзор)

Electronic sports (esports) is a form of competition using video games. Competitions in esports help to develop cognitive skills, abstract thinking, memory, spatial thinking and the ability to navigate the virtual space under time pressure. In this regard, neurophysiological mechanisms implementing and regulating physiological processes when playing esports are a promising topic of research. According to L.P. Matveyev’s classification (2017), esports belongs to the fifth group of sports activities, which is characterized by applying abstract logic under decreased motor activity. Computer games stimulate the development of cognitive functions, such as reaction time, speed of decision making, attention, hand coordination and others, which suggests that the psycho-emotional and psycho-physiological parameters in esports players are similar to those in other athletes. However, it should be noted that the neurophysiological mechanisms of these processes in esports players have been little studied. Since these mechanisms are based on the activity of the central nervous system, it is interesting to consider the bioelectric activity of the cerebral hemispheres in esports players in relation to their cognitive style. In the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar electronic libraries as well as a number of Russian scientific databases, the authors entered the following search queries: video games, video game addiction, esports, cognitive functions, neurophysiology of esports players, neurophysiological research methods in esports, non-invasive research methods. Based on the literature analysis, methods were identified that allow us to assess the functional state of the brain when processing sensory signals and physiological changes in higher nervous activity as well as to determine peak amplitude of muscle force through signal integration. Further, methods demonstrating controversial results are listed, which do not make it possible to establish the mechanisms of the nervous system. In addition, promising methods are identified that allow us to read brain activity using infrared light.

Supplementation with vitamins D3 and a mitigates Parkinsonism in a haloperidol mice model

BackgroundEarlier reports suggest that vitamin D3 (Vit D3) supplementation attenuates Parkinsonism in drug-induced motor deficits. Moreover, the function of Vit D3 may be optimized by co-administration with vitamin A (Vit A). In line with the synergistic interplay between vitamins, we hypothesized that the efficacy of Vit D3 to attenuate Parkinsonism in a haloperidol-induced mouse model of motor deficits would be more potent when concomitantly administered with Vit A. MethodsThirty-six (36) adult male mice were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each: the control group, the PD model (haloperidol-treated only group) (-D2), and four other groups treated with haloperidol together with either one or two of the following vitamin supplementations: Vit D3, Vit A, Vit D3 +VA, or bromocriptine a known PD drug respectively. Motor functions were assessed using a battery of neurobehavioral tests in experimental animals, after which brain tissues were harvested and processed for biochemical and histomorphological analysis. ResultsWe recorded a significant decline in motor activity in the PD mice model treated with haloperidol alone compared to other experimental groups that received vitamin supplementations. The significant decrease in motor activity observed in the PD mice model corresponded with marked neurodegenerative features in the cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cells in the striatum and primary motor cortex (M1). Furthermore, the haloperidol-induced PD mice model treated with Vit D3 +Vit A showed significant improvement in motor activity and attenuation of oxidative stress levels and neurodegenerative features compared to other groups treated with Vit A, Vit D3 and bromocriptine alone. ConclusionAltogether, our findings suggest that concomitant administration of both Vit D3 and Vit A prevents the development of Parkinsonism features in the haloperidol mouse model of motor deficit. Thus, supplementation with Vit D3 +Vit A may be a viable option for slowing the onset and progression of motor deficits.

FORMATION OF THE STUDENT'S PERSONALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL CULTURE

The impact of physical education and sports on the formation of a student’s personality is of great social importance, because modern living conditions (both at work and in everyday life) lead to an inevitable decrease in human motor activity – decreased motor activity, in turn, leads to a decrease training of the body, which affects the reduction of mental and physical capacity. The purpose of the article is to study the formation of the student's personality in the context of the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the development of physical culture. Using the main means of physical education, such as physical exercises, natural forces of nature, hygienic factors, a physical education teacher forms the necessary skills and abilities, develops professionally significant qualities, contributes to the morpho‐functional improvement of the body, cultivates a stable interest and need for systematic physical education, attracts to the acquisition special system of knowledge and their use in social practice and daily life of the student. Physical culture as a part of general culture is represented in a higher educational institution by an educational discipline and is an integral component of the integral development of a student's personality, professional training and harmonization of his life activities. An important task of educational and training processes in physical education and sports consists not only in the specifics of teaching the skills and abilities of using the means of physical culture, sports, tourism in higher education institutions, but also, most importantly, in teaching technologies and the greater use of these means in the future, motivation to a healthy lifestyle, improvement of personality and society. Therefore, a special role in the design of physical education in a higher educational institution is to, based on real conditions, offer such forms of organization and ensuring the effectiveness of physical education that would encourage the formation of a student's health culture and hisself‐development.