Decrease In Urea Concentration Research Articles

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: A case report

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) is a rare syndrome that can occur in patients with severe azotemia undergoing an initial hemodialysis (HD) session. DDS is associated with a more rapid decrease in urea concentration in the blood than in the brain during dialysis. Although severe DDS is less common, the milder forms of DDS may be missed by doctors. A 53-year-old male patient had the main complaint of severe dizziness in the last 10 months accompanied by a sensation of a wobbling head and tinnitus in his right ear. The patient had previously been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease in 2018 and underwent regular hemodialysis two times a week since June 2019. In the patient's neurological status, cerebellar examination was positive for left dysmetria, left positive past pointing, Romberg test (open eye) fell to the right, and Romberg test (closed eye) fell to the right. There was no nystagmus on the patient's neuro-ophthalmological examination. Patients with kidney failure are at risk of developing DDS, so that appropriate precautions are needed. Due to the variability of symptoms, DDS often goes undiagnosed. Thus, it is important to be aware of the risk factors for DDS so that preventive steps can be taken appropriately. Continuous case reporting will raise awareness and the opportunity for further research to improve outcome in severe cases of DDS. Keywords: Dialysis; Disequilibrium; Dizziness; Polycystic Kidney. Citation: Yahya, Hidayati HB, Sugondo AT, Puspamaniar VA, Firdausa FS. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: A case report. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(1):191−195; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i1.2388 Received: October 10, 2023; Reviewed: December 20, 2023; Accepted: January 02, 2024

The effect of technological stress on the biochemical parameters of the blood of ewes

In the course of the research, the effect of technological stress on the biochemical parameters of the blood of Ukrainian Mountain Carpathian sheep was studied before shearing and after it on the first and fifth day. Zootechnical, clinical-biochemical, biometric research methods were used. The research results showed that after shearing, stress in sheep of the first and second groups was clinically manifested by general depression, accelerated heartbeat and breathing. Such differences in the frequency of heart contractions and the number of respiratory movements in ewes can be explained by increased excitability of the nervous system due to shearing. The number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood of sheep of both experimental groups before and after shearing was normal and did not go beyond physiological fluctuations. A slight decrease in blood parameters was detected in ewes of the first and second groups one and five days after the hygienic procedure. No significant difference in the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes was found between the experimental groups. Under the influence of stress factors, the content of total protein in blood serum decreased in ewes, especially one day after shearing in the experimental groups. After exposure to stressors, a decrease in urea content was detected in all experimental animals after one day and on the fifth day, which is due to the fact that under the influence of stress in the body, the breakdown of proteins and, accordingly, the level of the end products of protein metabolism decreases. As a result of shearing after a day, the cholesterol content in the blood of experimental sheep of the first and second groups probably decreased, with a slight tendency to increase after the fifth day. After exposure to stressors, the total lipid content of ewes of the first and second groups probably decreased on the first day, and a significant increase was observed on the fifth day. When the body is under stress, energy is wasted. He receives part of it at the expense of fats, which is why the content of total lipids in the blood of experimental animals decreases a day after a haircut. After shearing, the blood glucose content of all ewes increased, especially with a high probability in experimental animals after the first day, which is a consequence of the breakdown of increased glycogen. This indicates that these sheep had a stronger state of stress. After the fifth day, in the experimental ewes of the first and second groups after shearing, all the investigated indicators probably did not differ from those obtained before their shearing.

Перспективы использования муки из люцерны в составе кормов для австралийского красноклешневого рака (Cherax quadricarinatus)

The possibility of partial replacement of fish meal with alfalfa flour in feeds for the Australian red-clawed crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) has been investigated. Crayfish were kept in aquariums with a volume of 150 liters at a temperature of 24-26.5 °C. The control group was fed with granular feed intended for sturgeon fish. In experimental feeds, fish meal was partially replaced with alfalfa flour. An enzyme preparation, natuzyme, was added to one of the feed options. The duration of the experiment was 45 days. Feeding was carried out manually 2 times a day in the morning and evening hours. The feed was introduced in portions, monitoring the digestibility. The feeding rate was 2-4% of body weight. Morphometric, linear-weight and biochemical parameters of Cherax quadricarinatus and hemocyte formula are analyzed. It was found that the growth of crayfish on feeds with high and low animal protein content occurred almost equally, which indicates a good prospect of using alfalfa flour in feed in order to reduce their cost by reducing the amount of fish meal. At the same time, for better assimilation of the plant components of the feed, it is recommended to add the complex enzyme preparation natuzyme to the feed. The positive effect of feed with the addition of alfalfa flour on biochemical parameters and hemocyte formula of the Australian red-clawed crayfish was noted. Experimental feeds provided sufficient content of total protein, lipids, glucose, phosphorus and calcium in the hemolymph. A decrease in urea content was found.

IMPACTS OF HUMIC ACIDS IN NUTRITION ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BROWN HARES

Humic substances are natural organic substances resulting from the decomposition of mainly plant but also animal residues. The objective of our study was to test if the humic acids can negatively/positively affect brown hares health status. As the main indicators for this evaluation, we chose haematological and biochemical blood tests. In this study, we used 24 brown hares (12 males and 12 females) in the age of 12-24 months. As part of the 6-month experiment, we planned three blood samplings (at the beginning of the experiment and then after three and six months). Animals were divided into three groups at the beginning of the experiment (n = 8/group): CG (control group, 0-11KKZ standard diet without additives), EG1 group (experimental group 1, received 0-10KK/D standard feed + 1% of Humac Natur AFM – humic acids), and EG2 group (experimental group 2, received 0-10KK/D standard feed + 1% of Humac Natur AFM – humic acids, enriched with green feed – clover-grass mixture). We found a statistically significant difference between the control group and the EG2 group in the RBC parameter (P < 0.05) after three months of consumption. We found a statistically significant decrease in urea levels in both experimental groups compared to the control group (P < 0.001), as well as a decrease in urea concentration in the EG2 group compared to the EG1 group (P < 0.01); decrease in cholesterol levels in the experimental groups compared to the control, and between EG1 and the control group, this decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05); and we recorded a statistically significant increase of triglycerides in the EG2 group compared to the other groups (P < 0.01). Based on the obtained results, we can evaluate the use of 1% humic acid as a feed additive as safe for feeding hares.

Design and development of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle displaying PfHAP2 antigenic determinants recognized by natural acquired antibodies.

BackgroundsIn order to move towards the elimination and eradication of malaria in the world, the development of vaccines is inevitable. Many modern vaccines are based on recombinant technology; however, they may not provide a fully protective, long-lasting immune response. One of the strategies to improve recombinant vaccines is designing the nanovaccines such as self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs). Hence, the presentation of epitopes in a repeat array and correct conformation should be considered. P. falciparum generative cell-specific 1 (PfGCS1) is a main transmission-blocking vaccine candidate with two highly conserved fragments, HAP2-GCS1 and cd loop, inducing partial malaria transmission inhibitory antibodies. Therefore, to design an effective malaria vaccine, we used cd loop and HAP2-GCS1 fragments at the amino and carboxy terminuses of the SAPN-forming amino acid sequence, respectively.Methodology/Principal findingsThe SAPN monomer (PfGCS1-SAPN) sequence was designed, and the three-dimensional (3D) structure was predicted. The result of this prediction ensured the presence of antigens on the SAPN surface. Then the accuracy of the predicted 3D structure and its stability were confirmed by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The designed SAPN substructure sequence was synthesized, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. With a gradual decrease in urea concentration in dialysis solutions, the purified proteins progressed to the final desired structure of the SAPN, which then was confirmed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) tests. According to the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), antigenic determinants were presented on the SAPN surface and interacted with antibodies in the serum of malaria patients.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results show that the SAPN formed by PfGCS1-SAPN has produced the correct shape and size, and the antigenic determinants are presented on the surface of the SAPN, which indicates that the designed SAPN has great potential to be used in the future as a malaria vaccine.

Productive Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Dairy Cows Fed Different Levels of High-Protein Concentrate

This study investigated the productive traits and some blood biochemical parameters of high-yielding Ayrshire dairy cows fed at different levels of Agro-Matic@LLC NGO, Russia (Agro-Matic (AM)) protein concentrate. A total of 45 high-yielding Ayrshire cows were selected and divided into three groups, each 15. The control group (0AM) fed the basal ration, while group two (1AM) and group three (2AM) fed a basal ration by replacing sunflower cake with different levels of AM (1 and 1.5 kg/head/day), respectively. Milk and blood samples were collected. The current results revealed that the ratio of rumen undegradable protein to rumen degradable protein during the period of lactation was significantly higher in the 1AM and 2AM compared with 0AM and represented (55.04, 62.14, and 41.73%), respectively. The 1AM had a beneficial effect on the digestibility of crude protein. Daily and whole fat-corrected milk (FCM 4 %) was significantly increased by 3 kg/day and 987 kg/entire lactation in 2AM when compared with 0AM, respectively. Blood total protein was significantly higher in the 1AM group (86.9 vs. 77.8 g/l) than the 0AM, while AM decreased urea concentration. Consequently, the inclusions of AM protein concentrate have a positive impact on increasing milk production and optimizing the rations in terms of the amount of non-digestible protein and the economic efficiency of milk production.

TREATMENT OF ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTION IN MINKS

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of the multicomponent drug Nifulin (powder for oral administration) in the treatment of acute gastrointestinal infection in minks. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) of the drug are metronidazole, furazolidone and oxytetracycline hydrochloride. The researches were conducted on 135 minks of standard dark brown breed at the age of 4–5 months with acute gastrointestinal infection. To isolate and identify pathogens from sick minks with intestinal infection, samples of feces were taken, and from animal’s corpses – samples of parenchymal organs. On the basis of clinical signs of the disease and results of bacteriological researches of biomaterial, a diagnosis – salmonellosis has been put. The test for the sensitivity of bacteria-isolates to oxytetracycline showed a high degree of sensitivity of isolated strains of Salmonella to this antibiotic.
 Nifulin was administered orally at a dose of 0,3g/kg body weight with food three times a day for 3 days. For laboratory tests blood sampling was performed from 10 animals before treatment and on the 10th day from the latest application of the drug.
 Morphological studies of blood samples of sick minks before treatment established a significant increase in the number of leukocytes, and in leukoformula – an increased relative number of rod-nucleated neutrophils and lymphocytes, a decreased number of segmentonuclear neutrophils. Biochemical studies of blood serum revealed a decrease in total protein content, increased transaminase enzyme activity and increased urea and creatinine content, compared with physiological norms.
 On the 10th day after antibiotic therapy hematological studies established a reliable decrease in the relative number of leukocytes by 65,4%, in the number of rod-nucleated neutrophils by 1,3 times and in the number of lymphocytes by 1,9 times, an increase in the number of segmentonuclear neutrophils by 1,4 times. The results of biochemical tests of mink’s serum blood indicated a reliable increase in the total protein content by 18% and increased ALT and AST enzyme activity, compared with the physiological values. The increase in serum AST activity in 1.8 times was noted, that can be explained, as a consequence of the disease, and the influence of antibiotics on the mink’s liver functional state. In this case, a decrease in urea content in 1.3 times and creatinine content – in 1.5 times was determined, the values of these indicators were normalized, indicating the restoration of the physiological state of the mink’s kidneys.
 As a result of the treatment of minks the clinical signs of the disease were gradually disappeared: diarrhea stopped, body temperature and respiratory frequency normalized, general condition has improved. In most animals (130 goals) clinical recovery came. During the application of Nifulin manifestations of adverse reactions or negative effects in the experimental minks were not observed.

The Effect of Diet with Fermented Soybean Meal on Blood Metabolites and Redox Status of Chickens

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine whether replacing soybean meal with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal would positively affect blood metabolites and redox status of broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on 600 broiler chickens assigned to three experimental groups of 200 chickens each (10 replications of 20 individuals each). In the control group, soybean meal (SBM) was the main source of dietary protein, whereas the remaining groups were fed diets in which soybean meal was partially replaced with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal (FSBM-3%, FSBM-6%). The fermentation of the SBM contributed to an increase of Lactobacillus, content of crude protein, methionine and lysine, and especially over a 30-fold increase in the concentration of lactic acid. The inclusion of 3% or 6% share of FSBM in the diet of chickens contributed to an increase in total antioxidant potential (FRAP) and plasma total glutathione content. In blood of chickens receiving FSBM an increase of total protein and HDL cholesterol content, aspartate aminotransferase activity and a decrease in urea content were noted. In addition to the positive effect on protein and lipid metabolism as well as antioxidant defence, the diet with a 6% share of FSBM improved body weight gain of chickens. In conclusion, it can be suggested that introducing 6% share of FSBM in place of FSM is more justified.

Changes in the concentration of urea in whey related to udder health status of goat

A total of 60 samples of goat milk from udder halves were analysed. Based on the score of California Mastitis Test (CMT), the samples were equally grouped into Normal, Subclinical 1+, Subclinical 2+, Subclinical 3+ and Clinical. The average of urea concentration in whey was highest (33.96 ± 0.96 mg/dl) in the normal group, followed by Subclinical 1+ (24.25 ± 0.97 mg/dl), Subclinical 2+ (14.55 ± 0.61 mg/dl), Subclinical 3+ (12.96 ± 0.46 mg/dl) and lowest (9.42 ± 0.33 mg/dl) in the Clinical group. The results showed significant decrease in urea concentration with an increase in the severity of mastitis. The urea concentration of normal group, subclinical combined group and clinical group ranged from 32.00 to 39 mg/dl, 10.50 to 30.00 mg/dl and 9.50 to 12.50 mg/dl respectively.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ АДАПТИВНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ОРГАНИЗМА МОЛОДНЯКА КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ КОМПЛЕКСА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ

A multifunctional feed additive has been developed in the form of an additional nutrition complex, which contains a probiotic of cellulose-amyl-proteolytic action, shungite mineral, which has adsorbing and antioxidant properties, a “protected” choline of lipotropic-hepatoprotective action, and flaxseed cake in known proportions. The studies were carried out under the conditions of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Klenovo-Chegodaevo” on two groups of calves of early postnatal ontogenesis of black-motley holsteinized breed (n = 8). Animals of the experimental group from a month of age received CAF of 40 g / 100 g of live weight. To study metabolic processes in the body (n = 8), at the end of a three-month experiment, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and biochemical and hematological parameters were determined. The positive effect of the additive on the course of nitrogen metabolism was revealed, with an increase in the concentration of total protein in the blood serum by 5,3% (P<0,05), as well as albumin by 7,3% (P<0,05), with an increase in A / G coefficient, against the background of a decrease in urea concentration by 7,0% (P <0,001). The use of CAF contributed to an increase in the energy supply of the animal organism, as evidenced by an increase in creatinine by 8,2% (P<0,05), glucose concentration by 19.8% (P <0.05), and a higher level of alkaline phosphatase (by 20,5%) (P<0,05). Evidence of an improvement in carbohydrate-fat metabolism is an increase in phospholipids by 45,2% (P<0,001), HDL by 14,0% (P<0,01), with a decrease in bilirubin levels by 23,8%. A higher level of metabolic processes in the body with an improvement in the functional activity of the liver may be indicated by an increase in the activity of creatine kinase by 28,8% (P<0,01), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 10,0% (P<0,05), and cholinesterase by 15,1%, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) by 3,9%. The use of CDPs contributed to an increase in hemoglobin in the blood by 9.8% (P<0,05), red blood cells by 7,0%, hematocrit by 10.0%, with a decrease in the level of leukocytes by 13,1%. The absolute increase in live weight of calves over 90 days of experiment was 66,88 ± 2,66 kg in the control group, 77,87 ± 3,04 kg in the experimental group, and average daily gain in live weight was 743,11 ± 29,56, and 865, respectively , 22 ± 33,78 grams (P<0,05), with a difference of 16,4%, with a more pronounced effect of the CAF during the period of a complete transition to nutrition with vegetable feed.

Combined Experimental Approach and Finite Element Modeling of Small Molecule Transport Through Joint Synovium to Measure Effective Diffusivity.

Trans-synovial solute transport plays a critical role in the clearance of intra-articularly (IA) delivered drugs. In this study, we present a computational finite element model (FEM) of solute transport through the synovium validated by experiments on synovial explants. Unsteady diffusion of urea, a small uncharged molecule, was measured through devitalized porcine and human synovium using custom-built diffusion chambers. A multiphasic computational model was constructed and optimized with the experimental data to extract effective diffusivity for urea within the synovium. A monotonic decrease in urea concentration was observed in the donor bath over time, with an effective diffusivity found to be an order of magnitude lower in synovium versus that measured in free solution. Parametric studies incorporating an intimal cell layer with varying thickness and varying effective diffusivities were performed, revealing a dependence of drug clearance kinetics on both parameters. The findings of this study indicate that the synovial matrix impedes urea solute transport out of the joint with little retention of the solute in the matrix.

Feed restriction to induce and meloxicam to mitigate potential systemic inflammation in dairy cows before calving

Most dairy cows experience a transient decrease in feed intake in the 1 to 2 wk before calving, which has been associated with systemic inflammation (SI), indicated by increased blood haptoglobin (Hp) concentration. We aimed to characterize the association between prepartum decrease in feed intake and the onset of SI and, if present, the ability of meloxicam (MEL), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to mitigate SI. Holstein cows (n = 45) were assigned to control (n = 13), feed restriction (FR) untreated (FR-U; n = 15), and FR treated with MEL (FR-T; n = 17) groups. Daily feed intake was measured from -22 d from expected parturition until 35 d postpartum. Control cows were fed ad libitum, whereas FR-U and FR-T cows were reduced to 60% of their average intake for 4 consecutive days (-15 to -12 d from expected calving). The FR-T cows received MEL (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) once daily for 4 consecutive days (-13 to -10 d from expected calving). Blood samples were collected -22, -15, -14, -13, -12, -10, -7, -5, -3, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 22, and 35 d relative to calving to measure serum concentrations of total calcium, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, urea, glucose, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, Hp, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein were measured -22, -15, -14, -13, -12, and -10 d from expected calving. Simplified glucose tolerance tests were performed on -15, -12, -5, 1, and 5 d relative to calving. Mixed linear regression models were used to assess the effects of FR and MEL on each metabolite. The interaction between treatment group and blood sampling day was forced into each model. All models accounted for body condition score, parity, and the cow as a random effect. Nonesterified fatty acids concentrations in both the FR-U and FR-T groups significantly increased from the second until the last day of FR. Feed restriction increased urea concentrations compared with the control group on -14 d but decreased urea concentrations on -10 d from expected calving. Control cows had greater β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared with FR cows on 15, 21, and 35 d postpartum. For all other metabolites, no differences were found. This model of FR produced substantial fat mobilization but based on serum Hp and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein concentrations did not generate measurable SI; therefore, we were unable to evaluate the ability of MEL to mitigate SI.

The study of the pharmacological action of the dry extract from Prunus domestica fruits on the model of comorbid functional constipation in the combined alcoholic liver damage in rats

The search for the most effective hepatoprotective agents is an urgent problem of modern medicine. As a rule, crude plant is promising object for the study of medicinal properties. Based on the literature data, we are interested in the horticultural crops Prunus domestica , the family Rosaceae , which is quite cultivated and attracts attention to its pharmacoeconomic component. The purpose of the study. In previous experimental studies, the Prunus domestica extract, containing fibers, was found to have laxative, hepatoprojector and probiotic effects. The foregoing provided an opportunity to study the Prunus domestica extract, containing fibers for activity in the comorbidization of several relevant pathologies and to experimentally substantiate the prospect of its application as a means of choice for constipation in patients with pathologies of the digestive system. Materials and methods. The object of research was a dry extract from Prunus domestica fruits, containing fibers. The experiment was carried out in stages. At the first stage, the animals caused experimental subacute alcoholic liver damage. In the second stage of the experiment, the animals were modeled with functional constipation. During the course of subacute hepatosis and during the second phase of the experiment, the test extract was injected into the animal at a dose of 200 mg/kg and the reference drug was hepatoprotector Silybor at a dose of 25 mg/kg. In the second phase of the study, the laxative agent Senadexin at a dose of 14 mg/kg was added to the therapy. All substances were injected into the body of the experimental animals orally. To evaluate the motor activity of the intestine, Sagar et al, modified by Choi et al., was used. Motor activity of the small intestine was determined according to the corresponding calculation formula. The functional state of the liver was evaluated according to the biochemical parameters in the blood serum: the total protein, urea and ALT activity. Results. An analysis of experimental data showed that the test extract exhibits a moderate laxative effect. In animals of the intact group, the relevant signs (pronounced laxative effect) indicate the development of diarrhea, which is not an adequate solution to the development of constipation. With the use of the extract from Prunus domestica fruits during the whole period of the experiment, normalization of all indicators that characterize the intestinal motility was observed. Analysis of experimental data showed that the investigated phytoobject has a soft laxative effect, mainly through the improvement of intestinal motility. In the study of the functional state of the liver on the introduction of the investigated extract, positive changes in the content of markers of liver damage (decrease in urea concentration and decrease in the activity of ALT in animal serum) were detected in comparison with the control group of animals. Conclusions. The obtained experimental data on the study of the correlation mechanisms of hepatoprotective and laxative activity of the extract from Prunus domestica fruits containing fibers indicate that there is a soft laxative effect that is realized with the help of intensifying intestinal motility, as well as the presence of pronounced hepatoprotective action. The indicated effects of the investigated extract were revealed when used in the treatment of constipation on experimental subacute liver damage, while not losing out to the studied effects in the complex application of hepatoprotective and laxative comparisons. The key conclusion is that the test extract, as opposed to the reference drug, does not cause signs of diarrhea in its laxative effect, which can be a distinctive, positive feature in further clinical studies. This herbal object can be promising and rational in application with single-stage complex therapy, such as hepatoprotective and laxative agent in the treatment of comorbid conditions in gastroenterology associated with diseases of the liver and congestive intestinal phenomena.

Kardiometabolički i antioksidativni efekti suplementacije liofiliziranom kozjom surutkom

Milk and dairy products exhibit a beneficial nutritional and health effects and represent 20% to 30% of global food consumption. Whey proteins have great anabolic and cardioprotective role. Increased concentration of cholesterol contained in high density lipoproteins (HDL), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) higher activity, and diminished relative proportion of small dense low density lipoproteins (sdLDL) reduce cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. Current longitudinal study enrolled 10 healthy volunteers. All participants consumed lyophilized goat whey (LGW) (Koza Nostra®) for two months (3 g per day). Concentrations of basic biochemical parameters were measured by routine methods. Concentration of oxidative stress status parameters were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum PON1 activity was measured kinetically using paraoxon as a substrate. Lipoproteins subfractions were separated by gradient-gel electrophoresis. A significant decrease in urea concentrations (p<0.05) and trend toward higher albumin concentrations were observed after LGW supplementation. A significant increase in values of prooxidative-antioxidative balance (p<0.05) and PON1 activity (p<0.05), as well as a trend toward lower malondialdehyde concentrations were observed after supplementation. Trends toward higher relative proportion of HDL 3c subclasses and an increase in LDL lipoprotein particle diameter were observed. The findings of the present study have shown that increased protein synthesis, PON1 enzyme activity and shift toward increased HDL 3c relative proportions could indicate that LGW has a positive effect on synthetic liver function and CVD risk reduction. Our findings suggest that LGW may protect against free radicals by stimulating the antioxidant defense mechanisms and promoting a mild prooxidative effect.

Catalytic Cleavage of the Amide Bond in Urea Using a Cobalt(III) Amino‐Based Complex

The urease mimetic activity of CoIII amine complexes with respect to cleavage of urea was explored using SCXRD and spectroscopic techniques. The reaction of [CoIII(tren)Cl2]Cl [tren = tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine] with urea results in the formation of an isocyanato complex {[CoIII(tren)(NH3)(NCO)]Cl2} and ammonia, following the cleavage of the amide bond. The reaction progress and the subsequent formation of cleavage products were confirmed by SCXRD analysis of the reactants as well as the products obtained during the reaction. The reaction was found to be pH and temperature dependent, and the reaction conditions were optimized to maximize conversion. The reaction kinetics was followed spectroscopically (1H NMR and UV/Vis), following the decrease in urea concentration or the increase in pH succeeding ammonia formation. A detailed kinetic study revealed an overall second order rate law and kobs was found to be 3.89 × 10–4 m–1 s–1.

Synbiotic meal decreases uremic toxins in hemodialysis individuals: A placebo-controlled trial

Generation of uremic toxins p-cresylsulfate (p-CS), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) in hemodialysis (HD) individuals may be associated with the gut flora and recognized markers of disease progression. This study investigated the effect of synbiotic meal on uremic toxins in HD individuals. We conducted randomized singleblind and placebo-controlled intervention study with 58 HD subjects (20F/38M, 63.1 ± 10.9-old) who were randomly allocated in synbiotic group (SG, 40 g of extruded sorghum plus 100 mL of unfermented probiotic milk) or control group (CG, 40 g of extruded corn plus 100 mL of pasteurized milk), during 7-wk Metabolic markers and uremic toxins, fecal concentration of short chain fatty acid and pH value was determined. The SG group had decreased serum p-CS and IS, as well as decreased urea concentration (p < .05) compared to CG. SG showed higher fecal butyric acid and lower pH compared to baseline and SC (p < .05). In addition, serum p-CS and fecal pH were positively correlated to urea concentration in SG participants at the endpoint. The consumption of the synbiotic meal during 7-wk reduced colonic pH, and reduced serum uremic (p-CS and IS) toxins and urea in HD subjects.

High-level Recombinant Expression and Refolding of Lysozyme from the Marine Shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Shrimp lysozyme is as an antibacterial enzyme that participates in the innate defense against the invasion of bacterial pathogens. In this study, the lysozyme gene from hemocytes of the shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus was isolated and characterized. The M. japonicus lysozyme (MjLys) encodes a polypeptide of 158 amino acids (aa) that includes an 18 aa signal peptide. The gene fragment encoding the mature MjLys protein was subcloned into the expression vector pET-32a(+) and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS, and the protein was strongly expressed in insoluble inclusion bodies. Following extraction using urea, the denatured recombinant protein was refolded by on-column Ni2+ affinity chromatography or dialysis with a gradient of decreasing urea concentration. Approximately 50% of the recombinant MjLys was successfully refolded into monomeric protein using urea gradient dialysis, while 30% was salvaged using on-column refolding. Purified MjLys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Staphylococcus aureus. This efficient over-expression and refolding method can provide the large quantities of biologically active protein required for further biochemical and structural studies and potential biotechnological applications.

Clinical syndromatic of laying hens of cross «Lohmann Brown» in the conditions of farm

The results of the monitoring of health of laying hens in the age of 166, 300 and 530 days are presented in the article. The analysis of the general syndromatic of herd and the collection of information on the number of bird, cross, retention, productivity, morbidity and mortality has been carried out. It is found by the clinical examination of the laying hens that in 83% the average fatness, in 71.3% of the feathers are silken and well adhering to the body, in 12.3% of the laying hens has the weakness of the skeleton, fractures of the limbs, wings, thickening and deformation of the joints. As a result of the research, changes in morphological indices of blood of laying hens were installed. The hemoglobin content in the blood was lower in 13.3% of laying hens at the age of 300 days and in 26.7% at 530 days, which may indicate the development of scarce anemia. Eritocytopenia was established in 37.8% of the laying hens of all age groups. An increase in the hematocrit value was noted in 41.1% of the studied laying hens. While calculating leukogram, eosinopenia was detected in 8.9%, lymphocytosis was detected in 7.8% and increase of segmental granulocytes was detected in 4.4%. Hyperproteinemia was detected in 53.3% and 66.7% of laying hens at the age of 300 and 530 days respectively, which clearly indicates a violation of the functional state of the liver. In 88.9% of studied hens of all age groups, hypocalcemia was detected and hypophosphataemia was detected in 60 %, indicating a violation of mineral metabolism. The increase in LF activity was observed in 100% of laying hens at age 166, 300 and 530 days, which is an adaptive reaction of the poultry organism during egg formation and egg laying. Hyperfermentemia of AlT and AST was detected respectively in 53.3% and 100% of laying hens at age 166 days, in 66.7% and 100% – 300, in 80% and 100% – 530. A tendency has been established according to age that the number of laying hens encreased with a decrease in urea concentration in the blood (166 days – 13.3%; 300 – 23.3%; 530 – 36.7%), indicating a violation of the urine-forming function of the liver. Hyperuricaemia was detected in 26.7%, 16.7% and 10% laying hens in the age of 166, 300 and 530 days, respectively, indicating a violation of protein metabolism. Monitoring of the hens' health has made it possible to obtain data on the clinical condition of the organism and to conduct an objective assessment of poultry of different age period. The indicated changes of the laboratory study of the metabolic profile of the blood indicate a violation of protein and mineral metabolism.

Sol-Gel Derived Adsorbents with Enzymatic and Complexonate Functions for Complex Water Remediation.

Sol-gel technology is a versatile tool for preparation of complex silica-based materials with targeting functions for use as adsorbents in water purification. Most efficient removal of organic pollutants is achieved by using enzymatic reagents grafted on nano-carriers. However, enzymes are easily deactivated in the presence of heavy metal cations. In this work, we avoided inactivation of immobilized urease by Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions using magnetic nanoparticles provided with additional complexonate (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid or DTPA) functions. Obtained nanomaterials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to TGA, the obtained Fe3O4/SiO2-NH2-DTPA nanoadsorbents contained up to 0.401 mmol/g of DTPA groups. In the concentration range Ceq = 0–50 mmol/L, maximum adsorption capacities towards Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were 1.1 mmol/g and 1.7 mmol/g, respectively. Langmuir adsorption model fits experimental data in concentration range Ceq = 0–10 mmol/L. The adsorption mechanisms have been evaluated for both of cations. Crosslinking of 5 wt % of immobilized urease with glutaraldehyde prevented the loss of the enzyme in repeated use of the adsorbent and improved the stability of the enzymatic function leading to unchanged activity in at least 18 cycles. Crosslinking of 10 wt % urease on the surface of the particles allowed a decrease in urea concentration in 20 mmol/L model solutions to 2 mmol/L in up to 10 consequent decomposition cycles. Due to the presence of DTPA groups, Cu2+ ions in concentration 1 µmol/L did not significantly affect the urease activity. Obtained magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2-NH2-DTPA-Urease nanocomposite sorbents revealed a high potential for urease decomposition, even in presence of heavy metal ions.

Refolding of a novel cholesterol oxidase from Pimelobacter simplex reveals dehydrogenation activity

Cholesterol oxidases, which catalyze the degradation of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one, are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. The cholesterol oxidase from Pimelobacter simplex (PsChO3) was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3), but it was expressed mainly as inclusion bodies, and any soluble PsChO3 failed to bind to Ni-NTA resin. To overcome this obstacle, we devised a simple yet efficient purification and refolding process using 8 M urea for the solubilization of PsChO3 and achieved a high yield of the enzyme in its active form. Column-bound PsChO3 was refolded in situ through a gradient of successively decreased urea concentrations and purified using Ni-affinity chromatography, ionic exchange and gel filtration. This treatment converted the denatured PsChO3 into a soluble protein exhibiting an unexpected dehydrogenation activity amounting to 9.27 U/mg - an activity not reported for enzymes with noncovalently-linked FAD to date. The product, cholest-5-en-3-one, was confirmed using TLC, GC-MS and NMR. Structural analysis revealed a distinct binding mode in both FAD and substrate domain, which may explain the enzyme's unusual catalytic behavior.