Decrease In Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Atorvastatin on Lipid Profile and Inflammatory Marker in patient with Diabetes Dyslipidemia

Inflammation is the underlying cause of several comorbid diseases, including macrovascular complications that cause the highest mortality in diabetes patients. One of the pro-inflammatory cytokines used to assess inflammatory conditions in diabetes and its complications is IL-6. This study intends to analyze the effect of atorvastatin administration on lipid profile and inflammatory markers after 30 days and the correlation between lipid profile and IL-6. An observational prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 and approved by the ethical committee of General Hajj Hospital, Surabaya. Nineteen patients who met the inclusion criteria and signed the informed consent enrolled in this study. The measurement of lipid profile and IL-6 level were done twice, before and after 30 days of atorvastatin therapy. After atorvastatin administration, there was a 40.55% decrease in LDL level, a 15.34% decrease in TG level, a 30.70% decrease in total cholesterol level, which was statistically significant (p<0.05), and a 6.06% increase in HDL level. There was a 5.76% decrease in the IL-6 level (p>0.05). In conclusion, atorvastatin administration can improve lipid profile in diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. There was a decrease in IL-6 but not statistically different. From statistical analysis, there is no correlation found between lipid profile and IL-6

Associations of typical antibiotic residues with elderly blood lipids and dyslipidemia in West Anhui, China

Growing evidence has indicated the association of clinical antibiotic use with abnormal blood lipid levels; however, no epidemiological study has examined the relationship of antibiotic exposure, probably derived from food chains, with blood lipid levels. This study investigated the relationships of urinary antibiotic levels with blood lipid levels and dyslipidemias in the older population. Baseline data of 960 participants from the Cohort of Elderly Health and Environment Controllable Factors were used in the present study. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was performed to detect antibiotic residues in the urine samples of the participants. Our findings revealed that each 1 μg/g increase in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels was associated with an increase of 0.084 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.030, 0.139) and 0.049 (95 % CI: 0.012, 0.086) in triglyceride levels, respectively. Enrofloxacin was associated with an increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia. Each 1 μg/g increase in the enrofloxacin level corresponded to an increase of 0.052 (95 % CI: 0.006, 0.098) in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Furthermore, florfenicol exposure increased the risks of both hyperbetalipoproteinemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. By contrast, each 1 μg/g increase in sulfaclozine and doxycycline levels was associated with a − 0.062 (95 % CI: −0.111, −0.020), and − 0.083 (95 % CI: −0.160, −0.007) decrease in total cholesterol levels, respectively. Sulfaclozine was closely related to a decreased risk of hypercholesterolemia. Stratification analysis revealed specific differences in the correlation between antibiotic exposure and lipid levels based on the waist circumference (WC) values of the participants. Except for sulfaclozine and doxycycline, other antibiotics exerted adverse effects on lipid levels and increased dyslipidemia prevalence. The older participants with higher WC values were vulnerable to antibiotic exposure. Therefore, an appropriate understanding of the epidemiological attributes of antibiotic residues is indispensable to prevent abdominal obesity in the older population.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-DYSLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF BROWN SEAWEED (SARGASSUM POLYCYSTUM) EXTRACT IN RATS FEED WITH HIGH-FAT CONTENT

Objective: This research aimed to obtain the antioxidant and antidyslipidemic activity of brown seaweed (S. polycystum) extract in vivo.
 Methods: Two tests, such as antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemia, were conducted on the sample animals. Also, the number of Wistar rats was divided into 2 sections which consisted of 6 treatment groups, respectively. The test animals received high-fat feed for 35 d, after which there administered brown seaweed extract for 14 d. An antioxidant test consisting of 6 treatment groups, such as normal, negative, positive control (vitamin E), doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, was conducted in the first group. Meanwhile, the anti-dyslipidemia test consisting of 6 treatment groups, including normal, negative, positive (simvastatin), doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW, was carried out in the second group. Hematological and statistical analysis was measured and performed using a 300 micro lab photometer as well as ANOVA, respectively.
 Results: The antioxidant test results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity obtained a percentage increase of 63.41%, 75.01%, and 177.11%, while the dyslipidemia test results showed that after the administration of brown seaweed (S. polycystum) extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, there was a significant difference between the negative controls, with p less than α (0.05), such as total cholesterol (0.000) and triglycerides (0.000). The percentage decrease in total cholesterol levels in the dose group was 31.98%, 41.47%, and 49.45%, with triglyceride levels of 30.65%, 37.78%, and 47.96%, respectively.
 Conclusion: Considering these results, it was concluded that brown seaweed extract has an antioxidant activity on SOD parameters as well as an antidyslipidemic activity on total cholesterol and triglyceride parameters. Therefore, the most effective dose in improving the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides is 200 mg/kg BW.

Role of Phytoestrogen-Rich Bioactive Substances (Linum usitatissimum L., Glycine max L., Trifolium pratense L.) in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this report was to determine the impact of flaxseed, soy and red clover, and their bioactive substances on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women in cardiovascular diseases prevention. We used the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Meta-analysis indicates that the intake of flaxseed by postmenopausal women is associated with a statistically significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) levels (weighted-mean difference (WMD) = −0.26; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): −0.38 to −0.13; p = 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (WMD = −0.19; 95% CI: −0.30 to −0.08; p = 0.0006), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD = −0.06; 95% CI: −0.11 to −0.01; p = 0.0150). The effect of soy protein on the lipid profile showed a significant decrease in TC levels: WMD = −0.15; 95% CI: −0.25–0.05; p = 0.0048, LDL-C levels: WMD = −0.15; 95% CI: −0.25–0.05; p = 0.0067, as well as a significant increase in HDL-C levels: WMD = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02–0.08; p = 0.0034. Changes in the lipid profile showed a significant reduction in TC levels after the use of red clover (WMD = −0.11; 95% CI: −0.18–−0.04; p = 0.0017) and a significant increase in HDL-C levels (WMD = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.07; p = 0.0165). This meta-analysis provides evidence that consuming flaxseed, soy and red clover can have a beneficial effect on lipids in postmenopausal women and suggest a favorable effect in preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Impact of Sacubitril/Valsartan on Lipid Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Sacubitril/valsartan, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, has been shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of the sacubitril/valsartan combination on lipid parameters in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. For this single-center retrospective cross-sectional study, data of patients using sacubitril/valsartan because of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were collected. In addition to routine controls, the patients' lipid levels were measured at 3-month intervals. The parameters that were obtained over 3 years included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels. A total of 192 patients with a functional capacity New York Heart Association II-V, and who were using sacubitril/valsartan because of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, were included in this study. Independent of statin use, there was a decrease in total cholesterol levels (196.1 ± 44.8 mg/dL vs 161.5 ± 41.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and triglyceride levels (159.1 ± 10.4 mg/dL vs 121.4 ± 6.9 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and there was an improvement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (44.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL vs 48.2 ± 2.4 mg/dL, p < 0.001) when comparing baseline levels with third-year levels. Sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, independent of statin use, may cause a decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and an improvement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Effect of intermaxillary fixation on paraclinical indexes

Among trauma cases, maxillofacial injuries have a very high incidence. Data suggests that the leading causes of maxillofacial fractures in developed countries are falling and insult, on the other hand road traffic accidents is the main reason in case of developing nations. For mandibular or midface fractures, various treatment modalities can be employed. One of them is closed reduction via intermaxillary fixation (IMF).Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, from 1st July 2020 to 30th September 2021. This study comprised patients of all ages and both. All patients were aged 15-50 years and had a BMI of 18-30 kg/m2. We included only the patients whom undergone 4 weeks of IMF and excluded patients who had any systemic problems such as diabetes, kidney or heart diseases. Results: A total of 80 patients were included in this study (56 male and 24 female) with an age average of 28 years. In this study, the mean of TC of patients at the start point of the study was 157.6mg/dl which ended up 149. mg/dl after the 4 weeks of IMF period .The HDL of the serum of the patients before the treatment had a mean of 54.1 mg/dl. After the IMF period, the mean decreased about 1.1 mg/dl and reached 53.0. The average of LDL was 86.4 mg/dl, which also decreased during the IMF period about 3.3 mg/dl and reached 83.1 mg/dl.Conclusion: We could show according to patients lipid indexes treatment with IMF can result in decrease in total cholesterol levels as the diet is restricted.

Correction of metabolic disturbances by functional food compositions in experimental obesity in CD-1 and agouti-yellow mice

Background: To determine the most promising composition, the possibility of correction of metabolic disturbances was investigated with the use of functional food compositions in CD1 and agouti-yellow mice in experimental obesity.Methods: Agouti-yellow and CD1 mice were divided into 10 groups (control, 1/1, 1/9, 2/1, 2/9 in each line) according to diets. For 4 weeks, the groups ate a high-calorie diet. Starting with week 5th, composition 1 was added to the diet in groups 1/1 (60% lard + 39% standard laboratory feed + 1% composition 1 + 10% fructose solution), 1/9 (60% lard + 31% standard laboratory feed + 9% composition 1 + 10% fructose solution); composition 2 was added to the diet in groups 2/1 (60% lard + 39% standard laboratory feed + 1% composition 2 + 10% fructose solution), 2/9 (60% lard + 39% standard laboratory feed + 9% composition 2 + 10% fructose solution). On the day 56th, each animal was weighed, blood was taken for biochemical analysis (glucose, LDL, cholesterol and HDL) and organs (the skin of the anterior abdominal wall, skeletal muscle tissue in the area of the lateral surface of the thigh, liver, kidneys with perirenal tissue, pancreas, and thymus) were taken for histological examination.Results: In agouti-yellow mice, group 2/9, the greatest decrease in blood glucose level was observed compared to the control group by 34.6% (p &lt; 0.05). Consumption of compositions in groups 1/9 and 2/9 led to a significant decrease in LDL and a significant decrease in total cholesterol level by 21.9% (p &lt; 0.05) and 18.8% (p &lt; 0.05) respectively compared to the control group. HDL was significantly higher in groups 1/9, 2/9 than in the control group. In CD-1 mice, group 2/9 showed the best result in glucose level (mean 5.78 mmol/l) among all groups receiving functional food compositions and the control group. The most pronounced decrease in LDL was observed in groups 1/9, 2/9 compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). HDL value in group 2/9 significantly exceeded the mean value in the control group, by 54.8% (p &lt; 0.05). Body mass of agouti-yellow mice and CD-1 mice in groups 1/1, 2/1, 1/9, and 2/9 significantly decreased compared to control groups. According to the results of histological examination of organs and tissues, functional food composition 2 turned out to be the most promising.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the most promising composition was selected (composition 2). Feeding animals with this composition improved histological pictures of studied organs and tissues, biochemical blood parameters and effectively reduced body mass in both experimental animal lines, CD-1, and agouti-yellow mice, compared to the control groups. Keywords: CD-1 mice, agouti-yellow mice, experimental obesity, LDL, cholesterol

“THE EFFECT OF GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 11 (GDF11) ON THE RESPONSE OF TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DERIVED CELLS”

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and aggressive form of liver cancer. Until 2020, worldwide, it has been ranked 5 th and 3 rd in terms of incidence and mortality, respectively. HCC has various etiologies, but tumors formed by high cholesterol intake induce an aggressive phenotype and high tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) infiltration. TAM acquires an alternative polarity (M2) with immunosuppressive and pro-tumoral activities. HCC patients with high TAM recruitment have a poor prognosis with a low free-survival rate. The design of therapies represents a challenge. The growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been proposed as a promising molecule for treating HCC, favors a reduction in proliferation, invasion, and lipid metabolism, and therefore reduces the aggressive phenotype. In our research group, we have found that GDF11 also has various effects on cells belonging to the tumor microenvironment, particularly in TAM. To evaluate TAM polarity and their intercommunication with HCC-derived cells during treatment with GDF11. THP-1-macrophages cell line was used; lipopolysaccharides were used for the M1 polarity acquisition and IL-4/13 or conditioned medium (CM) derived from Huh-7 cells for M2 polarity acquisition, flow cytometry (FCM) was used. GDF11 (50 ng/mL) was applied every 24 h up to 3 days. We used anti-Smad2 and 3 antibodies in Western blot (WB). Cell viability and proliferation studies were performed using crystal violet. The quantification of cholesterol was performed using o-Phthaldialdehyde and free radicals’ detection was performed using dihydroethidium. Data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the mean values ​​between groups. Each result has at least 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was indicated with an asterisk (*P<0.05). GDF11 treatments induced Smad proteins activation by specific phosphorylation, indicating that THP-1 macrophages respond to treatment in times from 5 to 60 min, but maintaining their response up to 72 h. This could suggest that the difference in the subsequent response may be involved in the binding or activation of additional adapter proteins of this signaling pathway. Furthermore, it was observed that GDF11 does not affect the cell viability, proliferation, and morphology studied in their different polarities. Macrophage re-education or re-polarization assays were carried out by adding GDF11 for an additional 72h. The data obtained show that TAM populations lost CD206 marker, going from 90% to 40% of the population, suggesting a loss of this pro-tumor polarity and a re-education towards anti-tumor macrophages responses. However, experiments show a dual role of GDF11 in macrophages due to the increase of specific markers in non-activated cells, indicating that it has a different effect depending on the activation state. Since GDF11 compromises cholesterol metabolism, which is observed in a decrease in total cholesterol levels in non-activated macrophages, which is observed in other studies using HCC cell lines. Also, it was possible to corroborate that GDF11 is behaving like a statin used as a positive control in macrophages and Huh-7 cells. Finally, GDF11 increases ROS levels, specifically superoxide anion, characteristic of phagocytic M1 macrophages. To evaluate response on HCC cells, wound-healing assays indicated that macrophage secretion is a key factor for cell displacement rather than viability and proliferation. In the present study, we found that GDF11 has immunomodulatory effects in TAM, decreasing pro-tumoral markers and lipid content that could be important to design HCC therapies. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Potential of Antihypercholesterol Extract of Sempur Fruit Peel (Dillenia serrata) with In Vivo Study on Male White Rats (Rattus novergicus)

Sempur (Dillenia serrata) is one of the most commonly found local fruits and comes from South Sulawesi. The peculiarity of this sempur fruit is mainly in its refreshing sour taste and attractive fruit color. Phytochemical test of Sempur fruit peel extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols and triterpenoids. The research objectives are 1). The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of sempur fruit peel (Dillenia serrata) to reduce total cholesterol levels in white rats (Rattus novergicus) and 2). To determine the average value of the decrease in total cholesterol levels in male white rats (Rattus novergicus) after being given sempur fruit peel extract (Dillenia serrata). The research used was Experimental Laboratory which was carried out at the Pharmacognosy-Phytochemical Laboratory and the Pharmacy Biology Laboratory of the Pharmacy Department of the Sandi Karsa Polytechnic. The method used is the induction of Propylthiouracil and the administration of high fat by measuring total cholesterol levels in male white rats with a glucometer and using the maceration extraction method. The 15 male rats used were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control (Na.CMC 1% w/v), Sempur fruit peel extract 0.5% w/v, Sempur fruit peel extract 1% w/v, Sempur fruit peel extract 1.5% w/v and positive control (Simvastatin). Observations on the decrease in total cholesterol levels were carried out 1 day after treatment. The administration of sempur fruit peel extract 0.5% w/v, 1% w/v, and 1.5% w/v gave the effect of reducing total cholesterol levels in male white rats and at a concentration of 1.5% w/v which showed an effect the best for reducing total cholesterol levels in white rats. Based on the results of the paired sample t test with SPSS which shows significantly that the value of sig. (2-tailed) obtained was 0.023 <0.05 and the mean decrease was 36 mg/dl. Keyword : Sempur fruit peel, antihypercholesterolemia and invivo study

Analysis of Lipid profile and Atherogenic index (AIP) in dyslipidemia rats given Ipomea batatas tuber extract (IBTE)

To evaluate the effect of Ipomea batatas tuber extract (IBTE) on blood lipid profile and atherogenic index in plasma (AIP) of dyslipidemia rats. First, IBTE was extracted by methanol. Fat-rich diets was given for 30 days to induce dyslipidemia in rats. Then, IBTE was given to dyslipidemia rats for 21 days. Lipid profiles in the form of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and AIP in rats were measured and analyzed. The results showed that administration of IBTE 150, 300 and 600mg/kg BW was able to improve the blood lipid profile of dyslipidemia rats, where there was a decrease in levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, and an increase in HDL-C levels. In line with this, the AIP value has also decreased. The conclusion was IBTE have affect to improve the blood lipid profile of dyslipidemia rats and the AIP.

Efficiency and safety of Hepato-complex of amino acids in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The results of an open incomparable uncontrolled clinical trial

Objective — to investigate the effectiveness and safety of the use of Hepato‑complex of amino acids in patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).&#x0D; Materials and methods. Examinations involved 20 patients with NAFLD, mean age (48.3 ± 10.1) years. The diagnosis of NAFLD was established in accordance with the international and national protocols and standards for its diagnosis. The randomized patients were prescribed Hepato‑complex of amino acids 2 capsules 3 times a day with meals daily for 8 weeks. The following examinations were performed to all patients: assessment of the dynamics of clinical symptoms, indicators of transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamine transpeptidase (GGTP), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides), lipoproteins high, low and very high density (HDL, LDL and VLDL), atherogenic factor (AF)), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), degree of hepatic steatosis before (0 days), during (4 weeks) and after treatment (8 weeks). Standard methods of mathematical statistics were used to assess the certainty of the obtained results.&#x0D; Results. The following results were obtained against the background of the Hepato‑complex of amino acids’ administration in patients with NAFLD on the 28 — 30th day of therapy: significant positive dynamics in the clinical symptoms (probable regression of symptoms such as fatigue, emotional lability, sleep disturbances, heaviness in the right hypochondrium, nausea, bowel movements, decreased appetite (p &lt; 0.001)), indicators of cytolysis (decrease in ALT (p &lt; 0.001) and AST (p &lt; 0.05)) and cholestasis (decrease in GGTP (p &lt; 0.001)). These results were preserved at the long‑term evaluation on the 58 — 60th day of treatment compared to baseline (p &lt; 0.001) of the indices of lipid profile (decrease in TC levels (p &lt; 0.05), LDL (p &lt; 0.05), HbA1c (p &lt; 0.001)) and reduction of liver steatosis of the (p &lt; 0.05). High patients’ compliance to the treatment and good tolerance have been established.&#x0D; Conclusions. The results of the use of the preparation “Hepato‑complex of amino acids” demonstrated its effectiveness and safety as a pathogenetic agent for the treatment of patients with non‑alcoholic fatty disease.&#x0D;

Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of essential oil from the fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper) in mice: involvement of serotonergic but not GABAergic transmission system

In this study, the anxiolytic activity of Piper nigrum essential oil (PNEO) was evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the antidepressant-like effect was evaluated through tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Flumazenil, a competitive inhibitor of GABAA receptor in the benzodiazepine site and WAY-100635 maleate salt, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist were used to find out the possible mechanism(s) of action of PNEO. To exclude the false-positive results due to the enhancement of the locomotor activity, the animals were submitted to open field test (OFT). We also measured monoamines levels of the mice brain after acute PNEO treatment. The data obtained from the study suggest that the anxiolytics and antidepressant-like effect of PNEO have observed in EPM and TST respectively in a dose-dependent manner after oral acute and repetitive treatment. WAY-100635, but not flumazenil was able to reverse the effect of PNEO in EPM and TST both, indicating the possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptor. The neurochemical analysis showed no alteration in monoamine levels in mice brains. Furthermore, no locomotor impairment or sign of toxicity or changes in body weight or abnormalities in the biochemical parameters, except for a significant decrease in total cholesterol level was observed after treatment with PNEO. The findings suggest that Piper nigrum EO possesses a dual anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effect through the possible involvement of serotonergic transmission.

Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Garlic Extract Use on the Blood Pressure, Fat Percentage, and Lipid Profile of Patients with Hypertension

Background: Obesity is known as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of an eight-week aerobic exercise and garlic extract use on the blood pressure, fat percentage, and lipid profile of patients with hypertension. Methods: A total of 50 men with a mean age of 53 ± 7.6 years were recruited from among obese patients with blood pressure. They were randomly divided into five groups of aerobic exercise, garlic extract, aerobic exercise plus garlic extract, placebo, and control. The experimental groups underwent aerobic exercise (3 sessions per week, each session for 35 - 60 min with a maximum heart rate of 50 - 75) or garlic extract supplementation (daily use of 6 g) for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before interventions and 48 h after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by the dependent t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Body weight, body fat percentage, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and serum LDL significantly reduced in the aerobic exercise, garlic extract, and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol level and serum triglyceride and an increase in serum HDL compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher increase in serum HDL and a higher decrease in the body weight, body fat percentage, and serum LDL compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher serum LDL decrease compared to the aerobic exercise group (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Both aerobic exercise and garlic extract seem to be able to improve obesity, lipid profile, and hypertension. However, their concurrent use has no additional effects on the blood pressure control although it mostly influences lipid profile and body composition.

Developing Herbal Medicine, The Role of β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan Forms of Polysaccharide Peptide (PsP) from Mycelia Ganoderma lucidum Extracts for Lowering Elevated Total Cholesterol Level in Patients with Heart Failure in Ischaemic Heart Disease

High levels of total cholesterol can worsen the condition of ischemic heart failure. Polysaccharide peptide (PsP) is a capsule of Ganoderma lucidum extract. This study aims to measure changes in total cholesterol levels in patients with ischemic heart failure before and after the administration of PSP and Placebo and to analyze differences in decreases in total cholesterol levels between PSP and Placebo group. This research is a true experiment with a prospective double-blind randomized control method through pre-post test design. The sample consisted of 26 patients, divided into 2 groups and given PSP or placebo capsules per oral interventions carried out every day for 90 days. Venipuncture blood was taken before and after the intervention to measure total cholesterol levels by spectrophotometry methods. Paired T Test was used to determine the average reduction in total cholesterol levels for each group. Independent T Test was used to determine the difference of reduction in total cholesterol average between the two groups. The decrease of total cholesterol average level in PsP group was 24.3 mg/dl (p value 0.001) and an increase of Placebo group was 8.3 mg/dl (p value 0.099). Comparison of the average reduction in total cholesterol levels in PsP : Placebo group was 24.31: -8.31 mg/dl (p value 0.000). There was significant decrease total cholesterol levels in PsP group and neither was of the Placebo group. In addition, there was significant difference in the reduction of total cholesterol levels between PSP and Placebo group.

Effects of a novel nutraceutical combination (BruMeChol\u2122) in subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia: study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

BackgroundElevated cholesterol levels and systemic inflammation are considered relevant risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development and progression. Increasing evidence suggests that cholesterol-lowering and inflammation-lowering nutraceuticals are useful in the management of moderate hypercholesterolemia. Here, we describe the study protocol of a clinical trial aimed to evaluate the cholesterol and inflammatory lowering effect of an innovative dietary supplement (BruMeChol™, Mivell S.r.l., Italy), composed of a mixture of extracts of bergamot and olive fruits in association with vitamin K2 in subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia.MethodsThe study was planned as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial for 12 weeks at the Cardiology Unit of the IRCCS INRCA of Ancona, Italy. A total of 125 subjects (age ≥ 40 years) with mild hypercholesterolemia (total serum cholesterol levels ≥ 200 and ≤ 250 mg/dl) will be recruited. Intervention arm participants will take one capsule of dietary supplement two times a day, 15 min before the main meal. Control arm participants will receive one capsule of placebo in the same way. The dietary supplement capsule contains the following ingredients: phytosterols, flavonoid-rich extract of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia), flavonoid-rich extract of olive fruit (Olea europaea), and vitamin K2. Participants will undergo a medical evaluation and chemical-clinical examinations, which include lipid profile, glycemia, biomarkers of renal, liver and cardiac/muscular functions, interleukins (IL 6, IL-32, IL-37, and IL-38), and innovative mediators of inflammation such as inflamma-miRs (miR-21 and miR-146a), at baseline, and after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. The decrease in total cholesterol levels and inflammatory biomarkers will be the primary and secondary endpoints of the study.DiscussionThis protocol study, planned to verify the effects of BruMeChol™ dietary supplementation in subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia, could also contribute to new study designs for next large-scale multicenter clinical trials.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000170123. Retrospectively registered on 5 February 2019

Exercise reduces plasma lipid levels by downregulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory/proatherogenic cytokine, has been implicated as the cause hyperlipidemia in patients with chronic inflammatory joint disease including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. In this study, we have measured the effect of long-term moderate intensity exercise training on blood lipid levels and on the ex vivo production of TNF-alpha by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Study participants underwent six-months of tri-weekly supervised training sessions, each consisted of a combination of aerobic (52%), resistance (40%), and flexibility (8%) exercises. Forty-three subjects, 25 women average age 49.7 years and 18 men average age 48.1 years, successfully completed the study. Both men and women exercised an average of 2.5 hours per week. Exercise training resulted in a 10% decrease in total cholesterol levels (P=0.0136), an 18% decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.0043), a 20.1% decrease in total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (P=0.0030), and a 51.5% decrease in the production of TNF-alpha (P

63Effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and detraining on exercise capacity and cardiac function in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up

Abstract Introduction We aimed to determine whether maximal exercise capacity, left ventricular function, and quality of life (QoL) scores are sustained in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after termination of training following exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR). Methods In a prospective study, 58 patients with AF (age, 62 ± 7 years) were randomized into an exercise training group for 12 months (ECR, n = 13), a group with 6-month detraining after a 6-month exercise training (DT, n = 15), and a medical treatment only group (MT, n = 30). For exercise training, cycling on a bicycle ergometer was performed in the DT and ECR groups 3 times a week for 6 and 12 months, respectively. Each session started with a 10-minute warm-up at 60%–70% of the maximal heart rate (HRpeak), followed by four 4-minute intervals at 80%–90% of the HRpeak, with 3 minutes of active recovery at 60%–70% of the HRpeak between intervals, ending with a 5-minute cool-down period. Peak exercise oxygen consumption (Vo2), left ventricular function, plasma lipid level, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide level, and QoL score were measured at baseline, after 6 months of training, and after additional 6 months of continuous training or detraining follow-up assessments. Results Six months of exercise training increased the peak Vo2 (ECR: 28.2 ± 7.0 ml/[kg·min] and DT: 28.0 ± 8.3 ml/[kg·min] vs. MT: 23.0 ± 5.2 ml/[kg·min], p= 0.047) and QoL scores (36-Item Short-form Health Survey) and decreased the total cholesterol level (ECR: 146.8 ± 43.8 mg/dl and DT: 140.6 ± 22.4 vs. MT: 182 ± 44.2 mg/dl, p = 0.008). Detraining resulted in an increase in QoL score and a decrease in total cholesterol level (ECR: 142.8 ± 21.4 mg/dl and DT: 151.8 ± 39.8 vs. MT: 176.8 ± 34.2 mg/dl, p = 0.017). However, the exercise training-induced increase in peak Vo2 reverted to the baseline level after detraining (ECR: 27.1 ± 5.1 ml/kg/min vs. DT: 24.4 ± 7.2 ml/[kg·min] and MT: 21.5 ± 4.86 ml/[kg·min], p = 0.017). The resting left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were not significantly different, with no inter-group difference after 6 months of training and 6 months of continuous training or detraining. Conclusions As the QoL scores are maintained despite peak Vo2 being lowered by detraining after an exercise training period in patients with AF, physicians should encourage patients’ participation in a continuous exercise program to sustain the improvement in both the QoL score and peak Vo2 with exercise training. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to observe the long-term effects of exercise training and detraining.

TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION OF NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS IN OBESITY PATIENTS WITH COMORBIDITY WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: CORRECTION OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

Objective – assessing of the effectiveness of antral and the combination of antral withphytostatin usage regarding to the effect on the state of blood lipid spectrum, glycemia,the degree of insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)against the background of obesity with comorbidity with chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD).Materials and methods. 90 NASH patients with obesity of I degree and COPD 2-3 D wereexamined: 25 patients (group 1 – control group) received basic NASH therapy (Esentsialeforte N (Sanofi Avensis / Nutterman and Cie GmbH) 300 mg, 2 caps., 3 times per day)60 days and COPD therapy (Symbicort Turbuhaler (budesonide 160 mg/d + formoterolfumarate 4,5 mg/s) (AstraZeneca AB, Sweden) inhaled 2 times per day for 60 days,Berodual (ipratropium / fenoterol (250/500 mg/ml) (Institute de Angele Italy / BoehringerIngelheim International GmbH) nebulizer inhalation 2 times per day, azithromycin(Azithro Sandoz, Ukraine Sandoz) 500 mg, 1 time per day for 10 days). The second group(basic group, 2) consisted of 35 NASH patients with obesity of I degree and COPD 2-3D, in addition to the same basic COPD therapy, they received Antral (Farmak, Ukraine) 200 mg, 3 times per day for 60 days as a hepatoprotector. The third group (basic group,3) included 30 NASH patients with obesity of I degree and COPD 2-3 D, except the samebasic COPD treatment, they received Antral (Farmak, Ukraine) 200 mg, 3 times per dayas a hepatoprotector, and Phytostatin (Polyconazole) (OmniFarma LLC, Ukraine) 20 mgafter dinner during 60 days. The average age of patients was (55,7 ± 3,22) years. Thecontrol group consisted of 30 apparently healthy persons (AHP).Results. The concentration of total lipids in blood of patients from the 1st group aftertreatment has not decreased significantly and exceeded the normative data (p&lt;0.05),while in patients of the 2nd and 3rd groups it has decreased in 15,6% and 23,3%,respectively (p&lt;0,05). The total cholesterol level indicated a significant decrease in allgroups in 9,2%, 19,3% and 23,9% (p&lt;0,05) in comparison with the pre-treatment data,still exceeding the AHP (p&lt;0,05). The increased pre-treatment triacylglycerol’s bloodlevel significantly reduced only in patients of the 2nd and 3rd groups in 22,2% and 31,5%,respectively (p&lt;0,05), but did not reach normative data. At the same time, in patients ofthe 1st group, changes in treatment dynamics were not significant (p&lt;0,05). Analysis ofpostprandial glycemia in patients of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups showed a decrease inglucose levels by 10,6%, 21,3% and 21,9%, respectively (p&lt;0,05) compared with thepre-treatment parameters (p&lt;0,05) with the normalization of the indicator. The HOMAIR index was reduced on an empty stomach (respectively in 11,1%, 46,2%, and 46,8%(p&lt;0,05)).Conclusions. Antral and phytostatin (polyconazole) have a strong effect on thecorrection of lipid distress syndrome with a probable decrease of total cholesterol level,triacylglycerols, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p&lt;0,05), which was accompaniedby a significant decrease of liver steatosis degree. In the dynamics of treatment withantral and phytostatin for 60 days, NASH patients with concomitant COPD and obesitysignificantly decreased the insulin blood level which was rised before treatment, normalizedpostprandial glucose in blood, and the degree of insulin resistance significantly decreased(p&lt;0,05).

Effect of (+) and (-) hydroxycitric acid sterio-isomers present in natural products in counteracting insulin resistance

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that include impaired glucose metabolism and obesity. The use of nutraceuticals is an ideal choice for controlling this disorder. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect (-) hydroxycitric acid present in garcinia fruit rind and (+) hydroxycitric acid present in hibiscus calyx on metabolic syndrome and compare it to that of metformin. Metabolic syndrome was induced in rats by ingestion of high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet for 90 days. Metformin (500 mg/Kg animal b.wt.), garcinia (1000 mg/Kg animal b.wt.) and hibiscus (250 mg/Kg animal b.wt) were orally administered throughout the last 30 days of the HFHF diet regimen. Both garcinia and hibiscus were effective in reducing serum blood glucose and insulin levels. The effect of garcinia on blood glucose was comparable to that of metformin, while the effect of hibiscus on insulin and HOMA-IR was comparable to that of metformin. Both were able to reduce serum leptin level. All treated groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol level. Only hibiscus was able to normalize liver function while garcinia failed to reduce the elevated liver function. As a conclusion we would recommend the use of hibiscus over garcinia to overcome the adverse effects of metabolic syndrome.

Anticholesterol Activity of Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) and Its Nanoemulsion in vivo

Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg /kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg /kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68%; 32.44% and 42.95%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract.