Decreased Fasting Blood Glucose Research Articles

Anti-diabetic effect of the polyphenol-rich extract from <i>Tadehagi triquetrum</i> in diabetic mice

Purpose: To clarify the diabetes-reducing abilities of the polyphenol-rich extract from Tadehagi triquetrum (HC) in diabetic ob/ob mice.Methods: Aerial parts of T. triquetrum were extracted under reflux and partitioned by n-butanol to generate HC. The effects of HC consumption on blood glucose and lipids, insulin resistance, and liver glucose metabolism were evaluated in vivo. The main compounds of HC were tested for their effects on stimulating glucose consumption and uptake by HepG2 hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes.Results: After HC treatment, body fat, subcutaneous fat, and epidydimal fat masses decreased (p <0.05), while mean daily food intake was unaffected. HC (200–400 mg/kg) decreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum protein (GSP), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc); it also lowered hyperinsulinemia, improved oral glucose tolerance, and reduced hyperlipidemia and liver fat content (p < 0.05). HC treatment markedly elevated liver glycogen content and activity of hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase (p < 0.05). Eight polyphenols were isolated from HC, six of which potently stimulated glucose consumption and uptake in vivo.Conclusion: HC has potent antidiabetic activities. Polyphenols are the main compounds accounting for these effects. Chronic oral administration of HC may be an alternative therapy for managing diabetes, but this has to be subjected first to clinical studies.
 Keywords: Tadehagi triquetrum, Diabetes, Phenylpropanoid glucosides, Pyruvate kinase, Glucokinase

The Differences of TNF-α Levels and BMI in Diabetic Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis After Intensive Phase of Tuberculosis Treatment

Abstract. Introduction. Diabetes Melitus (DM) can cause complications, such as pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Metabolic disorders are thought to be related to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) metabolism, adipocytokines secreted by macrophages, which inhibit insulin transduction, has anti-mycobacterial activity, however, also negatively affect pathological TB process. This study aims to determine differences in TNF-α levels and Body Mass Index (BMI) in DM with pulmonary TB after intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment. Method. This prospective comparative analytical study with one-group pretest-posttest design, conducted during August 2019-September 2019 in outpatient of Type 2 DM with pulmonary TB at USU Hospital, Madani Medan Hospital, Teladan Health Center and Laboratory of Haji Adam Malik Medan after approval from the Health Research Ethics Commission. Data were analyzed after normality test, then mean difference and correlation test by using the SPPS program where p <0.05 was considered significant. Results. This study showed an increase BMI, and decrease of fasting blood glucose, 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose, HbA1C and TNFα levels before and after intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment (p = 0,000; p = 0,000; p = 0,000; p = 0,000). Conclusion. There was a significant increase of BMI and decrease of TNFα level after intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment.

ApolipoproteinM overexpression through adeno-associated virus gene transfer improves insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakizaki rats.

Aims/ObjectiveThe development of type 2 diabetes is a result of insulin resistance in various tissues, including skeletal muscle and liver. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) plays an important role in the function of high‐density lipoprotein, and also affects hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether ApoM overexpression modulates glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity.Materials and MethodsThe Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats were transfected with adeno‐associated virus (AAV) encoding rat ApoM gene or control blank. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (HEC) experiment were used to assess the insulin sensitivity of GK rats.ResultsThe results show that ApoM messenger ribonucleic acid and protein were significantly overexpressed in the pancreatic tissues. Overexpression of ApoM decreased fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and increased bodyweight and insulin levels in GK rats. The glucose infusion rate of rats in the AAV encoding rat ApoM gene group during HEC test was 1.04‐, 1.23‐ and 1.95‐fold higher than that in the AAV control blank group at 1–3 weeks after injection of AAV, respectively. A Wes‐ProteinSimple assay and quantification was carried out to assess phosphorylated protein kinase B/protein kinase B protein levels in the muscle tissues of ApoM‐overexpressing GK rats, and they were found to be higher than those of the control group at the seventh week after AAV injection.ConclusionsApoM overexpression through adeno‐associated virus gene transfer might improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in GK rats.

Effect of exenatide, metformin and folic acid on experimentally induced metabolic–cognitive syndrome in rats

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its relationship with cognitive impairment has been the subject of extensive research. Purpose: This study was designed to determine the effect of MetS on cognitive function, and the possibility of modulating this effect by exenatide, metformin and folic acid. Materials and Methods: 30 adult male albino rats were divided in 5 groups. Group (I): received a standard rat chow, group (II): none treated rats with MetS fed with 60% fructose added to the standard rat chow, group (III): rats with MetS treated with exenatide, group (IV): rats with MetS treated with metformin, group (V): rats with MetS treated with folic acid. At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR index, serum triglyceride, HDL-C, dopamine and BDNF levels in brain tissue were measured and cognitive performance was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Results: rats with MetS showed increased levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR index, arterial blood pressure, serum triglycerides, decreased HDL-C, dopamine and BDNF and showed memory impairment in MWM test. All treated groups resulted in decrease in fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR index, arterial blood pressure, and serum triglycerides and increase in HDL-C, dopamine and BDNF as well as improvement in MWM test. Conclusion: MetS was associated with cognitive impairment. Exenatide, metformin and folic acid improved cognitive function in addition to improvement of metabolic parameters.

Changes in the biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters in STZ-Induced diabetic rats and the ameliorative effect of Kigelia africana fruit extract

BackgroundBiochemical, hematological and histological changes are major observable clinical and pathological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus. Derangement in the levels of these parameters increases the risk of the development of complications. In another hand, gastrointestinal intolerance due to the development of lactic acidosis on the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal microbiome is the toxic side effect of various synthetic antidiabetic agents. The use of Kigelia africana fruit extract for the treatment of diabetes has been scientifically validated. This study therefore aimed at investigating changes in the biochemical, hematological and histological parameters as well as the determination of the functional groups present in the hexane fraction of the fruit. MethodsThe fruits were extracted with ethanol and partitioned with n-hexane to obtain the hexane fraction. Diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) were divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) hexane fraction alongside reference standard; glibenclamide. Fasting blood glucose levels and their body weights were monitored weekly. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 28-day treatment. Blood, liver, and kidney were collected for biochemical, hematological and histopathological analyses. Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was carried out on the hexane fraction for functional group determination. ResultsThe hexane fraction of K. africana fruit extract decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels significantly with ameliorative effects on the hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cells (RBC) etc. There were significant regenerative differences in the biochemical activities as well as the renal cortex and midzone sections of the rat's kidney and liver when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The presence of polyphenolic functional groups via FTIR analysis suggested high antioxidant activities of the fruit extract. ConclusionThe use of Kigelia africana fruit extracts protects against biochemical, hematological and histological changes that are injurious to diabetic patients. Therefore, Kigelia africana fruit is a good hepatic- and nephroprotective agent and has a hemato-protective ability.

Molecular hydrogen improves type 2 diabetes through inhibiting oxidative stress.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. Following maintenance on a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, a T2DM model was established using an injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin via the caudal vein into Sprague-Dawley rats. On day 0 and Day 80, the blood samples were obtained from each rat for the measurement of biochemical indicators including blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, hepatic glycogen, fasting serum insulin, insulin sensitivity index, insulin resistance index, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The kidneys and pancreas tissues were harvested for HE staining and Western blot assay of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), phosphorylated (p)-p65, p65, p-IκB and IκB. The results showed that in rats with T2DM, molecular hydrogen treatment decreased fasting blood glucose levels, increased hepatic glycogen synthesis and improved insulin sensitivity. Treatment with molecular hydrogen also increased the production of SOD whilst decreasing the production of MDA. In addition, molecular hydrogen alleviated the pathological changes exhibited by pancreatic islets and kidney during T2DM. Mechanistically, molecular hydrogen decreased TLR4 and MyD88 expression levels whilst also decreasing p65 and NF-κB inhibitor phosphorylation. In conclusion, molecular hydrogen exerted therapeutic effects against T2DM by improving hyperglycemia and inhibiting oxidative stress through mechanisms that are associated with the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Safety evaluation and antihyperglycaemic effect of root extract of Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) DeWolf in Wistar rats

Local communities living in rural regions of Kenya use the plant, Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) DeWolf for various purposes including water purification (roots), as food (roots and fruits) and medicinal (various parts of the plant) for treatment of several ailments including diabetes mellitus. However, there is no scientific evidence on the safety and antidiabetic claims of Maerua decumbens roots despite its continued use. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating oral acute and sub-acute toxicity of methanolic root extract of Maerua decumbens (400 and 800 mg/kg.b.w/day) in Wistar rats and also the antihyperglycaemic activity of the orally-administered extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Phytochemicals were qualitatively analysed using standard procedures while the fingerprint chromatograph of the extract was revealed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diabetes was induced in the experimental groups by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 50 mg/kg.b.w. Animal grouping was then done as follows; Groups 1: Normal control; 2: Normal on extract (400 mg/kg.b.w/day) 3; diabetic untreated control; 4, 5 & 6; diabetic treated with 100 and 400 mg/kg.b.w/day of root extract and metformin at 100 mg/kg.b.w/day, respectively. Effects of extract on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body weights were monitored weekly in the 21 days anti-diabetic study. Also, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined at the end of the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity studies, the extract did not affect organ weights of liver, kidney, heart and spleen and there were no pathological changes in the liver and kidney. Also, the blood biochemical and haematological parameters did not show any changes in all dosages although there were significant alterations in red blood cell’ indices but the values were within the published normal reference ranges for the species. Thus the extract was found to be relatively safe after oral sub-acute treatment in rats. On the other hand, the phytochemical-rich extract as also exhibited by the UV spectra of the compounds on diabetic rats showed a marginal increase in body weight, significant decreases in FBG and liver MDA levels versus untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Therefore, Maerua decumbens root extract has great potential for use as a safe alternative medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus due to its antihyperglycaemic effects and reduction in hepatic lipid peroxidation.

Prospect of Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors Combined With Insulin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new family of antidiabetic drugs that reduce blood glucose independent of insulin. In this review, we present the advantages and adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors plus insulin therapy as a treatment regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Compared with placebo, SGLT2 inhibitors plus insulin therapy could significantly decrease fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, thereby reducing the daily required dose of insulin. A reduction in body weight and improvements in insulin resistance and β-cell function have also been widely reported with this therapy, and other potential advantages, including the reduction in blood pressure, adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and visceral adipose tissue volume, have been revealed. SGLT2 inhibitors cause a greater reduction than dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in body weight and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, compared with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce blood pressure, and heart failure. As this therapy is an oral preparation, an improvement in patient compliance is also achieved. Despite these advantages, however, combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and insulin has several risks. Although no difference has been found in the incidence of hypoglycemic events and urinary tract infection between the administration of this combination and that of placebo, the risk of genital tract infections was reported to increase with the combination therapy. Additionally, bone adverse effects, euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, and volume depletion—and osmotic diuresis—related adverse effects have been observed. Altogether, we could conclude that SGLT2 inhibitors plus insulin therapy is an efficient treatment option for patients with T2D, especially those requiring high daily insulin doses and those with insulin resistance, obesity, and a high risk of cardiovascular events. However, careful monitoring of the adverse effects of this combination is also warranted.

Effects of Metformin and Sitagliptin Monotherapy on Expression of Intestinal and Renal Sweet Taste Receptors and Glucose Transporters in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Disordered intestinal sweet taste receptors (STRs) are implicated in glucose homeostasis by involving in incretin secretion and glucose absorption. However, the effects of antidiabetic medications on STRs, downstream molecules, and glucose transporters expression are unknown. In our study, ZDF rats (n=24) were randomly treated by metformin (MET, 215.15 mg/kg), sitagliptin (SIT, 10.76 mg/kg), or saline for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were measured, and HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated. One week later, we detected relative mRNA expression of T1R2/T1R3, α-gustducin, TRPM5 and glucose transporters including SGLT1, SGLT2, and GLUT2 in the small intestine and kidney. We found that though both metformin and sitagliptin effectively decreased fasting blood glucose, only metformin improved HOMA-IR and QUICKI (p<0.05). MRNA levels of STRs and sweet taste molecules in duodenum and jejunum were not different among three groups, but those in ileum were dramatically upregulated after SIT (vs. MET p<0.05; vs. CON p<0.01). SGLT1 and GLUT2 in ileum were markedly increased after SIT (p<0.01). In the kidney, expression of SGLT2 and GLUT2 were downregulated in both SIT and MET group (p<0.05). In conclusion, metformin and sitagliptin exerted different effects on expression of STRs and glucose transporters in the gut and kidney. STRs, downstream molecules, and glucose transporters in distal small intestinal were sensitively increased in response to sitagliptin than metformin treatment. Renal glucose transporters were downregulated after metformin and sitagliptin treatment.

Nutraceutical Improves Glycemic Control, Insulin Sensitivity, and Oxidative Stress in Hyperglycemic Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of nutraceuticals including bitter melon, fenugreek, cinnamon, alpha-lipoic acid, zinc, biotin, chromium, and cholecalciferol on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in hyperglycemia. The study design was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects with hyperglycemia were randomly divided into 2 groups. The treatment group ( n = 52) was given a nutraceutical and the control group ( n = 50) was provided with a placebo for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed before and after the intervention at 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Nutraceutical supplementation demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in FBG (13.4% and 18.9%), HbA1C (6.5% and 11.3%), and HOMA-IR (28.9% and 35.2%) compared with the placebo. Moreover, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level was significantly reduced in the nutraceutical group (7.1% and 9.3%). Furthermore, the nutraceutical significantly decreased oxidative stress markers, oxidized LDL-C (14.8% and 18.9%) and malondialdehyde (16.6% and 26.2%) compared with the placebo. In conclusion, this nutraceutical can improve glycemic control, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers in hyperglycemic subjects. Therefore, it has the potential to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors. Clinical trial registration: TCTR20180907001, www.clinicaltrials.in.th.

Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32 and Lactobacillus reuteri GL-104 decrease glycemic levels and attenuate diabetes-mediated liver and kidney injury in db/db mice

ObjectivesPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit strong insulin resistance or abnormal insulin production. Probiotics, which are beneficial live micro-organisms residing naturally in the intestinal tract, play indispensable roles...

Serjanic Acid Improves Immunometabolic Markers in a Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model.

Plant extracts from Cecropia genus have been used by Latin-American traditional medicine to treat metabolic disorders and diabetes. Previous reports have shown that roots of Cecropia telenitida that contains serjanic acid as one of the most prominent and representative pentacyclic triterpenes. The study aimed to isolate serjanic acid and evaluate its effect in a prediabetic murine model by oral administration. A semi-pilot scale extraction was established and serjanic acid purification was followed using direct MALDI-TOF analysis. A diet induced obesity mouse model was used to determine the impact of serjanic acid over selected immunometabolic markers. Mice treated with serjanic acid showed decreased levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols, increased blood insulin levels, decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. At transcriptional level, the reduction of inflammation markers related to adipocyte differentiation is reported.

Effect of Annona Muricata L. on Metabolic Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

In recent decades, numerous scientific investigations have been conducted to study the antidiabetic effects of Annona muricata L. However, no comprehensive evidence-based systematic review regarding this topic is available. Hence, this study was conducted to systematically evaluate the studies of the efficacy of A. muricata in diabetes management. Six online databases used to search for the related articles. The search terms used were A. muricata/ soursop in combination with diabetes, glucose, and insulin. Seventeen studies were identified that fit the inclusion criteria (1 clinical, 10 in vivo, 4 in vitro, 1 in vivo/ in vitro and 1 in silico). A clinical study showed the positive adjuvant effect of A. muricata to glibenclamide in type 2 diabetes patients. In vivo studies reported beneficial effects of A. muricata in murine models to include decreasing fasting blood glucose level, attenuating diabetes-associated weight loss, increasing serum insulin, improving the lipid profile, normalizing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and exerting pancreas-protective and hepatoprotective effects. In vitro studies of A. muricata demonstrated its potential for reducing post-prandial glucose level by inhibiting pancreatic α-amylase, lipase, and α-glucosidase and lowering oxidative stress by inhibiting glycation and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the in-silico study suggested a positive effect of A. muricata in enhancing insulin sensitivity. A. muricata showed a promising effect on the metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus. Considering that A. muricata is widely consumed worldwide, further exploration of its therapeutic potential is worthwhile.

Hepalatide ameliorated progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

BackgroundNo FDA-approved medications are available for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The present study aimed to assess the effects of Hepalatide, a sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor-binding agent, on metabolic and histopathologic changes of a mouse model of NASH caused by high fat/calorie diet plus high fructose/glucose in drinking water (HFCD-HF/G) for 16 weeks. MethodsMale mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: controls (normal diet), HFCD-HF/G group, HFCD-HF/G plus low or high dose of Hepalatide (20 or 60 mg/kg, LH or HH, s.c. from 9 to 16 weeks). ResultsCompared to HFCD-HF/G-fed mice, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in mice fed HFCD-HF/G plus LH or HH were decreased. The treatment with Hepalatide decreased serum alanine aminotransferase levels significantly. Liver histology and TUNEL staining showed that Hepalatide remarkably attenuated inflammation, hepatocellular steatosis and apoptosis. Hepalatide treatment decreased fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and HOMA insulin resistance index in the HH group. Moreover, Masson’s staining, semi-quantitative score of fibrosis, and hydroxyproline content demonstrated that Hepalatide mitigated fibrotic progression in this murine NASH model. Additionally, most components of liver and few serum bile acids were increased in mice treated with HH. ConclusionHepalatide effectively alleviated the pathological process, metabolic profile, hepatocellular steatosis and injury, insulin resistance, halted hepatic fibrotic progression in a mouse model of NASH, most likely through the increase of serum bile acids.

Protective Effect of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Nephropathy by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting Apoptosis in Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rat.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, and its prevalence has been increasing all over the world, which is also the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active chemical component of Carthamus tinctorius L., and it is commonly used in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the renal protective effects and molecular mechanisms of HSYA on high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced DN in rats. The DN rats were treated with HSYA for eight weeks. We assessed creatinine (CR), urea nitrogen (UN), glomerular volume, podocyte number, renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and cells apoptosis markers after HSYA treatment. The number of apoptotic cells was measured by the TUNEL assay, and apoptosis-related proteins BAX, caspase-3, and BCL-2 in the renal tissue were analyzed by western blot. The treatment with HSYA significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, CR, UN, and blood lipid profile, including triglyceride and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even though it did not change the rats' body weights. The western blot results indicated that HSYA reversed the upregulation of BAX and caspase-3 and significantly increased BCL-2 in renal tissue. Moreover, the levels of TNF-α and the inflammatory products, including free fatty acids (FFA) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the HSYA group, were significantly decreased. For the oxidative stress marker, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) markedly increased in the HSYA treatment group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and kidney tissue evidently decreased. In conclusion, HSYA treatment preserved kidney function in diabetic nephropathy in the HFD- and STZ-induced rats. The potential mechanism of renal protective effect of HSYA might be through inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing inflammatory reaction, and attenuating renal cell apoptosis. Our studies present a promising use for Hydroxysafflor yellow A in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Myricitrin Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

To test the hypothesis that myricitrin (MYR) improves type 2 diabetes, we examined the effect of MYR on hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: non-diabetic, diabetic control, and MYR (0.005%, w/w)-supplemented diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by HFD and STZ, and MYR was administered orally for 5 weeks. Myricitrin exerted no significant effects on food intake, body weight, fat weight, or plasma lipids levels. However, MYR significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose intolerance, and increased pancreatic β-cell mass compared to the diabetic control group. Myricitrin administration also markedly increased glucokinase mRNA expression and activity as well as lowered glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression and activity in the liver. In addition, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride content, and lipid droplet accumulation were markedly decreased following MYR administration. These changes were seemingly attributable to the suppression of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes—fatty acid synthase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. Myricitrin also significantly lowered plasma MCP-1 and TNF-α levels and the mRNA expression of hepatic pro-inflammatory genes. These results suggest that MYR has anti-diabetic potential.

The Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Type 1 Diabetic Patients. A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background and ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of synbiotic on glycemic status, lipid profile, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients.Materials and MethodsIn this double-blind clinical trial, 50 T1DM patients were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups and received either synbiotic powder (Lactobacillus sporogenes GBI-30 (probiotic), maltodextrin and fructooligosaccharide (prebiotic)) or placebo 2 g per day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin concentration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, and biomarkers of oxidative stress such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).ResultsSupplementation with synbiotic resulted in a significant decrease in the mean serum levels of HbA1c and hs-CRP (p = 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively), and marginally significant decrease in FBG (p = 0.05) in the intervention group post- intervention. Also, the mean changes of FBG and hs-CRP were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively). There were no significant changes found in lipid profile in intervention group post-intervention (p≥ 0.05). The mean serum levels of insulin and TAC were significantly increased in the intervention group post-intervention (p = 0.001). There was a significant increase in the mean changes of TAC (p = 0.005) in the intervention group compared with the control group.ConclusionThe 8-week synbiotic supplementation in T1DM patients may be effective in improvement of FBG, HbA1c, insulin, hs-CRP, and TAC.

The effect of family-centered care on adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and Aim: The family can play an important role in adapting patients with diabetes to lifestyle changes, so that the family, as the most essential pillar of society, is responsible for the proper care of the patient with diabetes; Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of family-centered care on the adherence to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 80 patients with type 2 diabetes and one member of their family were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two of intervention and control groups. Adherence to treatment was assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire and laboratory values before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent t-test, paired t-test, and Chi-square test. Results: After the implementation of the family-centered care program, increased mean scores for patient adherence to treatment in the intervention group compared to the control group, this increase was statistically significant (p=0.0001). The results showed a decrease in the mean score of fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the intervention group compared to the control group. This decrease was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Family-centered care can increase adherence to treatment, and decrease fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose and hemoglobin glycosylated levels. Therefore, it is recommended that family pay more attention to diabetic members. Key Words: Adherence to Treatment; Blood glucose; Family-Centered Nursing; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The effect of family-centered care on adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and Aim: The family can play an important role in adapting patients with diabetes to lifestyle changes, so that the family, as the most essential pillar of society, is responsible for the proper care of the patient with diabetes; Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of family-centered care on the adherence to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 80 patients with type 2 diabetes and one member of their family were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two of intervention and control groups. Adherence to treatment was assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire and laboratory values before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent t-test, paired t-test, and Chi-square test. Results: After the implementation of the family-centered care program, increased mean scores for patient adherence to treatment in the intervention group compared to the control group, this increase was statistically significant (p=0.0001). The results showed a decrease in the mean score of fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the intervention group compared to the control group. This decrease was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Family-centered care can increase adherence to treatment, and decrease fasting blood glucose, random blood glucose and hemoglobin glycosylated levels. Therefore, it is recommended that family pay more attention to diabetic members. Key Words: Adherence to Treatment; Blood glucose; Family-Centered Nursing; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Single-Anastomosis Duodenal Jejunal Bypass Improve Glucose Metabolism by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Goto-Kakisaki Rats.

In recent years, bariatric surgery has emerged as a promising treatment for type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is known to cause alterations in the relative abundance and composition of gut microbiota, which may lead to alterations in the levels of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) that are produced during fermentation by gut microbes. However, little is known about the mechanism of improved glucose metabolism mediated by gut microbiota following bariatric surgery. The aim of our study was to explore whether changes in gut microbiota and in fecal SCFA could be detected following single-anastomosis duodenal jejunal bypass (DJB-sa) surgery, a type of bariatric surgery, and whether these alterations might be related to the improvement of glucose metabolism. To this end, we performed DJB-sa or SHAM surgery on Goto-Kakisaki (GK) rats. We then compared the glucose metabolism as well as changes in gut microbiota and SCFAs levels between both groups. Our results showed that DJB-sa surgery was associated with a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), and fasting serum insulin (FSI). And, DJB-sa led to a change in the composition of gut microbiota including an increase in the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Subdoligranulum). Moreover, the levels of six SCFAs in feces, as well as the intestinal expression of SCFA receptors including G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), and G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), and the expression of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) displayed a significant increase following DJB-sa compared with the Sham group. Thus, the gut microbiota may contribute to the improvement of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes following DJB-sa. In conclusion, our study shows that DJB-sa improves glucose metabolism by modulating gut microbiota and by increasing short-chain fatty acid production.