Decrease In Case Fatality Rate Research Articles

Decreasing Case Fatality Rates for Patients With Cirrhosis Infected With SARS-CoV-2: A National COVID Cohort Collaborative Study

The virulence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections have decreased over time in the general population due to vaccinations and improved antiviral treatments. Whether a similar trend has occurred in patients with cirrhosis is unclear. We used the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) to describe the outcomes over time. We utilized the N3C level 3 data set with uncensored dates to identify all chronic liver disease (CLD) patients with and without cirrhosis who had SARS-CoV-2 infection as of November 2023. We described the observed 30-day case fatality rate (CFR) by month of infection. We used adjusted survival analyses to calculate relative hazard of death by month of infection compared to infection at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified 117,811 total CLD patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 between 3/2020-11/2023: 27,428 (23%) with cirrhosis and 90,383 (77%) without cirrhosis. The observed 30-day CFRs during the entire study period were 1.1% (1,016) for CLD patients without cirrhosis and 6.3% (1,732) with cirrhosis. Observed 30-day CFRs by month of infection varied throughout the pandemic and showed a sustained downward trend since 2022. Compared to infection in Quarter 2 of 2020 (at the beginning of the pandemic), the adjusted hazards of death at 30 days for infection in Quarter 3 of 2023 were 0.20 (95%CI 0.08-0.50) for CLD patients without cirrhosis and 0.35 (95%CI 0.18-0.69) for CLD patients with cirrhosis. In this N3C study, we found that the observed 30-day CFR decreased progressively for both CLD patients with and without cirrhosis, consistent with broader trends seen in the general population.

Regional disparities in COVID-19 case fatality rates: A comparative analysis of Nigerian Geopolitical Regions in 2020 and 2023

In December 2019, first case of COVID-19 was documented in the Wuhan, China. The symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19 include cough, fever, fatigue, and breathing difficulties. In 30th January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The coronavirus entered Nigeria through an infected Italian citizen who came in contact with a Nigerian citizen who was subsequently infected with the coronavirus. The coronavirus then spread to other citizens in Lagos and to other parts of the country. This study focuses on analysing the Case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19 in different geopolitical regions of Nigeria in the years 2020 and 2023. The regions considered are North Central, North East, North West, South South, South West and South East. This was a retrospective study using national surveillance data collected from all 36 States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. Epidemiological indices of COVID-19 of 12th July, 2020 and data as at 26th February, 2023 were downloaded from the official update database of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) weekly report within the same period of this study The confirmed cases and deaths were extracted directly while the Case fatality rates (CFR) were computed. The total confirmed cases, death cases, and Cases Fatality Rates (CFR) as at 12th July 2020 was 31,323, 706 and 2.3% respectively. However, in 2023, the values had changed to 440,139 confirmed cases, 3156 death cases an a CRF of 0.7% respectively. The North Central region was observed to have the highest fatality rate of 62.1% and 47.2% in 2020 and 2023 respectively. The North East accounted for 32.5% and 12.6%, Noth West 36.4% and 16.4%, South- South, 37.5% and 12.4%, South East 16.9% and 4.7% and South West 15.4% and 10.1% respectively in 2020 and 2023. The 6 geopolitical regions of the country experience decrease at different proportion in Case Fatality Rates and this can be attributed to various factors, including increased vaccination coverage, better understanding of the virus, improved healthcare infrastructure and more effective public health measures. Despite the decrease in case fatality rate, regional disparities still exist which may be linked to underlying socioeconomic and healthcare disparities between regions. Addressing these disparities is crucial for a more equitable response to future pandemics

Escalating climate-related health risks for Hajj pilgrims to Mecca.

Global temperatures are on the rise, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves with associated health risks. Heat-related illnesses (HRIs) are an increasing threat for travellers to hot climate destinations. This study was designed to elucidate the interplay between increasing ambient temperatures, incidence of HRIs and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies during the annual Hajj mass gathering over a 40-year period. An observational study was conducted utilizing historical records spanning four decades of meteorological data, and the rates of heat stroke (HS) and heat exhaustion (HE) during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. With an annual population exceeding 2million participants from over 180 countries, the study analysed temporal variations in weather conditions over two distinct Hajj hot cycles and correlated it with the occurrence of HS and HE. The effectiveness of deployed mitigation measures in alleviating health vulnerabilities between the two cycles was also assessed. Throughout the study period, average dry and wet bulb temperatures in Mecca escalated by 0.4°C (Mann-Kendall P < 0.0001) and 0.2°C (Mann-Kendall P = 0.25) per decade, respectively. Both temperatures were strongly correlated with the incidence of HS and HE (P < 0.001). Despite the intensifying heat, the mitigation strategies including individual, structural and community measures were associated with a substantial 74.6% reduction in HS cases and a 47.6% decrease in case fatality rate. The study underscores the escalating climate-related health risks in Mecca over the study period. The mitigation measures' efficacy in such a globally representative setting emphasizes the findings' generalizability and the importance of refining public health interventions in the face of rising temperatures.

Case-fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the third and fifth epidemic waves in Spain: Impact of vaccination

IntroductionDuring the first and second epidemic waves in Spain, the SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rates (CFRs) showed significant differences between Autonomous Communities (ACs). Comparing CFRs in the third and fifth epidemic waves can provide information on the impact of the different vaccination coverages in the ACs. ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 CFRs in the third and fifth epidemic waves in Spain, according to sex, age, and AC. MethodsThis work is an observational, descriptive study which uses data on COVID-19 infections, deaths, and vaccinees published by the Spanish Ministry of Health and the regional Health Departments of the ACs. The third epidemic wave was defined as the period from 26th December 2020 to 19th April 2021, and the fifth wave, from 19th July to 19th September 2021. The CFRs (deaths per 1000 infected [‰]) were calculated according to sex, age group, and AC. The standardized case-fatality ratio (SCFR) was adjusted for age and sex for each wave. We estimated the correlation between CFRs and their change between the two epidemic waves with the vaccination coverages reached at the beginning of the fifth wave. ResultsThe CFR in the fifth wave (5.7‰) was lower than in the third wave (16.5‰). In addition, the CFR in both waves was significantly higher in men than in women, and in older people than in younger ones. A decrease in the CFR between both waves was only observed in those older than 49. A strong direct and positive correlation (R2a=0.8399) was found between vaccination coverage by age group and decrease in CFR between both epidemic waves. Significant differences were seen between ACs in the two waves, as regards both CFRs and SCFRs. When comparing ACs, a direct correlation was observed between vaccination coverage and CFRs in the fifth wave, and also – although weak – between vaccination coverage and decrease in CFR between both waves. ConclusionThe CFR significantly decreased in Spain between the third and the fifth epidemic waves in population aged 50 or older, probably due to the high vaccination coverage in that age group. Differences were observed between CFRs and SCFRs between ACs that are not explained by the differences in vaccination coverage, suggesting the need for further research and evaluation.

Is the Testing System No Longer Effective for Coronavirus Disease 2019? Elucidating the Policy Change in the United Kingdom.

Various studies have reported the vaccine's efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019; however, there has been little discussion regarding the test frequency since the emergence of the Omicron strain. In this context, the United Kingdom has abolished its free testing program. Our analysis revealed that the decrease in case fatality rate was heavily influenced by vaccination coverage rather than the testing frequency. However, the effectiveness of testing frequency should not be underestimated and therefore needs further validation.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in a community hospital: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsA de-identified dataset of patients with COVID-19 admitted to our community hospital in Evanston, Illinois, from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 was retrospectively reviewed. Patients from the first wave were identified as those admitted during the initial peak of admissions observed at our hospital between March 1, 2020 and September 3, 2020. The second wave was defined as those admitted during the second peak of admissions observed between October 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. ResultsIn total, 671 patients were included. Of these, 399 (59.46%) were identified as patients from the first wave and 272 (40.54%) as patients from the second wave. Significantly more patients received steroids (86.4% vs 47.9%, p < 0.001), remdesivir (59.6% vs 9.5%, p < 0.001), humidified high-flow nasal cannula (18% vs 6.5%, p < 0.001), and noninvasive ventilation (11.8% vs 3.3%, p < 0.001) during the second wave. Patients from the first wave had a greater hazard for death compared with patients from the second wave (hazard ratio [HR] 1.62, 95% CI 1.08–2.43; p = 0.019). ConclusionAmong patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in our community hospital, there was a decrease in case-fatality rate in the second surge of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the first wave.

The ‘black fungus’ Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients : A Review

Mucormycosis is one type of fungal disease, associated with a poor prognosis if not promptly diagnosed and managed because its highly aggressive tendency. Although it is a rare disease, a rapid increase in cases of mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is being reported. Mostly, risk factors for this disease are uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, other immunosuppressive conditions and corticosteroid therapy. Immune dysfunction, lung pathology and corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients making it more susceptible to develop fungal infection including mucormycosis. The combination of steroid therapy and underlying diabetes mellitus in COVID-19 also can augment immunosuppression and hyperglycemia. Control of hyperglycemia, early treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, and surgery are three important factors in mucormycosis therapy that essential for successful management. However, in this COVID-19 pandemic situation, that management strategies are compromised. First, hyperglicemia can be aggravated by glucocorticoid, therapy that used widely for COVID-19 especially in severe case. Second, patients with ARDS and multiorgan dysfunction can prevent timely diagnostic for imaging and other testing, so appropriate therapy that should be given will be delayed. Last, the essential service in hospital such surgery in this pandemic era reduced signifi cantly to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This review was created with the aim mucormycosis co-infection can be considered in patients with COVID-19, especially with known risk factor. Prompt and rapid diagnosis are important for eff ective therapy and decreasing case fatality rate. The use of steroid in mild cases, utilization of higher doses of steroid and drugs that targeting immune pathway should be avoided.

Challenges to Reporting the Global Trends in the Epidemiology of ICU-Treated Sepsis and Septic Shock

It is widely believed that the epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) is changing. However, quantifying changes in occurrence and outcomes of ICU-treated sepsis and septic shock are challenged by a number of factors related to study designs as well as varied local resource availability and practices. The authors conducted a structured literature review to examine contemporary studies reporting trends in the prevalence, incidence and case-fatality rates of ICU-treated sepsis and septic shock around the world and further attempted to extrapolate the recent epidemiological trends. During 2015–2020, 13 observational studies with heterogenous methodologies were published from predominantly high-income countries that examined selected cohorts with ICU-treated sepsis, sepsis with end-organ failure (previously known as severe sepsis) and septic shock. The prevalence of sepsis and sepsis-related diagnoses ranged widely from 4.7–42.2% of ICU admissions. The population incidence varied widely between 88 and 370 cases per 100,000 for sepsis and 19 and 79 cases per 100,000 for septic shock. Mean case-fatality rates (deaths per number of cases, %) reported primarily as in-hospital deaths reduced from approximately 40–50% reported in previous years, to 30–40% in the past 5 years. There was a lack of recent studies specifically examining mortality at the population level. Contemporary studies have observed wide variation in prevalence and incidence of sepsis and septic shock along with reports of static or decreasing case-fatality rates, but we are not able to make generalised commentary on global trends from the results of existing studies. Further data from ICUs in low-income and middle-income countries is needed, and well-designed, consistent population-based studies are required in order to establish whether the burden of sepsis and septic shock is changing.

One in Four Dies of Cancer. Questions About the Epidemiology of Malignant Tumours.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Malignant tumours are responsible for about 9.6 million deaths in 2018 (Ritchie H (2019) How many people in the world die from cancer? https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-in-the-world-die-from-cancer ). Worldwide, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. This confronts researches with the question of their origin and doctors with treatment options. It is common sense that great efforts should be done in order to reduce the number of cancer-specific deaths. In recent years, in lots of countries a variety of cancer screening programs have been developed, investigated and improved. The basic idea of this approach seems to be quite simple: Tumours will be detected at a very early stage when patients do not yet feel clinical symptoms. Thus, using an appropriate therapy, progression of the disease can be prevented and, concerning a whole population, disease-specific mortality should be reduced. Actually, after the introduction of screening programs, an increasing number of new cancer cases can be observed associated with an apparent reduction of the case fatality rate (i.e. the proportion of deaths due to cancer). Partly, the increasing number of cancers may be explained by the fact that people have a higher life expectancy. Under this aspect, the decreased case fatality rate could be considered as a success which may be attributed to screening efforts. However, there is still insufficient evidence affirming benefits of screening programs for crucial outcomes, i.e. all-cause mortality. In this narrative review, the phenomenon that probabilities and risks are rather often interpreted in an inadmissible way will be described. Furthermore, conceptual issues and inconsistencies between evidence and opinion about screening will be explored.

445. Correlative Factors for State to State Differences in the Prevalence and Case Fatality Rates of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Infections in the United States of America

BackgroundIndividual States of the USA have ethnic, economic, community health and education differences that influence the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 infection. We hypothesized that Statewide differences in the prevalence and fatality rates of COVID-19 infections are dependent on factors that may be determined by mathematical modeling.MethodsTwo separate statistical regression models were developed using COVID-19 case prevalence and case fatality rates functioning as dependent variables. We obtained data from the prevalence and deaths from COVID-19 cases for each state in the USA that was posted at 4 PM Central Standard Time on April 29, 2020 from the Worldometer website. Publicly available databases were utilized to obtain data for the independent variables in the model.ResultsModels are represented as follows:Statewide COVID-19 Prevalence ModelLog (Statewide COVID_19 case prevalence) = 1.847* (100–250 individuals/mile2) +3.0025*(250+ individuals/mile2) + 1.021* (% African American population) +1.029* (% Hispanic American population +2.164 *(% adults aged 85+)Model results are shown in Table 1.Statewide COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate ModelLog (Statewide COVID_19 case fatality rate) =2.194* (100–250 individuals/mile2) +2.758* (250+ individuals/mile2) +1.031* (% African American population) + 1.032* (% Hispanic American population) + 0.942 (% Native American population)+ 1.108 (% Asian American population) + 2.275 (% adults aged 85+)Model results are shown in Table 2.Table 1: COVID-19 Statewide Prevalence Model Table 2: COVID-19 Statewide Case Fatality Model ConclusionHigher State population density (See Figure 1 and Figure 2) and higher State populations of elderly persons correspond to increased prevalence and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 infections. Statewide data also shows health disparities for COVID-19 infections in Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans. Paradoxically, States with larger populations of Native Americans who have known poor outcomes from COVID-19 infection demonstrate a decrease in case-fatality rates, suggesting a large effect of healthcare inequality in this population.Figure 1: ANOVA one-way analysis of the association between COVID-19 prevalence and population density Figure 2: ANOVA one-way analysis of the association between COVID-19 death prevalence and population density Disclosures Eli D. Ehrenpreis, MD, FACG, AGAF, E2Bio Consultants (Board Member, Chief Executive Officer)E2Bio Life Sciences (Shareholder, Chief Executive Officer)Level Ex, Inc. (Consultant)

Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to >200 countries posing a global public health concern. Patients with comorbidity, such as hypertension suffer more severe infection with elevated mortality. The development of effective antiviral drugs is in urgent need to treat COVID-19 patients. Here, we report that calcium channel blockers (CCBs), a type of antihypertensive drug that is widely used in clinics, inhibited the post-entry replication events of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, while no in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect was observed for the two other major types of antihypertensive drugs, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. CCB combined with chloroquine showed a significantly enhanced anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy. A retrospective clinical investigation on hospitalized COVID-19 patients with hypertension as the only comorbidity revealed that the CCB amlodipine besylate therapy was associated with a decreased case fatality rate. The results from this study suggest that CCB administration to COVID-19 patients with hypertension as the comorbidity might improve the disease outcome.

Epidemiological correlation between COVID-19 epidemic and prevalence of α-1 antitrypsin deficiency in the world.

Among 68 countries in the world, severity of the COVID-19 epidemic was correlated with the prevalence of α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. For the severe variant, PI*Z, the correlation coefficient (CC) was 0.8584 for the number of patients and 0.8713 for the number of deaths. For the milder variant, PI*S, it was 0.5818 and 0.6326, respectively. In Japan, the number of patients and deaths correlated with the population size with a CC of 0.6667 and 0.7074 respectively, and was proportional to the population size to the power of 1.65 and 1.54. The prevalence of AAT deficiency also correlated with the epidemiological pattern of COVID-19. In countries with high prevalence of AAT deficiency, after the initial rise, the daily number of patients and that of deaths ran parallel at a high level for more than 6 months without sign of abatement. In countries with a low prevalence of AAT deficiency, after the first wave of the epidemic, the number of the deaths decreased continuously while the number of patients remained the same or even increased resulting in a decreasing case-fatality rate. When the cumulative number of deaths was plotted on the y-axis against the cumulative number of patients on the x-axis, plots fell on a straight line in countries with a high prevalence of AAT deficiency; while in countries with a low prevalence of AAT deficiency, a break appeared, after which the plots fell on flatter slope indicating decreasing case-fatality rate. The observation suggests emergence of an attenuated variant in countries with a low prevalence of AAT deficiency.

Decreased Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 in the Second Wave: A study in 53 countries or regions.

The raw case fatality rate (CFR, the reported number of COVID-19 deaths divided by the total number of cases) is an important indicator to quantify the severity or treatment efficacy. In many countries, the pandemic had experienced two waves to date. To our knowledge, no studies have compared the CFR between the two waves. In this work, we reported the CFR of 53 countries or regions with the highest COVID-19 death tolls. Of them, 43 had lower CFR estimates in the ongoing second wave than in the first wave. We discussed the possible reasons. Also, we compared the two-wave pattern of COVID-19 with those of influenza. Influenza activities in the pre-pandemic era provided an indicator for seasonality of climate in a country. The sharp drop in influenza activities in 2020 could an indicator of the effects of social distancing.

Impact of public health initiatives on acute coronary syndrome fatality rates in Portugal

Introduction and ObjectiveEvery year cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes 3.9 million deaths in Europe. Portugal has implemented a set of public health policies to tackle CVD mortality: a smoking ban in 2008, a salt reduction regulation in 2010 and the coronary fast-track system (FTS) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 2007. Our goal in this study was to analyze the impact of these three public health policies in reducing case-fatality rates from ACS between 2000 and 2016. MethodsThe impact of these policies on monthly ACS case-fatalities was assessed by creating individual models for each of the initiatives and implementing multiple linear regression analysis, using standard methods for interrupted time series. We also implemented segmented regression analysis to test which year showed a significant difference in the case-fatality slopes. ResultsSeparate modeling showed that the smoking ban (beta=-0.861, p=0.050) and the FTS (beta=-1.27, p=0.003) had an immediate impact after implementation, but did not have a significant impact on ACS trends. The salt reduction regulation did not have a significant impact. For the segmented model, we found significant differences between case-fatality trends before and after 2009, with rates before 2009 showing a steeper decrease. ConclusionsThe smoking ban and the FTS led to an immediate decrease in case-fatality rates; however, after 2009 no major decrease in case-fatality trends was found. Coronary heart disease constitutes an immense public health problem and it remains essential for decision-makers, public health authorities and the cardiology community to keep working to reduce ACS mortality rates.

Decreasing case fatality rate following invasive pneumococcal disease, North East England, 2006-2016.

Declining mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been observed concurrent with a reduced incidence due to effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. However, with IPD now increasing due to serotype replacement, we undertook a statistical analysis to estimate the trend in all-cause 30-day case fatality rate (CFR) in the North East of England (NEE) following IPD. Clinical, microbiological and demographic data were obtained for all laboratory-confirmed IPD cases (April 2006-March 2016) and the adjusted association between CFR and epidemiological year estimated using logistic regression. Of the 2510 episodes of IPD included in the analysis, 486 died within 30 days of IPD (CFR 19%). Increasing age, male sex, a diagnosis of septicaemia, being in ⩾1 clinical risk groups, alcohol abuse and individual serotypes were independently associated with increased CFR. A significant decline in CFR over time was observed following adjustment for these significant predictors (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.89-0.98; P = 0.003). A small but significant decline in 30-day all-cause CFR following IPD has been observed in the NEE. Nonetheless, certain population groups remain at increased risk of dying following IPD. Despite the introduction of effective vaccines, further strategies to reduce the ongoing burden of mortality from IPD are needed.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in hospitalised children from Lima, Peru before and after introduction of the 7-valent conjugated vaccine.

The objective of this study was to determine the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) strains in children from Lima, Peru, before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), which was introduced in the national immunisation program on 2009. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, passive surveillance IPD study during 2006-2008 and 2009-2011, before and right after the introduction of PCV7 in Peru. The study was performed in 11 hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients &lt;18 years old, with sterile site cultures yielding Streptococcus pneumoniae. In total 159 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. There was a decrease in the incidence of IPD in children &lt;2 years old after the introduction of PCV7 (18.4/100 000 vs. 5.1/100 000, P = 0.004). Meningitis cases decreased significantly in the second period (P = 0.036) as well as the overall case fatality rate (P = 0.025), including a decreased case fatality rate of pneumonia (16.3% to 0%, P = 0.04). PCV7 serotypes showed a downward trend. Vaccine-preventable serotypes caused 78.9% of IPD cases, mainly 14, 6B, 5, 19F and 23F. A non-significant increase in erythromycin resistance was reported. Our findings suggest that the introduction of PCV7 led to a significant decrease of IPD in children under 2 years old and in the overall case fatality rate.

Decomposition analysis of the effects of vehicle safety technologies on the motor vehicle collision–related mortality rate from 1994 to 2015

Objective: Though the mortality rate for motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) has been decreasing since the 1960s with the advent of the first federal seat belt laws in 1968, MVC remains a leading cause of death for individuals aged 1 to 44 years. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of frontal (FABs) and side airbags (SABs) and electronic stability control (ESC) on the components of the MVC mortality rate.Methods: The MVC mortality rate from 1994 to 2015 was separated into its components of exposure of vehicles, exposure of travel, collision density, injury incidence, and case fatality rate. Year was categorized on the availability of safety technology in vehicles: 1994–1997 (first-generation FABs mandated), 1998–2001 (sled-certified, second-generation FABs mandated), 2002–2006 (increasing prevalence of SABs and ESC), 2007–2011 (advanced airbags mandated), and 2012–2015 (ESC mandated, SAB in over 90% of vehicles, introduction of advanced safety systems). Relative contributions (RCs) of the components to changes in the MVC-related mortality rate were calculated as the absolute value of the component’s beta coefficient divided by the sum of the absolute values of all components’ beta coefficients. Negative binomial regression–estimated rate ratios (RRs) for the changes in the rate of each component by year category compared to the prior year category.Results: Significant decreases in the MVC mortality rate were observed for 2007–2011 and 2012–2015. The decrease in 2007–2011 was due in most part to an 18% decrease in the injury incidence (RR = 0.82, P < .0001, RC = 63%), though there was a noted contribution by the decrease in vehicle miles traveled (RR = 0.95, P < .0001, RC = 15%). The continued decrease in mortality in 2012–2015 was due is most part to the 10% decreased case fatality rate (RR = 0.90, P < .0001, RC = 66%) because there was no significant change in the vehicle miles traveled and injury incidence.Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the effects of vehicle safety technologies on the MVC-related mortality rate and can help direct prevention efforts. Through the study period, there was no meaningful contribution to decreases in the MVC-related mortality rate due to components related to exposure (i.e., vehicles per population and the rate of vehicle miles traveled), suggesting that prevention efforts at decreasing exposure prevalence would have little effect on the MVC-related mortality rate. Instead, prevention efforts should continue to focus on event-phase methods to decrease injury occurrence and mitigate injury severity during the collision.

Trends of Neonatal Mortality in context of Case Overload in Al - Alwyia Pediatric Teaching Hospital at Baghdad during 2005-2012

Background: Data on the impact of neonatal and total pediatric admissions volume on neonatal mortality are sparse. Objectives: This study is done to estimate the neonatal mortality in relation to neonatal admissions and to total hospital admissions in Al-Alwyia Pediatric Teaching Hospital through years 2005-2012 Type of the study: A retrospective study.Methods: statistical records of all cases admitted to APTH were studied during 2005-2012.Results: Neonatal mortality decreased to the nadir at last year of study period (2012) and reached 6.1% of neonatal admissions compared to 2005 level which was 9.7 %. Mortality rate among premature and low birth weight (LBW) infants decreased also. The study also reveals that neonatal mortality constitute significant a contribution to childhood mortality (61.4 %) and morbidity (28.3%) throughout the study years. With a highly significant p value parallel to increasing number of neonatal admissions (case over load) , there is a trend of neonatal mortality rate to be decreased Case fatality rate also decreased among overall children to 3.5% in 2005 and to 3.3% in 2013 in spite of 2.4 times increase in neonatal admission during the study period.This neonatal overload is more than overall pediatric over load, because the total hospital admissions are increased just 1.2 times.Conclusions: The neonatal admissions case overload is high and increasing and constitutes a significant proportion of total childhood mortality. Neonatal mortality including premature and (LBW) infants is decreasing .Further actions are needed to meet global goals.

Epidemiology and outcome of sepsis in adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a Norwegian county 1993-2011: an observational study.

BackgroundInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are however few longitudinal studies on the changes in case fatality rate of IPD in recent years. We carried out a prospective observational study of patients with IPD in Nord Trøndelag county in Norway from 1993 to 2011 to study the clinical variables and disease outcome. The main outcome was all-cause mortality after 30 and 90 days.MethodsPatients with positive blood cultures were registered prospectively by the microbiology laboratory and clinical variables were registered retrospectively from patients’ hospital records. The severity of sepsis was assigned according to the 2001 International Sepsis Definition Conference criteria. The association between mortality and predictive factors was studied using a logistic regression model.ResultsThe total number of patients was 414 with mean age of 67 years and 53 % were male. Comorbidity was assessed by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). A CCI-score of 0 was registered in 144 patients (34.8 %), whereas 190 had a score of 1–2 (45.9 %) and 80 (19.3 %) had a score ≥3. 68.8 % of the patients received appropriate antibiotics within the first 6 h. The 30-day mortality risk increased by age and was 3-fold higher for patients aged ≥80 years (24.9, 95 % CI 16.4–33.4 %) compared to patients aged <70 (8.0, 95 % CI 3.5–12.4 %). 110 patients, (26.6 %) had severe sepsis and 37 (8.9 %) had septic shock. The 30 day all-cause mortality risk for those with sepsis without organ failure was 5.4 % (95 % CI 2.7–8.0 %), 20.2 % (95 % CI 13.5–27.4 %) for those with severe sepsis and 35.0 % (95 % CI 21.6–49.0 %) for those with septic shock. The mortality risk did not differ between the first and the second halves of the study period with a 30-day mortality risk of 13.5 % (95 % CI 7.9–19.2 %) for 1993–2002 versus 11.8 % (95 % CI 8.2–15.3 %) for 2003–2011.ConclusionIPD carries a high mortality despite early and appropriate antibiotics in most cases. We found no substantial decrease in case fatality rate during the study period of 18 years. Older age and higher severity of disease were important risk factors for death in IPD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1553-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Feasibility and efficacy of gentamicin for treating neonatal sepsis in community-based settings: a systematic review.

Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries. The current recommended in-hospital treatment is parenteral ampicillin (or penicillin) and gentamicin in young infants for 10- 14 days; however, very few could access and afford. The current review is to evaluate the feasibility of gentamicin in community based settings. Both observational and randomized controlled trials were included. Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Central Trial Register of India were searched until September 2013. We assessed the risk of bias by Cochrane Collaboration's "risk of bias" tool. Two observational studies indicated feasibility ensuring coverage of population, decrease in case fatality rate in the group treated by community health workers. In an RCT, no significant difference was observed in the treatment failure rates [odds ratio (OR)=0.88], and the mortality in the first and second week (OR=1.53; OR=2.24) between gentamicin and ceftriaxone groups. Within the gentamicin group, the combination of penicillin and gentamicin showed a lower rate of treatment failure (OR=0.44) and mortality at second week of life (OR=0.17) as compared to the combination of gentamicin and oral cotrimoxazole. Gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis is both feasible and effective in community-based settings and can be used as an alternative to the hospitalbased care in resource compromised settings. But there was less evidence in the management of neonatal sepsis in hospitals as was seen in this review in which we included only one RCT and three observational studies.