Decreased Body Fat Mass Research Articles

The Mechanism by Which Safflower Yellow Decreases Body Fat Mass and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in HFD-Induced Obese Mice.

Objectives: Safflower yellow (SY) is the main effective ingredient of Carthamus tinctorius L. It has been reported that SY plays an important role in anti-inflammation, anti-platelet aggregation, and inhibiting thrombus formation. In present study, we try to investigate the effects of SY on body weight, body fat mass, insulin sensitivity in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.Methods: HFD-induced obese male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with SY (120 mg kg−1) daily. Eight weeks later, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were performed, and body weight, body fat mass, serum insulin levels were measured. The expression of glucose and lipid metabolic related genes in white adipose tissue (WAT) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blot technologies.Results: The administration obese mice with SY significantly reduced the body fat mass of HFD-induced obese mice (P < 0.05). IPITT test showed that the insulin sensitivity of SY treated obese mice were evidently improved. The mRNA levels of insulin signaling pathway related genes including insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS1), PKB protein kinase (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and forkhead box protein O1(FOXO1) in mesenteric WAT of SY treated mice were significantly increased to 1.9- , 2.8- , 3.3- , and 5.9-folds of that in HFD-induced control obese mice, respectively (P < 0.05). The protein levels of AKT and GSK3β were also significantly increased to 3.0 and 5.2-folds of that in HFD-induced control obese mice, respectively (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, both the mRNA and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) in inguinal subcutaneous WAT of SY group were notably increased to 2.5 and 3.0-folds of that in HFD-induced control obese mice (P < 0.05).Conclusions: SY significantly reduce the body fat mass, fasting blood glucose and increase insulin sensitivity of HFD-induced obese mice. The possible mechanism is to promote the browning of subcutaneous WAT and activate the IRS1/AKT/GSK3β pathway in visceral WAT. Our study provides an important experimental evidence for developing SY as a potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic drug.

Swimming exercise increases serum irisin level and reduces body fat mass in high-fat-diet fed Wistar rats.

BackgroundIt has been shown that irisin levels are reduced in skeletal muscle and plasma of obese rats; however, the effect of exercise training on irisin level remains controversial. We aim to evaluate the association of swimming exercise with serum irisin level and other obesity-associated parameters.MethodsForty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: a normal diet and sedentary group (ND group), normal diet and exercise group (NDE group), high-fat diet and sedentary group (HFD group), and high-fat diet and exercise group (HFDE group. After 8 consecutive weeks of swimming exercise, fat mass and serum irisin level was determined.ResultsHigher serum irisin levels were detected in the HFDE group (1.15 ± 0.28 μg/L) and NDE group (1.76 ± 0.17 μg/L) than in the HFD group (0.84 ± 0.23 μg/L) or the ND group (1.24 ± 0.29 μg/L), respectively (HFDE group vs. HFD group, P < 0.05; NDE group vs. ND group, P < 0.01). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that serum irisin level negatively correlated with TG level (r = −0.771, P < 0.05), percentage fat mass (r = −0.68, P < 0.05), fat mass (r = −0.576, P < 0.05), visceral fat mass (r = −0.439, P < 0.05) and TC level (r = −0.389, P < 0.05). The fat mass, visceral fat mass and percentage fat mass were lower in the HFDE group than the HFD group (all P values < 0.01).ConclusionSwimming exercise decreases body fat mass in high-fat-fed Wistar rats, which may be attributable to elevated irisin levels induced by swimming exercise.

The metabolic response to a high-fat diet reveals obesity-prone and -resistant phenotypes in mice with distinct mRNA-seq transcriptome profiles.

The aim of this study was to explore the phenotypic differences underpinning obesity susceptibility or resistance based on the metabolic and transcriptional profiling of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mice were fed either a normal diet or HFD for 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, the mice on HFD were classified as either obesity-prone (OP) or obesity-resistant (OR) depending on the body weight gain. Lipid profiles from plasma and liver significantly improved in OR mice relative to the OP group. Energy expenditure was greater in OR mice than in OP mice, with a simultaneous decrease in body fat mass. Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver were enlarged in OP mice (with visible immune-cell infiltration), but these effects were attenuated in OR mice compared with OP mice. Overall glucose metabolism was enhanced in OR mice compared with OP mice, including homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucokinase activity and hepatic glycogen. Plasma adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated in OP mice, and these changes were attenuated in OR mice. Transcriptomic profiles of eWAT and liver revealed common and divergent patterns of transcriptional changes in OP and OR mice, and pointed to differential metabolic phenotypes of OP and OR mice. There were substantial differences between OP and OR mice in molecular pathways, including atherosclerosis signaling, sperm motility, cAMP-mediated signaling in eWAT; and fibrosis, agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, and atherosclerosis signaling in liver. Taken altogether, the results provide robust evidence of major divergence in the transcriptomes, phenotypes and metabolic processes between obesity susceptibility and obesity resistance in the HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice.

Lower hepatic iron storage associated with obesity in mice can be restored by decreasing body fat mass through feeding a low fat diet

Previously, we showed that high fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity resulted in lower hepatic iron storage. To further investigate the effect of diet‐induced increase in adiposity on hepatic iron storage level and determine whether these obesity‐related changes could be reversed by decreasing fat mass through feeding a low fat diet, we compared hepatic iron levels in HFD‐induced obese mice after their diets were switched to a low fat diet with those continued to be fed HFD. Five‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups – LL group was fed control diet containing 10% kcal fat for 31 weeks, HH group was fed HFD containing 60% kcal fat for 31 weeks, and HL group was fed HFD for the first 15 weeks and switched to the control diet for the following 16 weeks. Fat mass and lean body mass were measured by MRI at 14th and 30th weeks. To assess the hepatic iron storage, total iron content was measured by ICP‐MS and ferritin protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. mRNA levels of hepatic hepcidin (Hamp) (the key factor which regulates body iron level) and hepatic and duodenal BMP‐6 (Bmp6) (a signaling molecule known to affect hepcidin expression) were determined by real time PCR. Body weights were significantly different among groups (35.8 ± 1.9 g, 40.6 ± 1.3 g, 63.1 ± 1.5 g in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively). Fat mass was significantly different among groups (11.4 ± 2.0 g, 15.8 ± 1.0 g, 37.5 ± 1.1 g in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively). Fat mass of HL group decreased from 19.0 ± 1.1 g at 14th wk to 15.8 ± 1.0 g at 30th wk. Total hepatic iron content of HL group was similar to that of LL group, which was about 30% higher than that of HH group (74.2 ± 7.5 μg/g tissue, 72.7 ± 2.6 μg/g tissue, 55.7 ± 3.8 μg/g tissue in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively, p&lt;0.05). Liver ferritin protein levels were similar in LL and HL groups, and significantly lower in HH group. These measures of iron status were significantly negatively correlated with body fat mass (r=−0.627, p&lt;0.01 for liver iron content, r=−0.687, p&lt;0.001 for ferritin). Liver Hamp mRNA level was not statistically different among groups. Liver Bmp6 expression was not significantly different among groups. In duodenum, however, Bmp6 mRNA level was significantly lower in HH group than LL and HL groups (p&lt;0.01). Duodenal Bmp6 mRNA levels showed positive correlation with hepatic iron content (r=0.564, p&lt;0.05) and hepatic Hamp expression (r=0.517, p&lt;0.05). In summary, hepatic iron storage level is closely related to body adiposity. Reducing body fat mass through feeding a lower fat diet to HFD‐induced obese mice restores liver iron storage by lowering duodenal Bmp6 mRNA levels.Support or Funding InformationSupported by research funds through the Research Institute of Human Ecology (RIHE) in Seoul National University and USDA contract #58‐1950‐0‐014.

Changes of body composition and circulating adipokines in response to Nigella sativa oil with a calorie restricted diet in obese women

AimAdipose tissue is an active endocrine organ with a key role in metabolic regulation and hormonal signaling. This study determined the effects of Nigella sativa (NS) oil with a low-calorie diet on body composition and adipokine levels in obese women. MethodIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial, 50 obese women were recruited. The participants were randomly divided into an NS oil group (n=25) and a placebo group (n=25), and each group received either a low-calorie diet with 3g/day NS oil or a low-calorie diet with 3g/day placebo for 8 weeks. Body composition and biochemical parameters were measured at the baseline and at the end of the trial. ResultsAll 50 participants completed the trial. The participants reported no serious side effects, and the liver enzymes did not change significantly after the intervention. Mean BMI of the participants was 32.0±1.5kg/m2 at the baseline. NS oil decreased body fat mass (−9.5 vs. −2.9%; p<0.01) and insulin levels (−29.3 vs. −8.6%; p=0.04) and increased adiponectin levels (87.5 vs. 39.4%; p=0.03) in the NS oil group compared to the placebo group after 8 weeks. At the end of the study, changes in BMI, insulin sensitivity, and the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ were not significant. ConclusionNS oil supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet can modulate hormone secretion and body composition in obese women. However, more studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of NS oil as an adjunct therapy for obesity management.

Diet and diet combined with chronic aerobic exercise decreases body fat mass and alters plasma and adipose tissue inflammatory markers in obese women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 months aerobic exercise and diet alone or in combination on markers of inflammation (MOI) in circulation and in adipose abdominal tissue (AT) in obese women. Thirty obese subjects were randomized into a 24-week intervention: (1) exercise (EX), (2) diet (DI), and (3) exercise and diet (EXD). Blood samples were collected at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks. AT biopsies were obtained only at baseline and after 24 weeks. In the EXD and DI groups, the fat loss was after 12 weeks was −13.74 and −7.8 % (P < 0.01) and after 24 weeks was −21.82 and −17 % (P < 0.01) with no changes in the EX group. After 12 and 24 weeks, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was increased by 21.81–39.54 % (P < 0.05) in the EXD group and 18.09–40.95 % in the EX group with no changes in the DI group. In the EXD and DI groups, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were decreased after 24 weeks for both groups (P < 0.01). No changes in the EX group. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance decreased (P < 0.05) only after 24 weeks in the EXD group. In AT biopsies, subjects in the EXD and DI groups exhibited a significant decrease in MO (P < 0.01 for all). No changes in AT biopsies were found in the EX group. In conclusion, chronic aerobic exercise was found to have no effects on circulating and AT MOI despite an increased VO2max. Rather important body composition modifications were found to have beneficial effects on circulating and AT MOI in these obese women.

Effects of Twenty Days of the Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic and Respiratory Parameters in Healthy Subjects.

The effects of the ketogenic diet (KD) on weight loss, metabolic, and respiratory parameters were investigated in healthy subjects. Thirty-two healthy subjects were randomized into two groups. The KD group followed a ketogenic diet for 20 days (KD t 0-t 20), then switched to a low-carbohydrate, no-ketogenic diet for 20 days (KD t 20-t 40), and finally was on a Mediterranean diet (MD) for 2 more months (KD t 40-t 2m). The MD group followed a MD for 20 days (MD t 0-t 20), then followed a MD of 1400 kcal over the next 20 days (MD t 20-t 40), and completed the study with the MD for 2 months (MD t 40-t 2m). Body weight, body fat, respiratory rate, and respiratory gas parameters (including respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and carbon dioxide end-tidal partial pressure (PETCO2), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and resting energy expenditure (REE)) were measured at each point. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in RER was observed after 20 and 40 days in the KD group, but not in the MD group. In the KD group, significant reductions were observed for both carbon dioxide output and PETCO2, however, there was no significant change in VO2, VCO2, and REE. While both diets significantly decreased body fat mass, the KD diet overall proved to have a higher percentage of fat loss versus the MD diet. The KD may significantly decrease carbon dioxide body stores, which may theoretically be beneficial for patients with increased carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure due to respiratory insufficiency or failure.

Anti-obesity effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BackgroundObesity is a major health problem. A food field research that has recently aroused considerable interest is the potential of natural products to counteract obesity. Yerba Mate may be helpful in reducing body weight and fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of Yerba Mate supplementation in Korean subjects with obesity.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Subjects with obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 but < 35 kg/m2 and waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.90 for men and ≥ 0.85 for women) were given oral supplements of Yerba Mate capsules (n = 15) or placebos (n = 15) for 12 weeks. Subjects take three capsules per each meal, total three times in a day (3 g/day). Measured outcomes were efficacy (abdominal fat distribution, anthropometric parameters and blood lipid profiles) and safety (adverse events, laboratory test results and vital signs).ResultsDuring 12 weeks of Yerba Mate supplementation, decreases in body fat mass (P = 0.036) and percent body fat (P = 0.030) compared to the placebo group were statistically significant. WHR was significantly decreased (P = 0.004) in the Yerba Mate group compared to the placebo group. No clinically significant changes in any safety parameters were observed.ConclusionsYerba Mate supplementation decreased body fat mass, percent body fat and WHR. Yerba Mate was a potent anti-obesity reagent that did not produce significant adverse effects. These results suggested that Yerba Mate supplementation may be effective for treating obese individuals.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: (NCT01778257)Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0859-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

IMPACT OF IMPROVED FAT-MEAT PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MARKERS AND NUTRIENT INTAKES OF MALE VOLUNTEERS AT INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK.

meat products have been recognized to be adequate matrix for incorporating functional ingredients. The impact of meat products formulated by replacing animal fat with a combination of olive, linseed and fish oils on energy and nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements were tested in a non-randomized-controlled- sequential study. eighteen male volunteers at high-CVD risk consumed weekly 200 g frankfurters and 250 g pâtés during three 4-wk periods (reduced fat (RF); n3-enriched- RF (n-3RF), and normal fat (NF)), separated by 4-wk washout. Energy and nutrient intakes, healthy eating index (HEI), and anthropometric changes were evaluated. body fat mass rate-of-change and the waist/ hip ratio significantly differs (p = 0.018 and p = 0.031, respectively) between periods, decreasing body fat mass, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in RF period and increasing body fat mass in NF one (all p = 0.05). Significant inverse correlations were observed between rate- of-change of BMI and ideal body weight with dietary carbohydrate/SFA ratio in n-3RF period (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006, respectively). Initial diets presented low HEIs (means < 60). Carbohydrate, fat and protein energy contribution was 40%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. More than 33% of volunteers did not initially cover 70% of several minerals and vitamins RDAs. Product consumption improved dietary Zn, Ca, retinol equivalent, folate and vitamin B12 contents in all periods, and ameliorated n-3 PUFA contents and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio over the n-3RF period. improved-fat meat products appear as functional foods for overweight/obeses since their consumption improved selected body-fat markers, without affecting HEI, macronutrient and energy but their n-3 PUFA and n6/n3 ratio intakes.

The mediating effect of body mass index on the relationship between cigarette smoking and atopic sensitization in Chinese adults.

Background: It is unclear whether the relationship between cigarette smoking and atopy is mediated by body fat mass, such as the Body Mass Index (BMI). We assessed the mediating role of BMI on the relationship between smoking and atopy in Chinese adults. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study of 786 atopic cases and 2771 controls was conducted in adults aged 18 years or older from March 2010 to September 2014 in Harbin, China. Mediation models were used to estimate the indirect effects of smoking on atopic sensitization through BMI. Results: Compared to non-smokers, light smokers and moderate smokers had a lower risk of inhalant allergen sensitization. The indirect effect of smoking and sensitization to aeroallergens were only observed in light smokers (point estimate, −0.026; 95% CI, −0.062 to −0.004). The mediating roles of BMI on the relationships between smoking and other types of allergic sensitization were not statistically significant. Conclusion: BMI appeared to partially mediate the effect of light smoking on sensitization to aeroallergens. However, considering the other harmful health effects of cigarette smoking, the effective method to lower the incidence of atopy would be to decrease body fat mass by physical exercise and employing other more healthy ways of living rather than smoking.

Effects of taurine supplementation on adipose tissue of obese trained rats.

Physical exercise is related to the decrease in body fat mass, while taurine supplementation can increase energy expenditure and the function of lipolytic enzymes and may decrease adipocyte size, reflecting an improvement from obesity treatment. However, a possible additive effect of physical exercise and taurine supplementation on white adipose tissue has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation on adipose tissue of trained obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with control or high-fat diet to induce obesity during 11 weeks and were divided into four groups: sedentary (SD); sedentary and taurine supplemented (SDTAU; supplemented with taurine after 3 weeks of high-fat diet diet); trained (TR; initiated the training program after 3 weeks of high-fat diet); trained and taurine supplemented (TRTAU; initiated the taurine supplementation and the training program after 3 weeks of high-fat diet). The animals were submitted to exercise training for 8 weeks and performance was analyzed at the beginning of week 4 and at the end of week 11. The epididymal tissue was extracted and weighed before and after taurine supplementation. Adipocyte sizes were analyzed and computed tomography was used to evaluate total body area and visceral fat area.

Effects of an energy-restricted diet rich in plant-derived α-linolenic acid on systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits.

Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of CVD, possibly by decreasing systemic inflammation and improving endothelial function. In the present study, the effects of a hypoenergetic diet rich in ALA (3·4g/d) on the biomarkers of systemic inflammation and vascular function were investigated in eighty-one overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits in comparison with a hypoenergetic diet low in ALA (0·9g/d, control). After a 6-month dietary intervention, there were significant decreases in the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) and asymmetric dimethylarginine in both dietary groups. However, no inter-group differences were observed for all these changes. The serum concentration of YKL-40 (human cartilage glycoprotein 39 or chitinase-3-like protein 1) decreased after the ALA diet when compared with the control diet (P<0·05 for time×treatment interaction). Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen did not significantly change in the two dietary groups. The decreases in the serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, CRP and YKL-40 were significantly correlated with the decreases in body fat mass. In conclusion, the present study indicates that in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits, both vascular function and inflammation are improved during body-weight loss. The high ALA intake led to a more pronounced reduction in the serum concentration of YKL-40 compared with the intake of the low-ALA control diet, indicating the existence of independent favourable physiological effects of ALA during weight loss.

Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than aerobic training in obese adolescents

The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic plus resistance training (AT + RT) is more effective than aerobic training (AT) at reducing inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents. A total of 139 obese adolescents were enrolled, aged 15–19 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile and participated in 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention. They were randomised into two groups: AT (n = 55), AT + RT (n = 61). Blood samples were collected to analyse glycaemia, insulin, the lipid profile, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). The AT + RT group showed better results with regard to decreased body fat mass, low-density lipoprotein concentration (LDL-c) levels, subcutaneous and visceral fat and increased body lean mass. Indeed, a reduction of hyperleptinaemia and an increase in adiponectin concentrations, promoting an improvement in the leptin/adiponectin ratio, was observed. Important clinical parameters were improved in both types of exercise; however, AT + RT was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than AT alone, suggesting clinical applications for the control of intra-abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in the paediatric population.

Running sprint interval training induces fat loss in women

Data on whether sprint interval training (SIT) (repeated supermaximal intensity, short-duration exercise) affects body composition are limited, and the data that are available suggest that men respond more favourably than do women. Moreover, most SIT data involve cycling exercise, and running may differ because of the larger muscle mass involved. Further, running is a more universal exercise type. This study assessed whether running SIT can alter body composition (air displacement plethysmography), waist circumference, maximal oxygen consumption, peak running speed, and (or) the blood lipid profile. Fifteen recreationally active women (age, 22.9 ± 3.6 years; height, 163.9 ± 5.1 cm; mass, 60.8 ± 5.2 kg) completed 6 weeks of running SIT (4 to 6, 30-s "all-out" sprints on a self-propelled treadmill separated by 4 min of rest performed 3 times per week). Training decreased body fat mass by 8.0% (15.1 ± 3.6 to 13.9 ± 3.4 kg, P = 0.002) and waist circumference by 3.5% (80.1 ± 4.2 to 77.3 ± 4.4 cm, P = 0.048), whereas it increased fat-free mass by 1.3% (45.7 ± 3.5 to 46.3 ± 2.9 kg, P = 0.05), maximal oxygen consumption by 8.7% (46 ± 5 to 50 ± 6 mL/(kg·min), P = 0.004), and peak running speed by 4.8% (16.6 ± 1.7 to 17.4 ± 1.4 km/h, P = 0.026). There were no differences in food intake assessed by 3-day food records (P > 0.329) or in blood lipids (P > 0.595), except for a slight decrease in high-density lipoprotein concentration (1.34 ± 0.28 to 1.24 ± 0.24 mmol/L, P = 0.034). Running SIT is a time-efficient strategy for decreasing body fat while increasing aerobic capacity, peak running speed, and fat-free mass in healthy young women.

Thermogenic properties of Yunnan red-backed voles (Eothenomys miletus) from the Hengduan mountain region

Environmental cues, including photoperiod and temperature, play important roles in the adjusting of physiology and behavior in small mammals. In order to determine the contributions of short photoperiod and cold temperatures to seasonal changes in body mass and thermogenesis in Eothenomys miletus, body mass as well as several physiological, hormonal, and biochemical markers (indicative of thermogenic capacity) were examined in seasonally-acclimatized and lab-acclimated animals. Hereby we test our hypothesis that E. miletus can adjust body mass and thermogenesis capacity to survival in winter or short photoperiod and cold temperatures. The results showed that E. miletus adapted to winter by decreasing body mass, and this change was mimicked by exposing animals to cold temperatures and short photoperiod in the lab. E. miletus increased energy intake and thermogenesis and decreased body fat mass and serum leptin levels in winter or under cold temperatures, but not under short photoperiod. Protein contents and uncoupling protein 1 contents of brown adipose tissue increased significantly in winter or at cold temperatures, but not under short photoperiod. Together, these data suggest that the observed physiological regulations from the organismal, hormonal levels to the cellular level of E. miletus are critically important and allow E. miletus to successfully overcome the physiological challenges of a cold environment in winter by increasing thermogenic capacity, energy intake and decreasing body mass and body fat mass. It seems that E. miletus is more sensitive to cold temperatures and leptin may play a potential role in seasonal regulation of body mass and thermogenesis.

The influence of dietary composition and sugar intakes on weight status among adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Introduction: Changes of food intake and physical activity during Ramadan fasting and on post Idul Fitri celebration day may affect body composition and fitness. This research was conducted on Yonkav 4 Tank company members, part of a combat unit, expected to be consistently ready for combat and physically fit. Method: This descriptive, longitudinal research was carried out involving companymembers, 20—29 years of age. Measurement and interviews were conducted at the end of Ramadan fasting, on the Idul Fitri day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after Idul Fitri. Data collected were then analysed to assess the differences between the end of Ramadan fasting and after Idul Fitri. Result: Based on data analysis, it was found that there was an increase on: total energy intake (p = 0.004) but the biggest increase was in 1 week after Idul Fitri (p = 0.007), physical activity (p < 0.01) and body mass index (p < 0.01). But there was a decrease in percentage energy intake of carbohydrate and the biggest was found in 1 week after Idul Fitri in contrast to percentage energy intake of fat, which was found to have increased (p = 0.000). Besides, there was also a decrease in body fat mass between the end of Ramadan fasting and 3 weeks after Idul Fitri. Whereas regarding fitness, there was no significant difference between the end of Ramadan fasting and after Idul Fitri (p = 0.167). Conclusion: On the basis of the findings, it is recommended that Yonkav 4 Tank company members fast during the first week of Shawwal.

Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns fat to produce heat when the body is exposed to cold and plays a role in energy metabolism. Using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography and computed tomography, we previously reported that BAT decreases with age and thereby accelerates age-related accumulation of body fat in humans. Thus, the recruitment of BAT may be effective for body fat reduction. In this study, we examined the effects of repeated stimulation by cold and capsinoids (nonpungent capsaicin analogs) in healthy human subjects with low BAT activity. Acute cold exposure at 19°C for 2 hours increased energy expenditure (EE). Cold-induced increments of EE (CIT) strongly correlated with BAT activity independently of age and fat-free mass. Daily 2-hour cold exposure at 17°C for 6 weeks resulted in a parallel increase in BAT activity and CIT and a concomitant decrease in body fat mass. Changes in BAT activity and body fat mass were negatively correlated. Similarly, daily ingestion of capsinoids for 6 weeks increased CIT. These results demonstrate that human BAT can be recruited even in individuals with decreased BAT activity, thereby contributing to body fat reduction.

Diet and Diet Combined with Chronic Aerobic Exercise Decreases Body Fat Mass and Alters Plasma and Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 months aerobic exercise and diet alone or in combination on markers of inflammation (MOI) in circulation and in adipose abdominal tissue (AT) in obese women. Thirty obese subjects were randomized into a 24-week intervention: (1) exercise (EX), (2) diet (DI), and (3) exercise and diet (EXD). Blood samples were collected at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks. AT biopsies were obtained only at baseline and after 24 weeks. In the EXD and DI groups, the fat loss was after 12 weeks was -13.74 and -7.8 % (P < 0.01) and after 24 weeks was -21.82 and -17 % (P < 0.01) with no changes in the EX group. After 12 and 24 weeks, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was increased by 21.81-39.54 % (P < 0.05) in the EXD group and 18.09-40.95 % in the EX group with no changes in the DI group. In the EXD and DI groups, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were decreased after 24 weeks for both groups (P < 0.01). No changes in the EX group. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance decreased (P < 0.05) only after 24 weeks in the EXD group. In AT biopsies, subjects in the EXD and DI groups exhibited a significant decrease in MO (P < 0.01 for all). No changes in AT biopsies were found in the EX group. In conclusion, chronic aerobic exercise was found to have no effects on circulating and AT MOI despite an increased VO2max. Rather important body composition modifications were found to have beneficial effects on circulating and AT MOI in these obese women.

P02-19 Auxology, GH-IGF-I status and response to rhGH in 3-M syndrome

and has prompted research into alternative approaches to GH treatment. NNC0195–0092 is a hGH derivative conjugated with an albumin binding moiety. The in vivo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of NNC195–0092 have been studied in hypophysectomised rats, mini-pigs and cynomolgus monkeys. NNC0195–0092 induced a dose-dependent increase in body weight of hypophysectomised rats and increase in plasma IGF-I levels in rats, mini-pigs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Multiple once weekly dosing of hypophysectomised rats with NNC195–0092 induced a step-wise increase in body weight with an initial linear growth the first 3–4 days in each dosing interval. During the 28 days study period with 4 once weekly doses of NNC195–0092, body weight was increased by 52% compared to a vehicle control group. The IGF-I levels increased after each dose and returned to the same trough level in each dosing interval. Significant increases in body lean mass, tibia bone mineral content, and tibia cortical thickness were observed together with a decrease in body fat mass compared to a vehicle control group. Pharmacokinetics in all three species has indicated a 1. order absorption from the subcutaneous tissue after a s.c. injection and a non-linear elimination. Apparent terminal half-lives of 5–6 hours in rats, 10–12 hours in mini-pigs, and 17–20 hours in monkeys have been observed. The bioavailability was estimated to 39% in rats, 36 % in mini-pigs, and 69 % in monkeys. In conclusion, once weekly s.c. administration of NNC0195– 0092 exhibit pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties indicating that NNC195–0092 is a potential once weekly growth hormone candidate.

A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women

BackgroundVitamin D concentrations are linked to body composition indices, particularly body fat mass. Relationships between hypovitaminosis D and obesity, described by both BMI and waist circumference, have been mentioned. We have investigated the effect of a 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation on anthropometric indices in healthy overweight and obese women.MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, seventy-seven participants (age 38±8.1 years, BMI 29.8±4.1 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into two groups: vitamin D (25 μg per day as cholecalciferol) and placebo (25 μg per day as lactose) for 12 weeks. Body weight, height, waist, hip, fat mass, 25(OH) D, iPTH, and dietary intakes were measured before and after the intervention.ResultsSerum 25(OH)D significantly increased in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (38.2±32.7 nmol/L vs. 4.6±14.8 nmol/L; P<0.001) and serum iPTH concentrations were decreased by vitamin D3 supplementation (-0.26±0.57 pmol/L vs. 0.27±0.56 pmol/L; P<0.001). Supplementation with vitamin D3 caused a statistically significant decrease in body fat mass in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (-2.7±2.1 kg vs. -0.47±2.1 kg; P<0.001). However, body weight and waist circumference did not change significantly in both groups. A significant reverse correlation between changes in serum 25(OH) D concentrations and body fat mass was observed (r = -0.319, P = 0.005).ConclusionAmong healthy overweight and obese women, increasing 25(OH) D concentrations by vitamin D3 supplementation led to body fat mass reduction.This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01344161.