Decrease In Blood Sugar Level Research Articles

12239 Effect Of Nano2, A Donor Of Nitric Oxide, On Glucose Mediated Oxidative Stress In Pancreaticb-cells

Abstract Disclosure: K.N. Islam: None. R.K. Islam: None. M.B. Rashid: None. B. Smith: None. Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Elevation of oxidative stress is a common cause in diabetic patients because of higher levels of blood sugar concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter that has many health benefits for many disease conditions. NO also has an antioxidant property. The pancreatic β-cells are insulin-secreting cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NaNO2, a donor of NO on glucose-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells (HIT) from a Chinese hamster. First, we determined the effects of dose responses of glucose (25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mM) on the induction of oxidative stress as it was measured by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum starved β-cells. We observed marked oxidative stress in the serum starved β-cells by the treatment with 75 mM of glucose. Later, we tested the effects of NaNO2 on glucose-induced oxidative stress in serum starved β-cells, and we found that NaNO2 markedly inhibited glucose-induced oxidative stress in serum starved β -cells. Treatment with NaNO2 caused significant induction of cell viability and a marked reduction of cellular cytotoxicity in β-cells under serum starvation incubated without or with glucose. In addition, NaNO2 treatment of β-cells antagonized expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and inhibited the activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that NO or NO donors may be used as therapy to cure diabetes via inhibiting oxidative stress thereby decreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Reduces Obesity and Mitigates Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Fed with High Sugar/High Fat Diet

Background: Obesity is a chronic disease and one of the characteristic features of metabolic syndrome that is associated with severe health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier) CEO-NLC) as a potential therapeutic agent to lower blood sugar and an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and weight-reducing agent. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats, aged 8–10 weeks and weighing 200–410 g, were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control (G1), diabetic control (G2), treatment group (CEO-NLC) (G3), and positive control (Empagliflozin; EMPA) (G4). Diabetes was induced in all groups by injection of Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) except G1. Then, animals were treated consecutively for four weeks. On day 29, they were sacrificed, and blood/tissue samples were collected for serological and histopathological analysis, respectively. Results: Significant decrease in blood sugar levels on day 28 for both the CEO-NLC group and EMPA versus diabetic control group were seen (250 mg in CEO-NLC, and 300 mg in EMPA, vs 450 mg in the diabetic control group). CEO-NLC achieved a significant effect as a weight-losing agent (p = 0.004). Proinflammatory biomarkers and kidney and liver function tests were enhanced after CEO-NLC treatment. Additionally, substantial histopathological modifications in the CEO-NLC group were also seen compared to the diabetic group and EMPA group. Conclusions: CEO-NLC has potential activity in lowering blood sugar levels, aiding weight loss, and eventually, organ protection ability.

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1R): An Important Therapy to Treat Type 2 Diabetes

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone, and it has the ability to decrease blood sugar levels in a glucose-dependent nature to increase the secretion of insulin, and consequently, it reduces hyperglycaemia in T2D. GLP-1 has a half-life of about 1.5 minutes and is rapidly proteolytic degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). But GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1R) works like GLP-1 but last much longer. GLP-1R control glycemia via glucose-dependent mechanisms of action and promote weight loss in obese and diabetic individuals. It also suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon levels, both in fasting and postprandial states, slows gastric emptying, and decreases appetite. It reduces glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose levels. It is associated with weight loss, and reductions in blood pressure with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. It is generally recommended as second- and third-line therapy for T2D. In this study an attempt has been taken to discuss aspects of GLP-1R in briefly.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WEST SUMATRAN DADIAH ON REDUCING HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND LIPID PROFILE IN DIABETIC RATS

The high incidence of DM (Diabetes Mellitus) has made diabetes a global health problem that is often associated with other health problems and high treatment costs. For this reason, complementary therapies such as Dadiah are needed. Dadiah is fermented buffalo milk from West Sumatra. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Dadiah on reducing hyperglycaemia and lipid profile of diabetic model rats. The experimental study used 25 rats divided into five groups. Group 1 was negative control, group 2 was positive control, group 3 was DM rats with Dadiah intervention at a dose of 3g/300gBB, group 4 was DM with metformin 13.5mg/kgBB, and group 5 was DM with a combination of Dadiah and Metformin. After STZ induction, each group was given the intervention for six weeks, and the blood sugar and cholesterol levels were observed. The average decrease in blood sugar levels and cholesterol levels close to the negative control group was obtained in the Dadiah and metformin combination treatment group (P3) with an average blood sugar level of 124.2 mg/dL, total cholesterol level of 78.4 mg/dL, HDL level of 28.2 mg/dL, LDL level of 27.8 mg/dL and triglycerides 113.6 mg/dL. The administration of Dadiah and the combination of Dadiah with Metformin proved to have the highest effectiveness in alleviating hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolemia in diabetes mellitus model rats.

Syndrome of mutual buffering in patients with rectal fistulas in combination with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The results of surgical treatment of rectal fistulas (RF) directly depend on the accuracy of their diagnosis and the detection of a concomitant disease, such as diabetes mellitus (DM). To improve the results of surgical treatment, it is necessary to take into account the mutual influence of RF and DM, which can aggravate each other’s course.AIM: The study of the features of the course of RF against the background of DM and the assessment of their mutually aggravating influence.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 120 patients with RF were studied, which were divided into two groups: the main group (MG) included 60 patients with DM, the control group (CG) also included 60 patients without DM.RESULTS: In both groups, patients with transsphincteric RF dominated: 39 (65.0%) in the MG and 38 (63.3%) in the CG. Recurrent SPC prevailed in patients with DM (30.0% versus 15.0%), which indicates a more complex course of RF against the background of DM. It was found that in 17 (28.3%) patients, the stage of diabetes compensation after the formation of a fistula with a purulent cavity in the pararectal tissue passed into the stage of subcompensation and, due to an unstable decrease in blood sugar levels, it was necessary to replace tableted antidiabetic drugs with injectable insulin, which says about the deterioration of the course of diabetes against the background of chronic purulent inflammation in the pararectal tissue. The results of the study showed the presence of a direct correlation between the course of chronic paraproctitis and the stage of DM (r=0.50552, p<0.001), which indicates the presence of a mutual burden syndrome.CONCLUSION: DM and chronic paraproctitis have a mutually aggravating effect on each other. Our results indicate the presence of a syndrome of mutual aggravation in patients with RF fistulas against the background of DM, which worsen the course of each other, which must be taken into account at the stages of diagnosis and preoperative preparation of patients to improve the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment in this category of patients.

Kegiatan senam kaki terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada lansia dengan diabetes melitus Di Desa Air Satan Kabupaten Musi Rawas

The increase in blood sugar is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM), which can cause serious damage to the nervous system and blood vessels over time. Research shows that due to time constraints, DM patients often have difficulty engaging in physical activities. Diabetic foot exercises have been recommended as a physical activity that can be done anytime and anywhere, including while relaxing with family. These simple exercises can help improve blood circulation, strengthen the small muscles in the feet, prevent foot deformities, and address the limited insulin levels in DM patients. This activity aims to introduce foot exercises to the community, particularly the elderly with DM issues so that they can engage in physical activity despite physical and time limitations. The method involves conducting simulations and health education three times a week. The results showed decreased blood sugar levels in the elderly who participated in this foot exercise program. Hopefully, these foot exercise activities can become an alternative and regular option, especially for the elderly in Ari Satan, Musi Rawas Regency.

The consumption of walnuts has an impact on decreasing fasting blood glucose levels in individuals with concurrent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia: a randomized control trial

Nationally, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has increased by 0.5%. In 2013, it was approximately 1.5%, rising to 2.0% in 2018. On the other hand, it is known that administering walnut extract can reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of walnut consumption on blood sugar levels. The research was conducted experimentally, using a pre-post test control group design. The research sample consisted of mothers with fasting blood sugar levels ≥200 mg/dL and total cholesterol levels ≥200 mg/dL (hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic). The total sample size was 50 mothers, divided into 2 groups. Samples were selected using simple random sampling. The intervention involved giving 50 grams of walnut (Canarium Indicum L.) daily for 8 weeks to the treatment group. The research was conducted in the working area of the Paccerakang Community Health Center in Makassar City, Indonesia. Statistical analysis was performed using paired T-tests. There was a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels in the treatment group from 244.12 mg/dL to 195.52 mg/dL. In the control group, there was a slight decrease in blood sugar levels from 236.92 mg/dL to 229.96 mg/dL. Paired T-test analysis in the treatment group showed a value of p=0.00, indicating a significant difference in cholesterol levels before and after the intervention in the treatment group. In the control group, the value was p=0.07, indicating no significant difference in cholesterol levels in the control group. Administering 50 grams of walnuts per day for 8 weeks significantly lowered fasting blood sugar levels in hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mothers.

Current Insight on the Role of Glucokinase and Glucokinase Regulatory Protein in Diabetes.

The glucokinase regulator (GCKR) gene encodes an inhibitor of the glucokinase enzyme (GCK), found only in hepatocytes and responsible for glucose metabolism. A common GCKR coding variation has been linked to various metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies. Rare GCKR polymorphisms influence GKRP activity, expression, and localization. Despite not being the cause, these variations are linked to hypertriglyceridemia. Because of their crystal structures, we now better understand the molecular interactions between GKRP and the GCK. Finally, small molecules that specifically bind to GKRP and decrease blood sugar levels in diabetic models have been identified. GCKR allelic spectrum changes affect lipid and glucose homeostasis. GKRP dysfunction has been linked to a variety of molecular causes, according to functional analysis. Numerous studies have shown that GKRP dysfunction is not the only cause of hypertriglyceridemia, implying that type 2 diabetes could be treated by activating liver-specific GCK via small molecule GKRP inhibition. The review emphasizes current discoveries concerning the characteristic roles of glucokinase and GKRP in hepatic glucose metabolism and diabetes. This information has influenced the growth of directed molecular therapies for diabetes, which has improved our understanding of lipid and glucose physiology.

Effectiveness of Foot Exercises together with the Hydrotherapy program on Blood Sugar Levels in Elderly People without Diabetes

Background: The elderly human population is susceptible to health problems due to decreased organ function. The risk of diabetes in old age also reduces quality of life. Preventing the risk of developing diabetes mellitus requires simple and simple exercise programs such as foot exercises and hydrotherapy. The effect of light leg exercise and hydrotherapy on carbohydrate metabolism is unknown. Objectives: To find out the impact of hydrotherapy alone or in combination with foot exercise on elderly's blood sugar levels. Methods: Parallel three-group pre and post-test designs for an experimental investigation. 21 elderly in RW 04 Karangwetan, Ungaran served as research participants, divided into control group (n=7), combination of foot exercises and hydrotherapy intervention group (n=7), and foot exercise intervention group (n=7). The intervention took place three times per week for five weeks. We used POCT to assess blood sugar levels. Results: There is no significant decrease in blood sugar levels from control group (p>0.05). There is significant decrease in blood sugar levels from foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group (p<0.05) and foot exercise intervention group (p<0.05). The difference in blood sugar levels showed significant results between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and control group (p=0.000) and between foot exercise intervention group and control group (p=0.004). There is no significant differences in blood sugar levels between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and foot exercise intervention group (p=0.112). Conclusion: Simple exercise activities such as foot exercises together with hydrotherapy have been proven to reduce blood sugar levels in healthy elderly populations without diabetes

Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds and Antihyperglycemic Potential of Robusta Coffee from West Lampung

West Lampung Regency in Lampung Province produces high quality robusta coffee with a distinct, strong bitter flavour. Bitter flavour indicates the amount of bioactive substances produced by plants called phytochemicals. The aim of this study is to analyse the phytochemical compounds and antihyperglycemic potential of robusta coffee beans from West Lampung, Indonesia. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using the thin layer chromatography method and spectrophotometry. Animal experimental design using robusta coffee on hyperglycemia conditions in mice which was induced by alloxan 170 mg/kgBW subcutaneously and given by 1 ml of brewed robusta coffee for 10 days. The robusta coffee from West Lampung contained total caffeine 4,014.87 µg/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) 93.6 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of sample, with total alkaloid content (TAC) 0.848 mg of quinine equivalent per gram of sample, total tannin content (TTC) 182.3 mg of tannic acid equivalent per gram of sample, and total saponin content (TSC) 24.2 mg of quillaja bark equivalent per gram of sample. The administration of 1 ml/mice/day of robusta coffee brewed for 10 days did not show a decrease in blood sugar level in hyperglycemic mice, due to the short duration of the study, so the role of coffee in decreasing hyperglycemia conditions has not been optimally observed.

Application of Sitting and Lying Diabetic Leg Exercises with a Decrease Blood Sugar Levels on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels, if not controlled, will cause severe body system dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus has management in the form of physical exercise. The recommended exercise is diabetic foot exercise. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design with a case study approach carried out in March 2023 with two respondents in the Sidomulyo Health Center area using SOP for diabetic foot exercises. Results: The blood sugar levels results before being given therapy on the first day; R1=227 and R2=213. On the second day, R1=219 and R2=203. On the third day, R1=236 and R2=195. On the fourth day, R1=226 and R2=192. After being given therapy on the first day, R1=208 and R2=194. On the second day, R1=210 and R2=171. On the third day, R1=212 and R2=166. On the fourth day, R1=200 and R2=164. Conclusion: There is a decrease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after being given diabetic leg exercises while sitting and lying down.Keywords: Diabetic Foot Exercise, Blood Sugar Levels, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Oral glucose tolerance assay of extract from Mangifera foetida l. and Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb. leaves

This study examines the potential antidiabetic activity of a combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves. Mangifera leaves contain a compound called mangiferin, which acts as an antidiabetic and antioxidant. On the other hand, Pandanus leaves, are rich in terpenoids and steroids that also possess anti-diabetic effects. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was conducted on male mice of the Babl/c strain to assess the antidiabetic effects. The test involved administering a combination of ethanolic leaf extracts from Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. in a 1:1 ratio. The study followed a pre-test design with a control group, comprising six treatment groups, each consisting of four male mice. The groups were described as follows: Group 1 was served as the normal group without any treatment. Groups II-IV received single extracts or combinations of extracts at doses of 62.5 mg/200g BW, 125 mg/200g BW, and 250 mg/200g BW. Group V acted as the positive control and was given oral glucose and glibenclamide at a dose of 0.09 mg/200g BW. Group VI was served as the negative control, receiving oral glucose and distilled water. The group that exhibited the highest percentage of decreased blood sugar levels was the one given oral glucose at a dose of 0.078g/20g BW of mice, along with the combination of Mangifera foetida L. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves extract (1:1) at a dose of 35 mg/20g BW. This group demonstrated a decrease of 71.985 ± 4.858 in blood glucose levels. The ANOVA analysis confirmed that the percentage decrease in blood sugar levels was significantly different from the positive control, indicating a higher effectiveness of the combination treatment in reducing blood glucose levels than the positive control.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia Steen.) SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES PADA MENCIT (Mus muculus. L)

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease with lifelong treatment, while antidiabetic drugs consumed can cause side effects in the long term, so it requires alternative therapies with traditional medicinal plants such as the binahong plant (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steen.) which contains flavonoids and saponins. These compounds have the ability to lower blood sugar levels. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effect of the ethanol extract of binahong leaves on alloxan-induced swiss male males. This type of research was experimental with the method of pre and post test with controlled group design, using 15 male swiss strains which were divided into 3 groups. Negative control (CMC Na 0.5%), positive control (Glibenclamide dose 0.65 mg/KgBB), and the treatment group ethanol extract of binahong leaves dose 17.5 mg/KgBB. Data on blood sugar levels obtained were analyzed using SPSS 23 with a 95% confidence level. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of binahong leaves at a dose of 17.5 mg/kg could reduce blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced swiss male mice. Data on decreasing blood sugar levels obtained were analyzed by One Way ANOVA, followed by LSD. The test results showed that the decrease in blood sugar levels in mice given the ethanol extract of binahong leaves at a dose of 17.5 mg/KgBW was not significantly different from that given by glibenclamide at a dose of 0.65 mg/KgBW (sig > 0.05).

Sungkai Leaves (Peronema Canescens) Ameliorates the Plasma Glucose Profile and the Pancreatic Histopathological Regeneration of Diabetic Wistar Rats

This study aims to test how effective oral infusion of sungkai leaves is on the profile of changes in blood plasma glucose levels and regeneration of pancreatic tissue in diabetic Wistar rats. This research method is a proper experimental design with a randomized pre-post-test design with a control group. The study's results illustrate differences in mice's blood sugar levels before and after the intervention, showing a decrease in blood sugar levels in the K(+), P-1, and P-2 groups, while in the K(+), P-1, and P groups -2. The K(-) group shows a decreasing trend. Apart from that, histopathological examination of the pancreas also showed improvement in each treatment group with a decreasing percentage of pathological events. In conclusion, blood plasma glucose examination showed a significant difference, positively affecting diabetes mellitus, while the rate of pancreatic tissue injury showed a similar form. Keywords: Sungkai leaves, plasma glucose, pancreatic regeneration

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOOT EXERCISE AND HYDROTHERAPY ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN THE ELDERLY

Background: Elderly are susceptible to health problems due to decreased organ function such as increased blood sugar levels that are at risk for diabetes mellitus, so proper management is needed with physical activity. Foot exercise and hydrotherapy can be an alternative to physical activity for elderly to lower blood sugar levels.Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the combination of foot exercise with and without hydrotherapy on blood sugar levels in the elderly.Methods: Experimental study with parallel 3 groups pre and post-test design. Research subjects were 21 elderly, divided into control group (n=7), combination of foot exercises and hydrotherapy intervention group (n=7), and foot exercise intervention group (n=7). The intervention was done 3 times a week for 5 weeks. Blood sugar levels were measured using POCT.Results: There is no significant decrease in blood sugar levels from control group (p>0.05). There is significant decrease in blood sugar levels from foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group (p<0.05) and foot exercise intervention group (p<0.05). The difference in blood sugar levels showed significant results between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and control group (p=0.000) and between foot exercise intervention group and control group (p=0.004). There is no significant differences in blood sugar levels between foot exercise and hydrotherapy intervention group and foot exercise intervention group (p=0.112).Conclusion: Both foot exercise and hydrotherapy are effective in lowering blood sugar levels in the elderly.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava) dalam Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of blood sugar metabolism chronically characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Treatment of diabetes mellitus consists of four pillars: education, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), and physical and pharmacological therapies. One of the plants that can be used as a medicinal ingredient is guava leaves. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are a group of herbal plants with a chemical content that is good for health. Therefore, guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are plants that are efficacious as medicine. This plant contains secondary metabolites that act as antidiabetics. Thus, the research aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves on the decrease in blood sugar levels in male mice. The research method employed was maceration, phytochemical screening, and antidiabetic testing with the pre-test and post-test control group design methods to determine if there was a decrease after administration of the extract. The findings indicated that the phytochemical screening test found that guava (Psidium guajava L.) contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. In contrast, the antidiabetic test revealed that three extracts with concentrations of 50 mg, 100 mg. and 200 mg could decrease blood sugar levels by 15%, 21%, and 47%, respectively. From these findings, it can be concluded that antidiabetic compounds which play a role in the ellanol extrict of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.

PELAKSANAAN PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA KORBAN SYNCOPE PADA SISWA SMA NUR CAHAYA MEDAN

Fainting or syncope is a state of unconsciousness in a person caused by lack of blood flow to the brain, lack of oxygen, poisoning, shock, hunger, thirst and other weak physical conditions or symptoms of other chronic diseases. Fainting or syncope causes heat accompanied by dehydration, emotional stress, sudden body position such as from squatting to standing, abdominal pain, standing too long, blood loss, coughing, pain when urinating, certain medications, decreased blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) and heart problems. The purpose of community service activities is to improve the insight of high school students by providing first aid training to syncope victims in Nur Cahaya Medan High School students. This activity will be held on August 23, 2023 with 25 high school students participating at SMA Nur Cahaya Medan. The results of community service activities found that the pretest results of the participants' knowledge level were obtained in the good category as many as 7 people (27.0%), the sufficient category as many as 10 people (38.0%), and the less category as many as 9 people (35.0%) while the posttest results of the participants' knowledge level were obtained in the good category as many as 15 people (60.0%), the sufficient category as many as 8 people (32.0%), and the less category as many as 2 people (8.0%). Based on the results of the training activities carried out, there was an increase in the level of knowledge before and after first aid training was carried out on syncope victims in Nur Cahaya Medan High School students.

Биохимические и гематологические характеристики крови коров красной степной породы Павлодарской области Казахстана

To predict the breeding and productive characteristics of cattle, along with molecular genetic markers, biochemical and hematological indicators are used. The purpose of the study is to conduct a hemato-biochemical analysis of the blood serum of red steppe cows in the Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan. Deviations of protein level from the norm indicates metabolic disorders in the body, ration of animals. The total protein in the blood serum of cows is in the upper limit of reference values and makes 81,07±4,28 g/L. Determination of bilirubin content in blood allows to find out the ability of the liver to secrete bile. Total bilirubin amounted to 1,58±0,26 umol/L, which does not exceed the specified values. Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Its content in blood increases with delayed excretion by kidneys. In the blood serum of cows the concentration of urea is 4,91±0,22 mmol/L. In biochemical analysis, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are an indicator of cell damage in internal organs. Aspartateaminotransferase was 105,9±8,46 U/L, is within the reference values, indicating the absence of disorders in nitrogen metabolism. The concentration of alanine aminotransferase enzyme was 47,3±4,07 U/L, also indicating the absence of damage in the liver. Cholesterol as an important structural element of cell membrane participates in the formation of complexes with proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Total cholesterol content – 4,72±0,32 mmol/L. Decrease in blood sugar level is a symptom of serious disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism and lack of glycogen reserves in liver and muscles. Decrease of sugar content in blood of cows can be considered as a result of mismatch of energy intake with feed and its expenditure on metabolic processes and milk formation. Glucose concentration was 2,00±0,31 mmol/L. Insignificant deviation from the reference values of amylase enzyme, which hydrolyzes starch and glycogen, was detected. The level of these blood proteins is characterized by great stability and is subject to small fluctuations under normal conditions. The concentration of the enzyme totaled 73,7±6,37 U/L.

Identification of common genes and pathways between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19.

Numerous studies have reported a high incidence and risk of severe illness due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). COVID-19 patients may experience elevated or decreased blood sugar levels and may even develop diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms linking these two diseases remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the common genes and pathways between T2DM and COVID-19. Two public datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE95849 and GSE164805) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in blood between people with and without T2DM and COVID-19. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on the common DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify common genes, and their diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Validation was performed on the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the GeneMANIA database to explore interactions among core DEGs and their co-expressed genes. Finally, a microRNA (miRNA)-transcription factor (TF)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network was constructed based on the common feature genes. In the GSE95849 and GSE164805 datasets, 81 upregulated genes and 140 downregulated genes were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these DEGs were closely related to the negative regulation of phosphate metabolic processes, the positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division, T-cell co-stimulation, and lymphocyte co-stimulation. Four upregulated common genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2) and one downregulated common feature gene (RIOK2) were identified and showed good diagnostic accuracy for T2DM and COVID-19. The AUC values of DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2 in T2DM diagnosis were 0.931, 0.917, 0.986, 0.903, and 0.917, respectively. In COVID-19 diagnosis, the AUC values were 0.960, 0.860, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.90, respectively. Validation in the GSE213313 and GSE15932 datasets confirmed these results. The miRNA-TF-mRNA regulatory network showed that TYH2 was targeted by PITX1, PITX2, CRX, NFYA, SREBF1, RELB, NR1L2, and CEBP, whereas miR-124-3p regulates THK2, RIOK2, and USP14. We identified five common feature genes (DHX15, USP14, COPS3, TYK2, and RIOK2) and their co-regulatory pathways between T2DM and COVID-19, which may provide new insights for further molecular mechanism studies.

The influence of tai chi gymnastics and diabetic gymnastics on decreasing blood sugar levels in the elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus

The influence of tai chi gymnastics and diabetic gymnastics on decreasing blood sugar levels in the elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus