Decompression Unit Research Articles

Image Data Compression and Decompression Unit Considering Brightness Sensitivity

Image Data Compression and Decompression Unit Considering Brightness Sensitivity

Glucose-driven Monolithic Polydimethylsiloxane Decompression Unit for Drug Release Device Using Plasma-activated Bonding Technology

Glucose-driven Monolithic Polydimethylsiloxane Decompression Unit for Drug Release Device Using Plasma-activated Bonding Technology

Glucose-sensing and glucose-driven “organic engine” with co-immobilized enzyme membrane toward autonomous drug release systems for diabetes

In this study we report the enhanced performance of a glucose-sensing and glucose-driven “organic engine” (decompression unit) that can convert the chemical energy of glucose into mechanical energy for autonomous drug release without a need for electrical input. The novel chemical approach is based on increasing the effective decompression in the organic engine by fabrication of a co-immobilized enzyme membrane. Among the enzymes (glucose oxidase (GOD), pyranose oxidase (POX), alcohol oxidase (AOX), galactose oxidase (GAO)) which can oxidize glucose and glucono-1.5-lactone (product of the glucose oxidation) evaluated in co-immobilization designs within the organic engine, the most effective decompression was obtained with POX+GOD, which was 3 times higher than the conventional organic engine that obtained with the GOD membrane. Furthermore, the decompression rate of 7.4Pacm3/s in the organic engine necessary to drive the drug release system was obtained at 10mmol/L glucose, which is close to the normal blood sugar level. Selectivity studies revealed no significant response of the GOD+POX membrane to chemicals normally present in human blood except for d-glucose and glucono-1.5-lactone. In conclusion, the organic engine is a promising device for development of a chemo-mechanical system with pancreas-like function actuated by human blood sugar for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

The application of the cryogenic system on the HTS power cable circuit in actual grid

The 22.9kV/50MVA AC HTS power cable system consisted of power cable with 410m length and cryogenic system has been manufactured by LS Cable & System and installed in Icheon substation of KEPCO grid in the end of 2010. High temperature superconductor only appears the superconductivity at the constant temperate range. So in order to maintain the superconductivity, the cryogenic system is needed. The cryogenic system, the open-loop type, is consisted of the Pressure Control System (PCS), Gas/liquid separator, Circulation Pump, Decompression unit, Filter and so on. Decompression unit is a device that keeps the sub-cooled nitrogen by way of the latent heat of evaporation and includes the heat exchanger. The effectiveness-NTU method is used for the design of the heat exchanger. After installation of the cryogenic system on the site, the test of the cooling capacity of the cryogenic system and commissioning tests were performed. During the grid operation of the HTS power cable system, no major problems have been encountered to this point. The cryogenic system has been operated sufficiently to maintain a stable of the HTS power cable system. This paper will summarize the design of the cryogenic system and the results of the grid operation.

血糖値制御を目的とした自律駆動型薬物放出システムの高出力化に関する研究

Improvement of the decompression unit “Organic engine” that can generate kinetic energy from the chemical energy of chemicals such as glucose has been proposed and tested. The organic engine was fabricated by separating a cylindrical cell into a top-cell for gas-phase and a bottom-cell for liquid-phase, which separated by glucose oxidase immobilized membrane. Decompression was generated by catalysis of glucose oxidation. However, the concentration of glucose to actuate the system was 100 mmol⁄L that is too high compared to the human blood glucose concentration to apply it for artificial pancreas-like devices. In order to increase decompression rate, methods to enlarge area of the enzyme membrane per volume of the gas chamber were proposed and evaluated. Decompression rate in modified cell on 25 mmol⁄L glucose solution was equal to that of in conventional cell (-7.2 Pa･cm3⁄s) on 100 mmol⁄L glucose solution. As a result, three times higher output was enable to actuate on low glucose concentration close to blood sugar.

J112011 血糖成分グルコースをエネルギーとして駆動するアクチュエータ(有機エンジン)([J11201]次世代アクチュエータシステム(1))

High power decompression unit of an autonomous drug release system based on chemo-mechanical energy conversion was developed. The decompression unit was fabricated by separating a cylindrical cell into a top cell (gas phase) and a bottom cell (liquid phase) by glucoseoxidase (GOD) enzyme immobilized membrane. The enzyme membrane recognizes glucose and converts chemical energy found in glucose to mechanical energy. In this study, the decompression unit increased membrane area per cell volume (0.73 ・ 3.00 cm2/m1) was fabricated in order to drive by lower glucose concentration. As a result, the improved cell connected to pressure release valve was successfully driven by 25 mM glucose solution (a conventional cell was driven by 100 mM). The possibility of autonomous drug release systems to control the patient's own blood sugar levels was suggested.

G020042 化学・力学的エネルギー変換を利用した自律型薬物放出システム([G02004]バイオエンジニアリング部門一般セッション(4))

A novel self-regulating drug release system was fabricated and tested. The system consists of two units: decompression unit so-called "organic engine" and drug release unit. Glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilized membrane was utilized to "organic engine" for converting chemical energy of the glucose to mechanical work as a pressure changes of consumed oxygen in the GOD reaction. Pressure changes caused by GOD reaction of the decompression unit was in good correlation to the glucose concentrations. Afterward, the drug release unit which utilizes the energy of the "Organic engine" as a power source was fabricated and evaluated by recording its release actions. The system was then fabricated by combining the both units. As an evaluation result of the system, the feasibility of feedback control of glucose concentration by the chemo-mechanical drug release system was shown.

An autonomous drug release system based on chemo-mechanical energy conversion “Organic Engine” for feedback control of blood glucose

A novel autonomous drug release system was fabricated and tested. The system consists of two integrated units: decompression unit and drug release unit. The decompression unit was fabricated by separating a cylindrical cell into a top cell (gas phase) and a bottom cell (liquid phase) by glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme immobilized membrane. The enzyme membrane recognizes glucose and converts chemical energy found in glucose to mechanical energy. The linear correlation between glucose concentration and de-pressure slope of the top cell was revealed as applying glucose solution to the bottom cell. Afterward, the drug release unit which utilizes the energy of the decompression unit as a power source was fabricated and evaluated by recording its release actions. The drug release unit was made to release at a constant quantity of drug in the liquid phase. The system was then fabricated by combining the decompression unit and the drug release unit. And it was evaluated in an open loop and in a closed loop by applying a mixture of glucose solution (100 mmol/l) and NADH + using glucose dehydrogenase enzyme (GDH) as a glucose reducer. Glucose concentration decreased gradually in the closed loop and, as a consequence, interval time of the GDH release became longer. In other words, an inverse correlation between actuation interval of the system and glucose concentration was shown. As a result, the possibility of feedback control of glucose concentration by the drug release system without external energy was confirmed.

化学‐力学エネルギー変換（有機エンジン）を用いた自律駆動型薬物放出システム

A novel drug-injection system that utilities direct chemo-mechanical energy conversion was fabricated and demonstrated for feedback control of glucose level. The system consists of two integrated units, decompression unit and drug release unit. The decompression unit was fabricated by separating a cylindrical cell into a top cell (gas phase) and a bottom cell (liquid phase) by glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme immobilized membrane. The enzyme membrane recognizes glucose and converts chemical energy into pressure decreaese by consuming oxgen. The linear correlation between glucose concentration and de-pressure slope of the top cell was revealed as applying glucose solution to the bottom cell. The drug release unit which utilizes the energy of the decompression unit as a power source was evaluated by recording its release actions. The system is expected to be used in intelligent actuators without external energy.

Code Decompression Unit Design for VLIW Embedded Processors

Code size "bloating" in embedded very long instruction word (VLIW) processors is a major concern for embedded systems since memory is one of the most restricted resources. In this paper, we describe a code compression algorithm based on arithmetic coding, discuss how to design decompression architecture, and illustrate the tradeoffs between compression ratio and decompression overhead, by using different probability models. Experimental results for a VLIW embedded processor TMS320C6x show that compression ratios between 67% and 80% can be achieved, depending on the probability models used. A precache decompression unit design is implemented in TSMC 0.25 mum and a test chip is fabricated.

Feasibility study of the wave disk micro-engine operation

The development of micro turbine engines has been strongly intensified in recent years. Since turbo-component efficiency has become very low due to the downsizing effect, the micro wave rotor is expected to be applied for the improvement of the performance of ultra-micro gas turbines, increasing the cycle pressure ratio. But wave rotors can also be used in another configuration. Here replacement of steady flow engine components by unsteady flow devices is proposed and analyzed. Applying a combustion chamber only and using oblique blades to form the rotor cells, net power can be taken from the rotor. In that way the use of an inefficient, micro-scale turbo unit can be omitted. Conventional construction of unsteady devices in the form of a wave rotor cannot be realized in MEMS technology. The new idea of a wave disk gives the possibility of an easy implementation of a wave engine in MEMS technology. In the proposed solution the wave disk plays the role of an active compression–decompression unit and torque generator. Appropriate port geometry with straight or oblique blades forming the disk channels generates torque. The engine disk rotates with a speed much lower than the conventional turbo unit and simplifies the bearing problem. Also the construction of an electric generator could be simpler. This paper presents the proposed flow schemes, thermodynamic cycle, exemplary engine construction and some preliminary results of simulation of the MEMS wave engine utilizing the wave disk geometry.

Code compression for embedded VLIW processors using variable-to-fixed coding

In embedded system design, memory is one of the most restricted resources, posing serious constraints on program size. Code compression has been used as a solution to reduce the code size for embedded systems. Lossless data compression techniques are used to compress instructions, which are then decompressed on-the-fly during execution. Previous work used fixed-to-variable coding algorithms that translate fixed-length bit sequences into variable-length bit sequences. In this paper, we present a class of code compression techniques called variable-to-fixed code compression (V2FCC), which uses variable-to-fixed coding schemes based on either Tunstall coding or arithmetic coding. Though the techniques are suitable for both reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures, they favor VLIW architectures which require a high-bandwidth instruction prefetch mechanism to supply multiple operations per cycle, and fast decompression is critical to overcome the communication bottleneck between memory and CPU. Experimental results for a VLIW embedded processor TMS320C6x show that the compression ratios using memoryless V2FCC and Markov V2FCC are around 82.5% and 70%, respectively. Decompression unit designs for memoryless V2FCC and Markov V2FCC are implemented in TSMC 0.25-/spl mu/m technology.

Code compression architecture for cache energy minimisation in embedded systems

Energy consumption of the processor-to-memory path normally accounts for a large fraction of the total energy budget of modern embedded systems. A novel approach for reducing energy consumption in core processors used in systems with cache-based architectures is present. In this scheme, instructions are fetched and stored in the I-cache in compressed form. The beneficial effect is an increase of the cache hit ratio; therefore, the number of accesses to the main memory is reduced, and so is the energy required to fetch the instructions. Static code size reduction is achieved as a by-product. A hardware decompression unit performs fast low-energy on-the-fly instruction decompression at each cache look-up. The decompressor is placed outside the core boundaries: therefore, processor architecture does not need any modification, making the proposed compression approach suitable to JP-based designs. The viability and effectiveness of this solution is assessed through extensive benchmarking performed on a number of typical embedded programs. Beside code size, energy and performance optimisation results, the authors also report data regarding the synthesis and implementation of the decompression unit. The energy penalty it introduces is taken into account in the evaluation of the achieved energy savings.

SAMC: a code compression algorithm for embedded processors

In this paper, we present a method for reducing the memory requirements of an embedded system by using code compression. We compress the instruction segment of the executable running on the embedded system, and we show how to design a run-time decompression unit to decompress code on the fly before execution. Our algorithm uses arithmetic coding in combination with a Markov model, which is adapted to the instruction set and the application. We provide experimental results on two architectures, Analog Devices' Share and ARM's ARM and Thumb instruction sets, and show that programs can often be reduced by more than 50%. Furthermore, we suggest a table-based design that allows multibit decoding to speed up decompression.

The effect of intestinal gases upon intestinal decompression tubes

It is apparent from an examination of the table of permeability that silicone rubber is highly permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a very troublesome gas within the obstructed bowel because of its ability to diffuse into balloons of intestinal decompression tubes [7]. In bowel obstruction, it may be found in concentrations of 4 to 18 per cent whereas its concentration in the atmosphere is only 0.03 per cent. The extremely high degree of permeability of silicone rubber to carbon dioxide makes it possible for this gas to diffuse rapidly through the wall of the silicone rubber intestinal decompression tube into its lumen and from there to be suctioned out. As a result, the entire length of the silicone rubber intestinal decompression tube acts as a decompression unit. Because of this, a new concept in obtaining intestinal decompression for intestinal gases must now be considered.