Decolorization Of Triphenylmethane Dyes Research Articles

Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by a Newly Discovered Endophytic Fungi, Colletotrichum graminicola (SWUNF9) Under Oligotrophic Conditions

Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by a Newly Discovered Endophytic Fungi, Colletotrichum graminicola (SWUNF9) Under Oligotrophic Conditions

Optimization of the Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Wastewater

Optimization of the Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Wastewater

Efficient degradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Serratia sp. WKD under extreme environmental conditions and the mechanism

Microbial degradation of dyes is fundamental and essential for understanding their environmental fate. In this study, a new bacterial strain with efficient degrading capability of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes named WKD was isolated and identified as the genus Serratia sp. by 16S rDNA analysis. The decolorization of TPM dyes by the strain especially under extreme environmental conditions were studied. The results showed that the strain could completely decolorize Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV) at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 and at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 45 °C in a 12 h of incubation. The strain still showed an excellent decolorizing capability even at low (5 °C) and high (60 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the enzymatic analysis indicated that MnP, NADH-DCIP reductase, MG reductase, and CV reductase might be involved in TPM dyes biodegradation. Besides, the biodegradation pathways were proposed based on UV–visible, FTIR, and LC-Q-TOF-MS analyses. Results indicated that degradation of MG by the strain was mainly regulated by N-demethylation and hydroxylation pathways, while degradation of CV was only by the N-demethylation pathway. Therefore, Serratia sp. strain WKD is expected to have a broad application prospect for the bioremediation of TPM dyes, especially in extreme environments.

Improved decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by halo-thermotolerant bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments

Improved decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by halo-thermotolerant bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes using immobilized cells of bacterial consortium

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes using immobilized cells of bacterial consortium

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes and dye-doped silica microspheres using sodium percarbonate

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes and dye-doped silica microspheres using sodium percarbonate

Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by a Laccase from Bacillus pumilus

Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by a Laccase from Bacillus pumilus

Purification and characterization of extracellular laccase produced by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes.

Laccases of white-rot fungi provide a promising future as a tool to be used in the field of biodegradation of synthetic dyes with different chemical structures. The aim of this study was production, characterization, and application of laccases from the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora ATCC 90467 for decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes that could remain persistent in wastewater. Laccase was purified from a C. subvermispora culture by a four-step method resulting high specific activity of 2,571 U g-1 , 88-fold higher than crude laccase. Purified laccase (molecular weight 45 kDa) had the optimum activity at pH 2.0 and the optimum temperature 50 °C using ABTS as chromogenic substrate. Laccases efficiently decolorized triphenylmethane dyes such as Malachite Green (87.8%), Bromocresol Purple (71.6%), and Methyl Violet (68.1%) without redox mediator. However, decolorization percentage of hardly degradable triphenylmethane dyes such as Phenol Red, Bromophenol Blue, and Brilliant Blue R-250 was increased the presence of some low-molecular weight compounds (natural or synthetic redox mediators). Purified laccases were resistant to Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Mn2+ , Fe2+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ , and Sn2+ (10 mmol L-1 ). These findings suggest that laccases from C. subvermispora are able to decolorize triphenylmethane dyes without the negative influence of metal ions that can be found in wastewater.

Effect Of Metal Ions On Triphenylmethane Dye Decolorization By Laccase From Trametes Versicolor

Abstract The aim of this study was investigate the influence of different metal ions on laccase activity and triphenylmethane dye decolorization by laccase from white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Laccase activity was inhibited by monovalent ions (Li+, Na+, K+ and Ag+) but the presence of divalent ions increased laccase activity at the concentration of 10 mmol/l. The effect of metal ions on decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes with different structures namely Bromochlorophenol Blue, Bromophenol Blue, Bromocresol Blue and Phenol Red was tested. The presence of metal ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) slightly decreased triphenylmethane dye decolorization by laccase from T. versicolor except Na+ and Mg2+, which caused the increase of decolorization for all tested dyes. Decolorization of selected dyes showed that the presence of low-molecular-weight compounds is necessary for effective decolorization. Hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) is the most frequently used. Although HBT belongs to most frequently used redox mediator and generally increase decolorization efficiency, so its presence decreased decolorization percentage of Bromophenol Blue and Bromochlorophenol Blue, the influence of metal ions to dye decolorization by laccase has the similar course with or without presence of redox mediator HBT.

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by wild mushrooms

Triphenylmethane dyes such as Crystal Violet (CV) and Malachite Green (MG) are common textile dyes. MG, which is toxic to humans, is widely used in aquaculture as an antifungal agent. In this study, 56 mushroom strains from 12 species of wild mushrooms were examined on dye-containing PDA plates to evaluate their potential for the bioremediation of synthetic dyes. Pycnoporus coccineus, Coriolus versicolor, and Lentinula edodes showed fair growth on CV, but only a few survived on MG. However, a decolorization experiment in an aqueous system revealed that the growth on MG-containing solid medium did not directly match the decolorization of MG in the aqueous system. C. versicolor IUM0061 grew well on both MG and CV plates, but could not decolorize MG in the reaction mixture. Conversely, HPLC analysis revealed that P. coccineus IUM0032, which could not grow on the MG plate, completely mineralized MG within 3 days. A subsequent enzyme activity assay revealed a high lignin peroxidase activity in the reaction mixture, indicating that lignin peroxidase is the key enzyme involved in degradation of MG in P. coccineus IUM0032.

Decolorization of Triphenylmethane Dyes by Six White-Rot Fungi Isolated from Nature

The ability to decolorize three Triphenyl methane dyes (crystal violet, Bromophenol blue and Malachite green) by six white rot fungi, isolated from nature, was evaluated in liquid media. All six-fungi showed high decolorization capacity and were able to decolorize all three dyes within 72 hours. All six fungal strains not only decolorized these dyes, they also showed varied levels of laccase production during decolorization. Their growth was not affected much by presence of dyes in the medium. Three of these fungi were found to have capacity to decolorize as high as 6g/L concentration of these dyes. Out of the three dyes tested here, Malachite green was decolorized fastest. The dyes were not just being decolorized; they were actually being degraded as was evident from their UV-Visible Spectra. Furthermore, the fungi degraded these dyes without accumulating any phenolic compounds.

Biodegradation of leuco derivatives of triphenylmethane dyes by Sphingomonas sp. CM9.

A leuco derivatives of triphenylmethane dyes degrading bacterium, strain CM9, was isolated from an aquafarm field. Based on morphology, physiologic tests, 16S rDNA sequence, and phylogenetic characteristics, it was identified as Sphingomonas sp. This strain was capable of degrading leucomalachite green (LMG), leucocrystal violet and leucobasic fuchsin completely. The relationship between bacterium growth and LMG degradation suggested that strain CM9 could use LMG as the sole source of carbon. The most LMG degradation activity of CM9 crude extract was observed at pH 7.0 and at 30°C. Many metal ions had little inhibition effect on the degradation activity of the crude extract. CM9 also showed strong decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes to their leuco derivatives. GC/MS analysis detected two novel metabolic products, methylbenzene and 4-aminophenol, during the LMG degradation by CM9.

Biodegradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from textile wastewater were tested for their decolorization capacity. Biodegradation of Crystal violet, Phenol red, Malachite green, Methyl green and Fuchsin (750 ppm) were investigated within (12 h, 10 h, 14 h, 12 h and 10 h) under shaking condition in Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) solution at a pH of 7.5 and a temperature of 25 °C. Our results showed that Staphylococcus epidermidis had a high decolorization capacity. Using a 2.6 × 10 6 CFU/ml inoculum size. We noted also that decolorization of dyes solutions (750 ppm) was achieved after the addition of 0.10% (w/v) yeast extract and 7 mM of glucose in MSM. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal, FTIR and UV–Visible analysis confirmed biodegradation of dyes. The phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies of extracted metabolites suggested their least toxic nature. Our results suggest the potential use of Staphylococcus epidermidis in triphenylmethane dyes decolorization. Phytotoxicity studies revealed that biodegradation of dyes by a microbial culture, resulted in its detoxification. Thus treated effluent can be used for ferti-irrigation.

Oxidative decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by chloramine-T in alkaline medium catalyzed by Pd(II): A comparative spectrophotomeric kinetic and mechanistic approach

Triphenylmethane dyes viz., p-rosaniline, crystal violet and ethyl violet (henceforth abbreviated as Dye) have been extensively used as colorants in textile industries. Effluents containing these dyes released by the industry causes significant environmental problems. Hence decolorization of dye effluents has acquired increasing attention. The oxidative decolorization of these dyes is of greater significance one understanding of their kinetic and mechanistic aspects in redox reactions is important. Consequently, Pd(II) catalyzed kinetics and oxidative decolorization of p-rosaniline, crystal violet and ethyl violet dyes by chloramine-T (CAT) in NaOH medium were studied spectrophotometrically. The oxidation reaction follows the identical kinetics for all the three dyes and obeys the rate law: rate = k[CAT] a [Dye] b [OH −] c [Pd(II)] d where a and b are unity, and c and d are less than unity. Addition of p-toluenesulfonamide, the reduction product of CAT, retards the rate and the order was found to be less than unity. The reaction rate increased with increasing ionic strength of the medium. Addition of chloride ions show negligible effect on the rate of reaction. Oxidation products were characterized by GC–MS analysis. Proton-inventory studies with ethyl violet as a probe have been made in H 2O–D 2O mixtures. Activation parameters and decomposition constants have been deduced. An isokinetic relation is observed with β = 423 K indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor. The rate of oxidation of triphenylmethane dyes follows the order: p-rosaniline > crystal violet > ethyl violet. This trend may be attributed to inductive effects of alkyl amino groups. Further, the kinetics of Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation of these dyes have been compared with uncatalyzed reactions (in the absence of Pd(II) catalyst) and found that the catalyzed reactions are nearly four times faster. The catalytic constant ( K C) for Pd(II) was also calculated for each dye at different temperatures and the values of activation parameters with respect to the catalyst have been evaluated. Chlorite ion (OCl −) has been postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The observed results have been explained by a general mechanism, and the related rate law has been obtained. Furthermore, the simple and elegant method developed for the decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes in the present work can be adopted for treating the aforesaid dyes present in industrial effluents to minimize the toxicity caused by these dyes.

IncP-1-beta plasmid pGNB1 isolated from a bacterial community from a wastewater treatment plant mediates decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes.

Plasmid pGNB1 was isolated from bacteria residing in the activated sludge compartment of a wastewater treatment plant by using a transformation-based approach. This 60-kb plasmid confers resistance to the triphenylmethane dye crystal violet and enables its host bacterium to decolorize crystal violet. Partial sequencing of pGNB1 revealed that its backbone is very similar to that of previously sequenced IncP-1beta plasmids. The two accessory regions of the plasmid, one located downstream of the replication initiation gene trfA and the other located between the conjugative transfer modules Tra and Trb, were completely sequenced. Accessory region L1 contains a transposon related to Tn5501 and a gene encoding a Cupin 2 conserved barrel protein with an unknown function. The triphenylmethane reductase gene tmr and a truncated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene that is flanked by IS1071 and another putative insertion element were identified in accessory region L2. Subcloning of the pGNB1 tmr gene demonstrated that this gene is responsible for the observed crystal violet resistance phenotype and mediates decolorization of the triphenylmethane dyes crystal violet, malachite green, and basic fuchsin. Plasmid pGNB1 and the associated phenotype are transferable to the alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and the gamma-proteobacterium Escherichia coli. This is the first report of a promiscuous IncP-1beta plasmid isolated from the bacterial community from a wastewater treatment plant that harbors a triphenylmethane reductase gene. The pGNB1-encoded enzyme activity is discussed with respect to bioremediation of sewage polluted with triphenylmethane dyes.

Enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds. and Irpex lacteus (Fr.)Fr.: Decolorization of Dyes and Effluents

White-rot Basidiomycetes (WRB) play a central role in global carbon cycles as a result of their innate ability to mineralize the lignin, which has a complex polymeric structure. Shallow stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, grown on low-nitrogen mineral medium, produced manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LP). Sulphonphthalein (SP) dyes were decolorized by MnP activity. Decolorization of SP dyes occurred optimally at pH 4.0. An increase in the halogenation (bromine group) of the SP dyes decreases its substrate specifi city for MnP. Th e presence of additional auxochromes (position, type, and number) on the SP dye chromophore infl uence the suitability of SP dyes as an MnP substrate. Th e methyl group in the ortho position (in the case of o-cresol red) is favored over that in meta position (in the case of m-cresol purple). Oxygen scavenger (sodium metabisulfi te) and hydroxyl radical scavengers (thiourea and mannitol) did not have any infl uence on MnP decolorization activity. EDTA, a metal chelator, inhibited MnP-catalyzed decolorization reaction. Th e results highlight the SP dyes as substrates of MnP and provide another class of chromogen for the detection and estimation of ligninolytic peroxidases. Also, the results emphasize as a model for the bioremediation program of the structurally similar xenobionts and recalcitrant compounds stressing over enzyme(s) of white rot basidiomycete P. chrysosporium as a potent biochemical tool. In another study, white-rot basidiomycete Irpex lacteus decolorized the textile dyes on solid medium. Decolorization on solid medium was of older mycelium. Extracellular enzyme extract prepared from I. lacteus-infested wheat straw possessed ligninolytic enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP), manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), and lignin peroxidase (LP). Decolorization of triphenyl methane dyes is attributed to MnP activities. Th e same color dyes (red, orange, and blue) were decolorized variably on the solid medium as well as by the ligninolytic enzymes of I. lacteus. Th e presence of a halogenated compound, cyanuric chloride, in the structure of reactive orange 13 makes it a suitable substrate for MIP, whereas MnP decolorizes reactive orange 16 that has a naphthalene ring with an hydroxyl group, presenting the dye as a simpler phenolic moiety. Decolorization of triphenyl methane dyes methyl blue (MB) and fast green (FG) was attributed to MnP activities. Brilliant green (BG) resisted decolorization by ligninolytic activities. Th e presence of two 3-[2-(ethyl amino) ethyl] benzene sulfonate groups in FG and three 4-amino benzene sulfonate groups in MB favor the decolorization, whereas the presence of two N,Ndiethyl amine groups in BG resist the decolorization by ligninolytic activities. Enzymatic decolorization of effl uents led to the complete loss of the peak in the UV-region. Ligninolytic activities associated to decolorization of effl uents showed no infl uence of pH and decolorized the effl uent over the pH range of 3–5. Th e results highlight the effi cacies of the ligninolytic system in designing a modest bioremediation program and also provide the means to distinguish among the peroxidases generated as a part of the ligninolytic system.

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes and textile and dye-stuff effluent by Kurthia sp.

A number of soil and water samples were collected from the vicinity of effluent treatment plant of a textile and dyeing industry. Several organisms were screened for their ability to decolorize triphenylmethane group of dyes. A Kurthia sp. was selected on the basis of rapid dye decolorizing activity. Under aerobic conditions, 98% color was removed intracellularly by this strain. A number of triphenylmethane dyes, such as magenta, crystal violet, pararosaniline, brilliant green, malachite green, ethyl violet and textile and dyestuff effluent used in this study. The rates of decolorization of magenta (92%), crystal violet (96%), malachite green (96%), pararosaniline (100%) and brilliant green (100%) were found to be more than that of ethyl violet (8%). After the decolorization of most of the dyes, viable cell concentration of the Kurthia sp. reduced significantly. In the case of ethyl violet, viable cell concentration was almost negligible after decolorization. The extent of decolorization of synthetic effluent (98%) was more in comparison to textile and dye-stuff effluent (56%). After biotransformation, the extent of COD reduction of the cell free extracts of triphenylmethane dyes was higher (more than 88%, except in the case of ethyl violet, 70%) in comparison to textile and dye-stuff effluent.

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by the bird's nest fungus Cyathus bulleri

Decolorization of three triphenylmethane dyes by three bird's nest fungi—Cyathus bulleri, C. stercoreus, and C. striatus—was studied. Cyathus bulleri was found to be the most efficient in decolorization as demonstrated by the disappearance of the dyes from cultures, monitored by decreases in absorbance. Growth of the Cyathus spp. was not affected by the presence of dyes in the cultures. Decolorization of dyes was also observed with extracellular culture filtrates, indicating exocellular activity. Laccase activity, tested in replicate cultures, was found to be maximum during the decolorization period. Nitrogen in the medium had no effect on decolorization.