Percent Decline Research Articles

Revisiting interest rate and lending channels of monetary policy transmission in the light of theoretical prescriptions

Although theories on channels of monetary policy transmission emphasize indirect monetary policy effect on inflation and output, empirical literature is surprisingly rooted in a direct approach. The use of variants of vector autoregression, with theoretical ordering of variables, does not only fail to quantify the indirect effect, but are also fraught with disagreements on identification of shocks of monetary policy. We revisit the interest rate and lending channels of monetary policy transmission in an approach that is grounded in theory and elicits step-by-step transmission of monetary policy impulses and the eventual effect on inflation in South Africa. We find interest rate and lending channels to be operative in South Africa. For the interest rate channel, a percentage restriction in monetary policy increases lending rate by 0.29%; a percentage increase in the lending rate reduces investment by 0.063%; and a percentage fall in investment reduces inflation by 0.074%. For the lending channel, a percentage restriction of monetary policy reduces banking sector credit by 0.22%; a percentage fall in private sector credit reduces investment by 0.20%; and a percentage decline in investment reduces inflation by 0.086%. These results are robust to different samples and specifications.

Swine diets impact manure characteristics and gas emissions: Part I protein level

Crude protein (CP) is a key nutrient in swine diets supplying essential amino acids, N, and S to animals for growth are fed in excess to maximize growth. Swine diets reduced in CP and supplemented with crystalline amino acids have been shown effective at maintaining animal growth while increasing overall CP use efficiency. A feeding trial study was conducted to determine the effects of reduced dietary CP levels on manure slurry chemical properties and gas emissions. A total of 24 gilts averaging 111 kg BW were fed corn and soybean meal diets formulated with 8.7, 14.8, and 17.6% CP using crystalline amino acid supplementation in the 8.7 and 14.8% CP diets, but only intact protein, soybean meal, in the diet containing 17.6% CP. Diets were fed for 45 d with an average daily feed intake (ADFI) of 2.70 kg across all diets. Animals were fed twice daily with both feces and urine collected during each feeding and added to animal-specific manure storage containers. At the end of the study, manure slurries were monitored for gas emissions and chemical properties. Increasing dietary CP levels increased manure pH, total solids, total N, and total S, including increased levels of ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. Pigs fed lower CP diets had lower emissions of NH3, branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), and phenol compounds which translated into lower emissions in total odor. Emissions of NH3 and odor were reduced by 8.9% and 4.2%, respectively, for each unit percent decline in dietary CP. Hydrogen sulfide was the dominate odorant associated with manure odor emissions. Based on nutrient mass balance, animal retention of dietary N and S increased by 7.0% and 2.4%, respectively, for each unit percent drop in crude protein fed animals, while C retention in the animal declined by 2.1%.

GFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for CKD progression in clinical trials.

There is a paucity of therapies for chronic kidney disease (CKD), in part because of the slow nature of the disease which poses challenges in selection of endpoints in randomized controlled trials (RCT). There is increasing evidence for the use of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-based endpoints either as percentage decline using time-to-event analyses, or as difference in slope between treatment arms. We reviewed the rationale for using surrogate endpoints and optimal methods for their evaluation prior to their use and evidence for GFR-based endpoints and particularly GFR slope as validated surrogate endpoints and considerations for their use in RCTs. In an individual patient meta-analysis of 47 studies (60 620 participants), treatment effects on the clinical endpoint were accurately predicted from treatment effects on 3-year total slope [median R = 0.97 (95% Bayesian confidence interval (BCI), 0.78-1.00] and on the chronic slope [R = 0.96 (95% BCI, 0.63-1.00)]. In a simulation study, GFR slope substantially reduced the required sample size and duration of follow-up compared to the clinical endpoint given high baseline GFR and absence of acute treatment effect. In the presence of acute effect, results were more complicated. GFR decline is accepted, and GFR slope is being considered, by regulatory authorities as a validated surrogate endpoint for CKD RCTs.

Systematic review of the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on mortality and adverse clinical outcomes for individuals with chronic kidney disease

ObjectivesTo investigate if non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) impacts mortality and adverse outcomes for individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched up...

Day to Day Consistency and Inter-subject Variability of Neuromuscular Responses and Performance Fatigability as the Result of Maximal, Bilateral, Dynamic Leg Extensions

The purpose of the present study was to examine the day-to-day consistency and inter-subject variability of composite and individual, neuromuscular and torque patterns of responses as a result of a fatiguing bout of maximal, bilateral, isokinetic leg extension muscle actions. Ten men (Mean ± SD = 21.6 ± 2.5 years) completed two testing visits consisting of pretest and posttest maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) as well as 25 maximal, bilateral, isokinetic (180°/s), leg extension muscle actions. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals were collected from the vastus lateralis and normalized to the MVIC. Performance fatigability was defined as the percent decline in torque between the average of repetitions 1, 2, and 3 and repetitions 23, 24, and 25. Polynomial regression was used to examine the individual and composite relationships between EMG amplitude (AMP), EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG AMP, MMG MPF, and torque versus repetitions. There was no significant difference (d = 0.80; P = 0.17) in the performance fatigability between Day 1 (19.3% ± 7.1%) and Day 2 (26.9% ± 11.3%). Polynomial regression indicated substantial inter-subject variability, but high day-to-day consistency. The composite EMG AMP, MMG AMP, and MMG MPF patterns of responses demonstrated consistency across days. The composite EMG MPF patterns of responses, however, were not consistent between Day 1 and Day 2. In addition, based on the high inter-subject variability, future studies should present both composite patterns of neuromuscular responses and the patterns of responses on a subject-by-subject basis to make inferences regarding fatigue-induced changes in motor unit activation strategies.

Circulating Thyroid Hormone Profile in Response to a Triiodothyronine Challenge in Familial Longevity.

ContextFamilial longevity is associated with higher circulating levels of thyrotropin (TSH), in the absence of differences in circulating thyroid hormones, and a lower thyroid responsivity to TSH, as previously observed in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS). Further mechanisms underlying these observations remain unknown.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that members from long-lived families (offspring) have higher thyroid hormone turnover or less negative feedback effect on TSH secretion compared to controls.Methods In a case-control intervention study, 14 offspring and 13 similarly aged controls received 100 µg 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) orally. Their circulating T3, free T3 (fT3), and TSH levels were measured during 5 consecutive days. We compared profiles of circulating T3, fT3, and TSH between offspring and controls using general linear modeling (GLM) and calculated the percentage decline in TSH following T3 administration.ResultsCirculating T3 and fT3 levels increased to supraphysiologic values and normalized over the course of 5 days. There were no serious adverse events. T3 and fT3 concentration profiles over 5 days were similar between offspring and controls (T3 GLM P = .11, fT3 GLM P = .46). TSH levels decreased in a biphasic manner and started returning to baseline by day 5. The TSH concentration profile over 5 days was similar between offspring and controls (GLM P = .08), as was the relative TSH decline (%).ConclusionsMembers of long-lived families have neither higher T3 turnover nor diminished negative feedback of T3 on TSH secretion. The cause and biological role of elevated TSH levels in familial longevity remain to be elucidated.

Serial measurements of faecal calprotectin may discriminate intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease in patients started on antitubercular therapy.

Response to antitubercular therapy (ATT) is often used to differentiate intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) from Crohn's disease. Role of non-invasive biomarkers to predict mucosal response to ATT is unclear. A prospective study to compare faecal calprotectin and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at diagnosis, 2 and 6 months of ATT in patients with suspected ITB started on ATT was done. The patients were eventually divided into two groups: ITB or alternative diagnosis (OTH). Decline of calprotectin and CRP levels was used to compute area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) to predict mucosal healing at 2 months. Thirty-seven patients (mean age: 34.95 ± 16.35 years, 23 males) were included and 28 (75.67%) were diagnosed as ITB while nine (24.32%) had alternative diagnosis (OTH). The median faecal calprotectin values of ITB and OTH groups at baseline, 2 months and 6 months were 216 and 282 µg/g (P = 0.466), 43 and 216 µg/g (P = 0.003), and 26 and 213 µg/g (P < 0.001), respectively. The median CRP values at baseline, 2 months and 6 months were 18 and 30 mg/L (P = 0.767), 4.7 and 15 mg/L (P = 0.025), and 3 and 10.85 mg/L (P = 0.068), respectively. The AUROC of percent decline in faecal calprotectin and serum CRP at 2 months for mucosal healing were 0.8287 [95% confidence inteval (CI) 0.6472-1] and 0.6018 (95% CI 0.4079-0.7957), respectively. Faecal calprotectin can help in assessing response to therapy in suspected ITB patients started on empirical ATT.

Gentrification and Racial Transition in Cincinnati, 2000–2016

Gentrification, the upgrading of formerly disinvested neighborhoods in a city through in-migration of population with higher median household incomes and educational levels, was first noted in large cities in the U.S., but has since diffused to smaller cities. One of those smaller cities is Cincinnati and is the focus of this article. One major question surrounding gentrification, regardless of where it occurs, is its possible displacement of lower-income individuals (mainly minorities). Displacement in this article is indirectly measured by documenting census tracts that experienced at least a 5.0 percent decline in the percentage of the tract that was African-American between 2000–10 and 2010–16. Logistic regression was then used to determine if tracts in Cincinnati undergoing gentrification during 2000–10 and 2010–16 experienced displacement of African-American population. Over the short-term (2000–10) there was no significant relationship between gentrification and displacement. However, tracts that gentrified between 2000 and 2010 were more likely to experience displacement between 2010 and 2016 at the 0.05 level suggesting that displacement occurs later in the gentrification process. It is suggested that the Great Recession adversely affected the ability of minorities to enter or remain in neighborhoods undergoing revitalization and may have contributed to displacement.

Financing foreign trade in Turkey under 2020 Corona virus Covid-19 pandemics

Purpose- The study aims to estimate the export income of Turkey under the effects Corona Virus Covid 19 Pandemics of 2020. Methodology- The study employs descriptive statistics analyses for macroeconomic indicators of leading export markets of Turkish economy. Findings- The analysis shows that Turkish Economy export income would decline 30 percent relative to 2019 due to sudden shock and lockdowns and losses, deaths and illnesses during the first quarter of 2020. Conclusion- The World Economy has been expected to shrink 3 percent at 2020. This is larger than 1.68 percent decline in growth rate at 2009. In 2009 financial crises, Turkish export volume decreased %30 in 2009. At 2020, the export of Turkey would decrease 30 percent due to decline of import demand of major export markets of EU, OECD and member countries of Islamic Cooperation Countries. However, the World Bank and IMF’s expectations suggest rapid growth in the World economy at 2021.

Incidence of Meningococcal Disease Before and After Implementation of Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the United States

In 2005, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended routine quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY) vaccine for all adolescents aged 11 to 12 years, and in 2010, a booster dose for adolescents aged 16 years. Measuring the association between MenACWY vaccination and the incidence of meningococcal disease in adolescents is critical for evaluating the adolescent vaccination program and informing future vaccine policy. To describe the association between MenACWY vaccination and the incidence of meningococcal disease in US adolescents. In this cohort study, analysis of surveillance data included all confirmed and probable cases of Neisseria meningitidis reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2017. Statistical analysis was conducted from October 1, 2018, to August 31, 2019. Routine MenACWY vaccination among US adolescents. Poisson segmented regression analysis was used to model the annual incidence of meningococcal disease among adolescents aged 11 to 15 years and 16 to 22 years before the introduction of the MenACWY vaccine (2000-2005), after the primary dose recommendation (2006-2010), and after the booster dose recommendation (2011-2017); 95% CIs were used to determine significant differences between time periods. The national incidence of meningococcal disease declined from 0.61 cases per 100 000 population during the prevaccine period (2000-2005) to 0.15 cases per 100 000 population during the post-booster dose period (2011-2017). The greatest percentage decline was observed for serogroup C, W, and Y combined (CWY) among adolescents aged 11 to 15 years and 16 to 22 years in the periods after vaccine introduction. Incidence of serogroup CWY meningococcal disease among adolescents aged 11 to 15 years decreased by 16.3% (95% CI, 12.1%-20.3%) annually during the prevaccine period and 27.8% (95% CI, 20.6%-34.4%) during the post-primary dose period (P = .02); among adolescents aged 16 to 22 years, the incidence decreased by 10.6% (95% CI, 6.8%-14.3%) annually in the post-primary dose period and 35.6% (95% CI, 29.3%-41.0%) annually in the post-booster dose period (P < .001). An estimated 222 cases of meningococcal disease due to serogroup CWY among adolescents were averted through vaccination during the evaluation period. After introduction of a primary and booster MenACWY dose, the rates of decline in incidence of meningococcal disease due to serogroup C, W, or Y accelerated nearly 2-fold to 3-fold in vaccinated adolescent age groups. Although the MenACWY vaccine alone cannot explain the decline of meningococcal disease in the United States, these data suggest that MenACWY vaccination is associated with reduced disease rates in adolescents.

Caloric Intake and Energy Expenditures in India

Abstract Total energy expenditures for the Indian population between 1983 and 2012 are estimated to shed light on the debate concerning falling measured caloric intake during the period (A. Deaton and J. Drèze. 2009. “Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations.” Economic and Political Weekly 44(7): 42–65). Anthropometric, time-use, and detailed employment surveys are used to estimate the separate components of total energy expenditure related to metabolism and physical activity levels. Despite a significant drop in adult physical activity levels, total energy expenditures are flat overall between 1983 and 2012. Rising metabolic requirements due to increases in weight dampened the effect of falling activity levels on total energy expenditure. In addition, the 10 percent decline in the population share of children in the period raised average total energy expenditures considerably as children have much lower metabolic requirements and activity levels than adults.

Effect Of Countermovement Depth On The Neuromechanics Of A Vertical Jump

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine kinematic, kinetic and muscle activation metrics during countermovement jumps (CMJs) with varying countermovement depths. The hypothesis was that a shallow countermovement depth would compromise jump height by disrupting neuromechanical control. METHODS: Ten healthy men (age 26±8 yr, height 1.81±0.08 m, mass 83.5±9.0 kg) performed maximal CMJs at self-selected countermovement depth (self-selected CMJ), at reduced countermovement depth (shallow CMJ) and at increased countermovement depth (deep CMJ). Three jumps were performed in each condition on force plates with ankle, knee and hip motion recorded and electromyograms (EMG) recorded from the gluteus maximus (GM), vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles. During CMJs knee flexion angle was recorded with an electrogoniometer. Jumpers were instructed to flex 15% less (shallow CMJ) and 15% more (deep CMJ) than the self-selected CMJs. Kinematic, kinetic and EMG metrics were compared between the different CMJ depths using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Compared with self-selected CMJs, shallow CMJs had 26% less countermovement depth (9.5 cm less, P<0.001) and the deep CMJs had 28% greater countermovement depth (10.2 cm more, P<0.001). Jump height was 8% less for the shallow vs. self-selected CMJs (0.344 m vs. 0.373 m, diff 2.9±2.5 cm, P=0.007) but not different between self-selected and deep CMJs (0.373 m vs. 0.378 m, diff 0.05±0.1.9 cm, P=0.254). Shallow CMJs differed from self-selected CMJs at the initiation of the countermovement (unweighting phase). For self-selected CMJs force dropped to 43% of body weight during unweighting but only to 58% for shallow CMJs (P=0.015). During unweighting VL EMG averaged 5.5% of MVC during self-selected CMJs versus 8.1% for shallow CMJs (P=0.014). Percent decline in jump height with shallow versus self-selected CMJs was correlated with the difference in VL EMG during unweighting between shallow and self-selected CMJs (r=0.651, P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Failure to deactivate the quadriceps during the unweighting phase of shallow CMJs compromised unweighting and resulted in a reduced jump height. These findings highlight the importance of unweighting at the initiation of the countermovement in dictating subsequent jump performance.

Relative Contributions Of Muscular Strength, Muscle Size, And Tissue Oxygenation To Isometric Performance Fatigability

PURPOSE: Performance fatigability (PF) has been defined as fatigue-induced decline in force. It has been hypothesized that muscle mass and strength may affect the magnitude of PF by limiting oxygenated blood to the muscle during sustained isometric muscle actions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relative contributions of muscular strength, muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), and the rate of decline in tissue saturation index (TSI%) to PF. METHODS: Fifteen men (± SD: 20.9 ± 1.7 yr) performed a sustained bilateral isometric leg extension muscle action at 45% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) until failure. PF was quantified as the percent decline in force from pretest to posttest MVIC. mCSA was defined as the sum of the right and left vastus lateralis (VL). Muscular strength was defined as pretest MVIC. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess TSI% from the right VL and was log transformed to determine the linear slope coefficient (b) of TSI% vs. Time (every 5%). A paired t-test was used to examine differences between pretest and posttest MVIC. Regression analyses were used to determine the full-model and stepwise linear regression model. RESULTS: The mean (±SD) sum of the VL mCSA was 51.3 ± 8.6 cm2. The pretest MVIC (119.4 ± 17.6 kg) was significantly (p=0.003; d=1.3) greater than the posttest MVIC (96.7 ± 16.9 kg). The mean PF was 17.5 ± 16.5%, and there was a significant (p=0.031), negative b (-0.005 ± 0.003 au) for TSI% vs. Time. The muscular strength standardized ß was 3.25 times and 6.5 times greater than mCSA and TSI% standardized ßs, respectively (Table 1). The stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that only muscular strength was a significant predictor of PF. CONCLUSION: Muscular strength independent of muscle mass and rate of decline in TSI% contributed to PF. There was, however, 59% unexplained variance, so future investigations should examine the contribution of neuromuscular and metabolic responses to PF.

Initial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Canadian Labour Market

In this study, we review the initial impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the Canadian labour market. We focus on changes in employment and aggregate hours worked between February 2020 and April 2020 while accounting for normal monthly changes in these indicators. We find that COVID-19 induced a 32 percent decline in aggregate weekly work hours among workers aged 20–64 years, alongside a 15 percent decline in employment. We characterize the distribution of work lost, finding that nearly half of job losses are attributed to workers in the bottom earnings quartile. Those most affected by COVID-19 are in public-facing jobs in industries most affected by shutdowns (accommodation and food services), younger workers, paid hourly, and non-union. The results provide context for policy development, with both supply and demand sides of the labour market to consider.

Effect of gamma radiation on germination and seedling growth in field bean [Lablab purpureus var. lignosus (L.) Prain] cv.TFB-2

Induced mutations play a significant role in the crop improvement of vegetable crops. An experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta with an objective to establish the radiation quality and dose range for improvement of field bean. The seeds of TFB-2, a popular variety of field bean were treated with different doses of gamma rays viz., 10kR, 20kR, 30kR, 40kR, 50kR and 60kR using cobalt (60Co) as a source of radiation. The irradiated seeds along with untreated control were sown in both petri plates and polybags. Germination percentage in petri plates were assessed after seven days. The germination percentage ranged from 35.55% to 80% in petri plates and 33.33% to 80.95% in polybags for different doses of gamma rays. In case of untreated control the germination percentage in petri plates and polybags was 93.33% and 93.65% respectively. The growth of the seedlings in polybags was assessed after 30 days. A decrease in the germination and retarded seedling growth (roots and shoot length) in irradiated plants as compared to control was observed. A gradual decline in germination percentage and seedling growth was recorded with increase in irradiation dose. Lowest seedling growth (26.56 cm) was recorded in T6 (60kR) while the highest seedling growth (46.56 cm) was recorded in T1 (10kR).

Influences Of Baduanjin Exercise On The Blood Lipids And Serum Il-6,apn In The Olders

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of Baduanjin on the blood lipids and serum IL-6,APN in the olders. METHODS: The healthy old people without regular exercise behaviour were selected from China Renmin University community , and were divided into the control group(C group,n=9) and the exercise group(E group,n=6) after the physical examination. The subjects took part in the study and gave formal consent. E group carried out Baduanjin for 4 months, while C group kept their routine life especially the daily exercise habits. Body composition and blood were tested at the beginning of the study and four months later, and the blood examination including the blood lipids and serum IL-6,APN. RESULTS: 1.Body composition Compared with the baseline examination, the lean body mass of 4 months later in E group increased significantly(P<0.05),while the C group showed little different. E group’s body fat percentage and visceral fat mass decreased (P<0.01);and in C group, fat free mass,visceral fat mass hardly changed except the body fat percentage decline(P<0.05).2.Blood Lipids The baseline total cholesterol(TC) of E group were higher than the C’s, and after the 4-month intervention , the E’s TC went down (5.13±1.07vs4.92±0.74)(P<0.05),but the C’s elevated(P<0.05),with the result that E’s TC were lower than C’s at the 4-month later(P<0.01).Between the two groups ,HDL-C and LDL-C also showed great difference, especially E’s HDL-C displayed health promotion effects.3.Serum Factors(1)IL-6 of the both group declined after 4-month duration,with E’s P<0.01 and C’s P<0.05.(2)Great difference were found between the two groups according to the baseline test of serum APN, but after 4-month E’s APN elevated and higher than C’s(P<0.01),while the C’s went down(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regular exercise of Baduanjin could improve the body composition, change the blood lipids. Furthermore, Baduanjin exercise had good effect on the regulation of IL-6,APN, which in turn maybe alleviate the chronic gradual low inflammation inside the olders. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by Qigong Administration Center of General Administration of Sport of China(No.QG2016028)

What Happens in Vegas Doesn't Always Stay in Vegas: The Dynamics of House Prices and Foreclosure Rates Across Space and Time

This paper identifies instruments for house prices and foreclosure rates and estimates a Dynamic Spatial Simultaneous Equation System (DSSES) to investigate the dynamics of them across space and time. Shocks to the foreclosure rate in one state not only affect house prices in that state but also the foreclosure rates and house prices in nearby states. When it comes to the housing market, what happens in Vegas doesn’t always stay in Vegas. A one standard deviation foreclosure shock leads to a 2 percent decline in real house prices over the long run.

Dynamics of Land Degradation in Uttar Pradesh: Zone-wise Analysis

The study was undertaken to assess the extent of land degradation in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The data for the various forms of wasteland were collected from Wasteland Atlas of India for the period from 2000-01 to 2015-16. The study revealed that the proportion of total wasteland areas to total geographical areas was declined from 9.42 to 3.54 percent during the period under investigation. The percentage change was estimated to be -62.42 percent. The percentage decline was registered in all the categories of degraded lands like Gullied/Ravine soil (-62.07 percent), upland with or without Scrub (-60.09 percent), waterlogged and marsh soil (-84.80 percent), saline/alkaline soil (-63.49 percent), underutilized/degraded notified (-2.15 percent), degraded pastures/grazing land (-100.00 percent), degraded land under plantation (-100.00 percent), and inland/coastal (-95.00 percent), barren rocky/stony waste/sheetrock area (-71.88 percent) except mining or industrial land. Mining and industrial land were increased by 200.00 percent during the period from 2000-01 to 2015-16. Mining/industrial land increased because of urbanization and the installation of industries in the state. The decline in other categories of land was registered on account of the Land Reclamations Scheme launched by the U.P. Government to improve the quality of the land. With the increasing demand for land due to population pressure and ensure food security, it is the need of the hour to make more and more wastelands or degraded lands usable and cultivable.

26-OR: Acute Declines in EGFR during Treatment with Canagliflozin and Its Implications for Clinical Practice: Insights from CREDENCE

Background: Canagliflozin (CANA) slows progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with type 2 diabetes. CANA also induces a reversible acute decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which is believed to be a hemodynamic effect. Predictors of the initial decline and its association with long-term eGFR trajectories and safety outcomes are unknown. Methods: This post-hoc study of the CREDENCE trial included 4289 patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD who had eGFR measured at both baseline and week 3. Participants were categorized by percentage decline in eGFR at week 3: &amp;gt;10%, ≤10% to &amp;gt;0%, and ≤0%. Baseline characteristics associated with acute eGFR declines &amp;gt;10% were evaluated using logistic regression. Long-term eGFR decline and safety outcomes were estimated in each eGFR decline category by linear mixed effects models and Cox regression after adjustment for laboratory measures and medication use. Results: More participants in the CANA (956 [45%]) versus placebo (PBO) group (450 [21%]) had an acute eGFR decline &amp;gt;10% (p&amp;lt;0.001). A &amp;gt;30% decline occurred infrequently (89 [4%] with CANA and 39 [2%] with PBO; p&amp;lt;0.001). In the CANA but not in the PBO group, older age (OR CANA 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.31; per 10 years) and history of heart failure (OR CANA 0.77, 0.59-0.99) were associated with a higher and lower likelihood of an acute eGFR decline &amp;gt;10%, respectively (both p for interaction &amp;lt;0.05). Following the initial eGFR change, long-term eGFR trajectories as well as overall safety profiles were similar across eGFR decline categories (all p values &amp;gt;0.05). Results were consistent when other decline thresholds (&amp;gt;20%) were used and in subgroup analysis by baseline eGFR (30-&amp;lt;45, 45-&amp;lt;60, and 60-&amp;lt;90 ml/min/1.73 m2). Conclusions: Although acute eGFR declines &amp;gt;10% occurred in nearly half of all patients following initiation of CANA, the benefit of CANA compared with placebo was observed regardless of the acute eGFR decline and safety profiles were similar. Disclosure M. Oshima: Research Support; Self; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Program for Fostering Globally Talented Researchers. M.J. Jardine: Other Relationship; Self; See Other Relationship field. R. Agarwal: Other Relationship; Self; AbbVie Inc., Akebia Therapeutics, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer Inc., Bird Rock Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, OPKO Health, Inc., Reata, Relypsa, Inc., Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, ZS Pharma. G. Bakris: Consultant; Self; Alnylam, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Relypsa, Inc., Teijin Pharma Limited. Other Relationship; Self; Bayer AG, Novo Nordisk Inc., Vascular Dynamics. C. Cannon: None. D.M. Charytan: Advisory Panel; Self; Allena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., PLC Medical. Employee; Self; BAIM Institute. Research Support; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Baim, Amgen, Medtronic/Covidien, Zoll, Fresenius, Daiichi Sankyo, Douglas and London, Eli Lilly, Merck, Gilead, and Novo Nordisk. D. de Zeeuw: Advisory Panel; Self; AbbVie Inc., Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Fresenius Medical Care, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. R. Edwards: Employee; Self; Janssen. T. Greene: Other Relationship; Self; Janssen, Durect, and Pfizer. A. Levin: Consultant; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca K.K., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc. K.W. Mahaffey: Consultant; Self; Medscape, Mitsubishi, Myokardia, NIH, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Portola, Radiometer, Regeneron, SmartMedics, Springer Publishing, UCSF. Research Support; Self; Afferent, Amgen, Apple, Inc, AstraZeneca, Cardiva Medical, Inc, Daiichi, Ferring, Google (Verily), Johnson &amp; Johnson, Luitpold, Medtronic, Merck, NIH, Novartis, Sanofi, St. Jude, Tenax. B. Neal: Research Support; Self; Janssen Research &amp; Development, LLC, Merck Schering Plough, Roche Pharma, Servier, Zydus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Servier. C.A. Pollock: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Vifor Pharma Group. Research Support; Self; Diabetes Australia. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Cipla Inc., MedErgy, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novartis AG, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Vifor Pharma Group. Other Relationship; Self; Amgen, George Institute for Global Health, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. N. Rosenthal: None. D.C. Wheeler: Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Reata. Consultant; Self; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Amgen, Astellas Pharma Inc., Mundipharma International, Napp Pharmaceuticals. H. Zhang: Employee; Self; Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital. B. Zinman: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis. V. Perkovic: Other Relationship; Self; See Other Relationship field. H.L. Heerspink: Consultant; Self; AbbVie Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, CSL Behring, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Mundipharma International, Retrophin, Inc. Funding Janssen Research &amp; Development, LLC

Long-term temporal variations and source changes of halocarbons in the Greater Pearl River Delta region, China

Abstract Halocarbons are widely used in the Greater Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China. To study the long-term trends, source changes and emissions of major halocarbons, a total of 1505 canister air samples were collected in the Greater PRD region during 2001–2018. Mixing ratios of CFCs decreased significantly over the past 18 years except for CFC-114, which significantly increased in the Greater PRD, consistent with the recent observations of significant CFC-114 emissions in East Asia. Declines in CFCs in the Greater PRD region were faster than those at the background Mauna Loa (MLO) site, indicating effective control regulations. Source apportionment simulations showed that refrigeration applications, including refrigeration industry and CFCs replacement, were the main sources of halocarbons. During the study period, refrigeration industry experienced a progressive decline in both mixing ratio and percentage, while the contribution of CFCs replacement remained increasing. Contribution of solvent use in electronic industry traced by C2Cl4 dramatically decreased during the study period, and stayed at a low level in recent years. Based on the measured ratios of halocarbons to CO, the estimated total halocarbon emissions in 2016 were 46.5 ± 16.7 Gg for the Greater PRD region. This study provides useful information for examining the evolving emission status of halocarbons in the Greater PRD region in response to control strategies and changing usage.