Declarative Sentences Research Articles

한국어 중급 교재의 대화문에 나타난 대인적 기능의 실현 양상 분석

Objectives This study aimed to analyze the realization patterns of interpersonal functions in dialogues of inter-mediate Korean language textbooks from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Methods This study analyzed the interpersonal functions and their realization patterns in dialogues from Korean intermediate integrated textbooks published in the late 2000s. By establishing two main analytical categories—mood system and mood metaphor—and conducting distribution and realization pattern analyses for each cat-egory, we explored the linguistic characteristics of textbook dialogues from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Results In the textbook dialogues, declarative sentences were most frequent, followed by interrogative, imper-ative, and suggestive sentences. For honorific forms, the combination of ‘하십시오체+해요체’ was most common, followed by ‘해라체+해체’, with the ‘하게체’ being least frequent. For mood metaphors, interrogative forms func-tioning as statements or commands were most frequently observed. Conclusions The study confirmed that the analyzed Korean textbook dialogues accurately reflect the language us-age patterns of native Korean speakers, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach in textbook analysis.

Semantic Effects of Long-Distance Wh-Scrambling in Japanese

This paper investigates the semantic effects of long-distance wh-scrambling in Japanese. Through qualitative analysis, it demonstrates that long-distance scrambling is a semantically vacuous movement in declarative sentences where a wh-phrase undergoes radical reconstruction for interpretation. It is demonstrated that it need not flow into semantic interpretations, in contrast to wh-movement. Long-distance wh-scrambling, on the other hand, has an impact on sentential readings in interrogative sentences since the wh-phrase must draw scope from its nearest question marker, which must be understood through the c-command relationship. The difference is discovered to originate from a processing technique, with each alternative interpretation being more prominent in both the jumbled sentence and the canonical form. This study provides a syntactic-semantic perspective and offers new insights into the semantic implications of scrambling, thus contributing to the existing literature.

Exclamation, intensity, and emotive assertion

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel analysis of exclamations as assertions equivalent to particular uses of declarative sentences with emotive verbs. Focusing on wh-exclamatives and declarative exclamations, we offer a wide range of arguments for why they are both assertive. We further argue that like emotive verbs, exclamations convey a presupposition not of factivity but of subjective veridicality anchored to the speaker, and assert the emotion (of surprise, amazement, or a negative emotion). Our analysis proposes a syntax-semantics for exclamations without a speech act operator, and exclamativity surfaces as an attitude rather than a speech act. This seems to be well motivated by the Greek, German as well as English facts we examine in the paper. Illocutionary operator approaches cannot capture the facts discussed here, and they also fail to determine precisely what the exclamative force might be.

Syntactic Parallelism in Muglan

This article explores the syntactic parallelism in Mulan. The data are carried out from the secondary sources. The qualitative and descriptive method is used for analysis. The sixteen sentences are taken from the source and their targets were noted along with the transliteration. The selected sentences were analyzed on the basis of structure, functions and voice. On the basis of syntactic parallelism, the findings have been drawn on the basis of voice, sentence types and sentence function. Most of the Nepali active voices in the source text (ST) have been translated into English active voices in the target text (TT). Therefore, the tendency of active (ST) into active (TT) was very high. Throughout the sampled data, Nepali passive voice (ST) into English passive voice (TT) has very low. Similarly on the basis of sentence types, simple sentences in the ST translated into simple sentences in the TT has higher tendency as compared to compound sentences in the ST translated into compound sentences in the TT. The complex sentences in the ST translated into complex sentences in the TT have highest tendency. Likewise on the basis of sentence function, the declarative sentences in the ST into declarative sentences in the TT has highest tendency. Interrogative sentences in the ST into interrogative sentences in the TT has higher tendency than exclamatory sentences in the ST into exclamatory in the TT.The imperative sentence (ST) into imperative sentence (TT) has lowest tendency.

Structural types of sentences in Kosovo police communication centers

In this paper it will be analyzed grammatical and dialectal aspect of structural sentences of Albanian language used in six Kosovo Police Communication Centers. This paper includes: types of sentences used in Communication Centers separately; enhancing sentences, declarative sentences, declarative-exclamatory sentences and declarative-imperative; imperative sentences; - affirmative and negative sentences. All sections of this paper are illustrated with tables and charts, including number of used sentences and percentage of usage, to present the current situation of use of structural types of sentences in the Kosovo Police Communication Centers. Based on the results from six Communication Centers, which we have analyzed and treated separately, we have come to conclusions of the analysis of the grammatical and dialectal aspects. In Kosovo Police Communication Centers, within the category of declarative sentences, we find positive and negative sentences, which are formed by positive and negative particles, as: Poziiv (Positive), Negativ (Negative), Negativ niher (Negative for now), Po (Yes), Jo (No), veç çka po vrehet n’pamje t’jashtme (only what can be seen from outside), etc. In six Kosovo Police Communication Centers, the affirmative sentences are mainly formed through affirmative particles, as: pozitiv (positive), pranim (copy), po, po – po (yes, yeas – yes), u ba (done), ani faleminderit (OK thank you), n’rregull (alright), e kjart osht n’rregull (it’s clear alright), u kry (done), etc.

ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF CHINESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY PROFILES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH

The study aims to compare and analyze English pharmaceutical company profiles (EPCP) and Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles (CPCP) from the perspective of functionalist approach with the guideline of translation-oriented text analysis. A corpus will be used in the research. There are various differences on intratextual elements between the two profiles. From the corpus data, explicitly appellative functions are characterized by the high-frequency words in English whereas Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles weigh heavily in informative functions to sustain the authority. On sentence structure, it is observed that there are wide varieties of imperative sentences in native profiles whereas declarative sentences are in Chinese profiles. Other strategies for text functions in the native profile are the use of block language. In English profiles, rhetoric plays an important role for appealing; rhetorical person pronouns, metaphors, alliteration, repetition and parallelism are common devices used to draw empathy for the company or products, and can also stir motivation for purchase action. Results would serve for formulating a model for English translations of Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles.

Brain and grammar: revealing electrophysiological basic structures with competing statistical models.

Acoustic, lexical, and syntactic information are simultaneously processed in the brain requiring complex strategies to distinguish their electrophysiological activity. Capitalizing on previous works that factor out acoustic information, we could concentrate on the lexical and syntactic contribution to language processing by testing competing statistical models. We exploited electroencephalographic recordings and compared different surprisal models selectively involving lexical information, part of speech, or syntactic structures in various combinations. Electroencephalographic responses were recorded in 32 participants during listening to affirmative active declarative sentences. We compared the activation corresponding to basic syntactic structures, such as noun phrases vs. verb phrases. Lexical and syntactic processing activates different frequency bands, partially different time windows, and different networks. Moreover, surprisal models based on part of speech inventory only do not explain well the electrophysiological data, while those including syntactic information do. By disentangling acoustic, lexical, and syntactic information, we demonstrated differential brain sensitivity to syntactic information. These results confirm and extend previous measures obtained with intracranial recordings, supporting our hypothesis that syntactic structures are crucial in neural language processing. This study provides a detailed understanding of how the brain processes syntactic information, highlighting the importance of syntactic surprisal in shaping neural responses during language comprehension.

한국어 종결어미 ‘-네’와 중국어 어기조사 ‘啊(a), 呢(ne)’의 대조연구

This paper aims to first confirm that in declarative sentences, the Chinese modal particles ‘啊(a)’ and ‘呢(ne)’ correspond to the Korean ‘-ney(-네)’ with a distinction: ‘啊(a)’ expresses the speaker's emotions, while ‘呢(ne)’ indicates the speaker's content, meaning that the speaker wants the listener to pay attention to what is being said. Additionally, the current Korean ‘-ney(-네)’ is discussed within the categories of evidentiality and mirativity based on its semantic functions. This paper intends to discuss the evidentiality and mirativity of Korean sentence-final ending ‘-ney(-네)’ separately, and to reveal that the corresponding Chinese Modal Particles ‘啊(a)’ and ‘呢(ne)’ also fall within the categories of evidentiality and mirativity in declarative sentences. Evidentiality refers to the observation of information, which varies depending on the observer and is related to the deictic category of person. The Korean sentence-final ending ‘-ney(-네)’ generally has a first-person subject, whereas this study seeks to confirm that the Chinese ‘啊(a)’ and ‘呢(ne)’ are restricted by a second-person subject.

Representations of First Language Acquisition in the Speech of Three Years Old

The study aims to represent how three-year-old children output their language acquisition. As we know, language acquisition is one of the factors in a child's development. Language acquisition which is a process in humans in obtaining the ability to understand a language that becomes the foundation in the form of sentences to communicate. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the stages of data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The sources and data in this study are transcriptions of recordings of verbal speech of a 3-year-old child named Hanah Shaqueena. The data has been found in this study, there are 4 types of sentences in terms of syntactic form produced by a 3-year-oldchild named Hannah Shaqueena, namely Declarative Sentence Representation, Interrogative Sentence Representation, Imperative Sentence Representation, and Exclamatory Sentence Representation.

Do Human Assertions Really Adhere Strictly to Norms? The Effect of Threatening Content in Information on Personalized Norm Perception.

Assertion is the use of declarative sentences to convey information, which necessitates meeting the "justified-belief norm" as a prerequisite. However, a significant amount of misinformation that did not meet these conditions was spread during COVID-19, leading to a reintroduction of the assertion norm. One possible hypothesis is that the threatening content of the misinformation influenced the perception of the norm. However, this remains unclear to researchers. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of threatening content in information on individuals' perceptions of norms. In all the experiments, participants read backstories with and without threatening content, followed by answering assertion questions. It was observed that people do follow a looser assertion norm for information that contains threatening content. Additionally, further exploration revealed that threatening factors also lead individuals to more easily perceive the related content as truth and reduce the probability of being blamed. These two outcomes provide some explanation for the underlying mechanism of threatening factors' influence. The research results further refined the theory of assertion norms, offering a certain basis for information management.

Syntax, Technology and Politics: Analyzing Political Facebook Posts

This study used Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory to analyze syntactic complexity in digital communication. Thirty Facebook posts made between August and December 2023 by John Dramani Mahama, a Ghanaian former president, were analyzed in this study. A textual analysis was conducted on the data. The findings affirmed that grammatical categories are functional. There was a deliberate linguistic strategy marked by a prevalence of declarative sentences and a notable dominance of complex structures in this genre of digital writing. The strategic use of non-finite clauses contributes to the complexity of the discourse. The genre of writing is also characterized by information ranking and integration. The linguistic choices align with the formal expectations of political and digital communication – precision, depth, and engagement. These observations challenge and enrich existing theories of political discourse and communication strategies in the digital era. Keywords: Syntactic Complexity, Digital Communication, Facebook, Sentence Types, SFL

Quantitative Research on Chinese Sentences Structure Based on Pattern Grammar

With the proliferation of corpora, various syntactic analysis methodologies have been developed. However, syntactic analysis of Chinese sentences demands a theory that focuses more on word order and the interaction between content and function words, which is satisfied by pattern grammar theory. This study investigates the effectiveness of pattern grammar theory in the analysis of Chinese sentence structure and explores the linguistic characteristics of official documents by establishing a description system for structural complexity in Chinese. Statistical methods such as skewness, kurtosis, and correlation analyses were employed to evaluate the system’s performance. The findings confirm the effectiveness of pattern grammar in analyzing Chinese sentence structure by showing that it can accurately reflect the unique properties of Chinese official documents, such as the preference for fixed collocations, declarative sentences, and flat structures. Based on the above findings, this study provides a semantically compatible and innovative theoretical system for analyzing Chinese sentence structures.

An SFL Analysis of Dialogues in Elementary EFL Textbooks

Textbooks play a vital role in language instruction. The study aims to examine the three metafunctions of language based on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. As such, a descriptive qualitative approach along with content analysis is employed to examine dialogues that were selected conveniently from two elementary EFL textbooks. The findings indicate that the relational process is the most frequent process type indicating the ideational function of the two textbooks. For the sake of interpersonal function, declarative sentences are mostly utilized. Meanwhile, the textual function is mostly reflected by the T (Thing) and DT (Deictic + Thing) nominal group pattern. These findings have pedagogical implications for teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL), particularly for elementary school students; providing simple language patterns that help students build a foundational vocabulary and understanding of grammar for proficient communication. The theoretical implication of the findings is the importance of scaffolded learning that helps learners grasp basic linguistic concepts before moving on to more complex and dynamic language use

Formal Logical Modeling of Impersonal Sentences in the English Language

Introduction. The main feature of a sentence is the predicative connection. The two main units – substantive and verbal – are represented in the sentence either through separate words – subject and predicate – or synthetically in one of the parts of the sentence. The question whether subject and predicate play equal part in a sentence remains to be clarified since there are strong arguments in support of every position. The case of impersonal constructions is especially intriguing. So, in English one can find impersonal constructions, which, at first glance, lack a subject.Methodology and sources. The present study aims to provide formal logical modeling of English independent clause with impersonal constructions based on active and passive verb, by means of the binomiality idea. In cases when a sentence begins not from the main couple, some of the passive constructions express the subject partially or don’t express it at all. The binomiality idea claims the existence of an implicit subject, as well as semi-implicit subject that includes a desemantised adverb there, thus, it explains these cases in the fullest way possible. Results and discussion. The formal logical modeling allows concluding that grammar-wise an impersonal construction is a personal one. A predicate with an active verb is accompanied by an explicit subject. In case a sentence starts from the main couple, a predicate with a passive verb can be accompanied by an explicit and (less often) semi-implicit subject, for the membrane of a passive verbal semifinitive is less relief, than the membrane of an active verbal semifinitive and can be subject to pressure from the strong space specifier. If a sentence does not begin with the main couple, then an implicit subject, as well as semiimplicit and explicit ones are possible. In declarative sentences, the implicity of a subject is provided by a strengthening element, whilst in question sentences it is done by a questioning one. Therefore, the weak space specifier cannot be used in declarative sentences, whilst in questioning sentences the strong space specifier is substituted by the weak one.Conclusion. In cases with desemantised pronoun it or desemantised adverb there the term “impersonal construction” is only reasonable in a semantic sense, but not in a grammar one. Grammar-wise the singular third person is set in all cases – through an explicit or implicit substantive semifinitive and a space specifier. At the same time a semi-implicit subject can be seen quite rarely, whilst an implicit one – very rarely. Ellipsis of subject in English impersonal constructions is impossible.

“É importante que não tome mais comprimidos do que lhe foi indicado”: estratégias linguísticas de desresponsabilização da indústria farmacêutica em folhetos informativos

Legally, pharmaceutical companies are responsible for any damage, injury or harm caused to the user by their products. However, the language present in product warnings (Dumas, 1990; Shuy, 1990; Tiersma, 2002) and in patient information leaflets (PIL) (van der Waarde, 2008; Hagemeyer & Coulthard, 2017) seem to protect manufacturers from possible litigation, transferring responsibility to the consumer or user. Therefore, using both a pragmatic and discoursive analysis approach, we aim to investigate which linguistic strategies in European Portuguese (EP) acquit pharmaceutical companies from holding liability for the users’ actions. The qualitative analysis of a corpus of 20 PIL in EP reveals that the use of passive voice, impersonal constructions, attenuation of directive acts, declarative sentences with imperative value and vague language represent intentional strategies for pharmaceutical companies to protect themselves from possible litigation. Additionally, the comprehensibility of the text is further compromised by grammatical inconsistencies, the constant calculation of inferences and the presence of technical terms, “medicalese”.

Ideological and Linguistic Features Analyses of US Presidential Written Discourse addressing Immigration and Terrorism Issues

The aims of this study seeks to examine the underlying linguistics features and ideological concept found in the political speech of American EX President, with a specific emphasis on tweets related to Islamophobia and immigration. The study employs a descriptive and interpretive research design. The corpus of the study consisted of 50 purposely selected Tweets, spanning from 2nd January 2015 to 20th May 2020. Data analysis were conducted using Fairclough's ten-question model (1993). It is found that Trump strategically employed his presidential authority to target Islam and immigration, portraying them as the root cause of terrorism and economic challenges. Trump employed favourable terms while referring to Americans and his supporters, while associating Islam and immigrants with unfavourable descriptors. The findings of this study revealed that Trump employed hyperbole to magnify the perceived threat posed by Islam and immigrants. Trump predominantly employed modal verbs expressing certainty rather than those indicating likelihood in order to demonstrate authority. The future and simple present tenses were commonly used to depict the current threat posed by immigration and the terrorism perpetrated by Islamic groups. The comparative and superlative forms were employed to compare the current state of brightness in the US with its past. The pronouns "we, our, us" were used most frequently to convey a sense of oneness and reduce the perceived barrier between Trump and the audience. Declarative sentences were the most expressive and meaningful acts.

The realization of interpersonal meanings in cosmetic Maybelline New York in 2018 advertisements.

Interpersonal meaning is the interaction between the speaker and the listener and the writer and the reader. This study aims to determine the structure of mood and how the structure of mood is found. The purposes of this study are (1) to be more sensitive to the mood structure shown in Maybelline New York cosmetic advertisement. (2) to investigate the reason of why interrogative sentences are more difficult to find than declarative sentences. Through this research, we can see the types of mood structures, and how these mood structures are used. The type of research approach used is descriptive qualitative. Research in this case describes systematically, factually and accurately facts and causal relationships of the phenomena studied. The sources of data in this study are eight cosmetic Maybelline New York products, namely the Maybelline gel pencil, L'oreal colour riche nail, Maybelline mascara and eyeliner, Maybelline creamy lipmatte and Maybelline eyeshadow, Maybelline eyeliner, Maybelline lipstick, and Maybelline clear smooth all in one. In analyzing the data, the researcher of the 2014 Halliday theory revised by Mathiesse found that there are three types of manifested mood, four types of realized speech function, and mood-based realization of speech function. The moods manifested were declarative (48.64%), interrogative (5.40%) and imperative (45.94%). Speech functions that are realized are statements (48.64%), questions (5.40%), offers (18.91%) and command (24.32%). It can be concluded that declarative sentences are mostly found in Maybelline New York products. Researchers suggest that readers be more careful in using mood structures in cosmetic advertisements so that there are no misunderstandings.

The Texts Flow Structure of students' English speech Performance in the Seminar Course on ELT (Anthropolinguiistics approach)

The purpose of this paper is to describe (1) what are the text flow structures of the of students' English speech performance and (2) what is the non-text flow structure of the students' English speech performance in the Seminar on ELT course. Methods: This study was observed using an anthropolinguistic approach using analytical parameters, namely interconnection, valuability, and sustainability. A qualitative paradigm with an ethnographic model is used in this study by applying twelve steps both in interview and observation methods. Findings: The text flow structure of the of students' English speech performance has three important patterns, namely the introduction, body, and conclusion. It has the smallest elements called substructure. The substructure, there are greeting, question, and declarative sentences found in introduction. The substructure, there are transitional speech, guess, question, declarative, and explanatory sentences found in closing, and greeting closing found in closing part. In the non-text flow structure of the students' English speech performance found co-text and context elements, they are cultural, social, situational, and ideological contexts. In co-text found kinesics and prosemics. Conclusions: The text flow structure is the basic framework of a text in forming a coherent whole. The text and non-text flow structure is related to the text framework which is arranged regularly from beginning to end starting with the introduction into the conclusion. Both the text and non-text flow structures are very necessary to improve students’ ability to communicate well and creatively.

Language Acquisition (Types of Sentence) of Three to Four Years Old Children

This study discussed the language acquisition of children aged 3-4 years. In general, children aged three to four years are able to produce various types of sentences to communicate their goals to others. This study aimed to describe what types of sentences are acquired by children aged three to four years. This type of research was qualitative research using the descriptive method. The collection of data in this research utilized recording and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique used in this study consisted of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicated that all types of sentences in the form of declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative, and exclamatory sentences can be said by children aged three to four years. Sentences that are often said by children aged three to four years are news sentences (declarative).

A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Sentence Understanding for Second Language Learners

This study delves into the intricacies of second-language sentence comprehension, investigating the impact of psycholinguistic variables. An online sentence comprehension task engaged 100 proficient English speakers with intermediate Spanish proficiency, integrating eye-tracking technology. Assessing sentence complexity, word order, lexical ambiguity, and working memory, the findings highlight higher accuracy in simple declarative sentences, while non-canonical word orders led to significantly prolonged response times. Lexical ambiguity correlated with increased error rates, yet superior working memory capacities were associated with enhanced processing efficiency. The research underscores the necessity for nuanced language instruction, emphasizing metacognitive strategies to address challenges posed by sentence complexity and ambiguity. Despite limitations in sample size and controlled settings, this study lays a foundational framework for future cognitive investigations into second-language sentence comprehension.