Decisions Of Others Research Articles

Distributed Computation of Stochastic GNE With Partial Information: An Augmented Best-Response Approach

In this paper, we focus on the stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium problem (SGNEP) which is an important and widely-used model in many different fields. In this model, subject to certain global resource constraints, a set of self-interested players aim to optimize their local objectives that depend on their own decisions and the decisions of others and are influenced by some random factors. We propose a distributed stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium seeking algorithm in a partial-decision information setting based on the Douglas-Rachford operator splitting scheme, which relaxes assumptions in the existing literature. The proposed algorithm updates players' local decisions through augmented best-response schemes and subsequent projections onto the local feasible sets, which comprise most of the computational workload. The projected stochastic subgradient method is applied to provide approximate solutions to the augmented best-response subproblems for each player. The Robbins-Siegmund theorem is leveraged to establish the main convergence results to a true Nash equilibrium using the proposed inexact solver. Finally, we illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm via two numerical examples, i.e., a stochastic Nash-Cournot distribution game and a multi-product assembly problem with the two-stage model.

Decision-Making during the Pandemic: Compassion, Trust, and the Altruistic Paradox

The occurrence of breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated individuals argues against abandoning mitigation efforts such as social distancing. Some public health messages, however, promote vaccination by increasing psychological distress, which interferes with social distancing. Prosocial messages present an alternative approach that may avoid this problem. Accordingly, the present study examined the relation of pandemic mitigation with scores on prosocial personality traits (i.e., altruism, sympathy, and trust) and vaccination intentions. Regression analyses indicated that while vaccination intentions increased significantly with an increase in trust, distancing increased significantly with increases in altruism and sympathy. Because older adults are much more vulnerable to COVID-19 than younger adults, these findings reveal an altruistic paradox, in which older adults, perhaps the most altruistic portion of the population, may be dependent on the altruistic behavior of younger adults, who may be the least altruistic portion. The challenge for public health messaging will be to motivate younger adults to take the consequences of their mitigation decisions for others into account.

The influence of Indonesia’s macroeconomic factors: Inflation and interest rate on large-cap cryptocurrency herding behavior

Research aims: This study aims to investigate herding behavior in the large-capitalization cryptocurrency market and analyze the role/influence of Indonesia's macroeconomic factors, namely inflation and interest rates, on herding behavior in the large-cap cryptocurrency market.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used secondary data from the daily closing prices of five large-cap cryptocurrencies and Indonesia's macroeconomic data (inflation and interest rates) from April 2019 to December 2022 by using the Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) model and Newey-West estimator regression approach to detect herding behavior with a modified independent variable model involving factors influencing herding behavior.Research findings: Based on the results using the Newey-West estimator, three main results were obtained. First, large-cap cryptocurrency investors tend to be irrational in their decisions and follow the decisions of others without reference to their beliefs or herding during the sample period. Second of the two macroeconomic factors studied, i.e., inflation and interest rates, only changes in inflation rates influence investor herding behavior. Third, the market is inefficient with the proven tendency of herding behavior in large-cap cryptocurrencies.Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study narrows down the research of previous studies by using cryptocurrency research objects with a large market capitalization (large cap). In addition, this research extends the research of previous studies by considering external factors related to macroeconomic conditions in Indonesia in general, such as the inflation rate and the interest rate. This study can provide information about financial behavior in the cryptocurrency market, especially herding behavior, so that investors and policymakers can be assisted in formulating investment strategies and regulating cryptocurrencies.Research limitation: This research was limited to using only cryptocurrency assets by not using crypto-tokens, non-fungible tokens (NFT), and other crypto-assets.

KONSELING BEHAVIORISTIK TEKNIK SELF-MANAGEMENT DALAM MENGATASI RENDAHNYA ETIKA PERGAULAN SIKAP SOPAN SANTUN SISWA

The aims of this research are 1. To describe the factors that cause the low level of politeness among students in the social etiquette of class VIII SMPN 4 Kudus. 2. Overcoming the social ethics of student courtesy through behavioral counseling services with self-management techniques for class VIII SMPN 4 Kudus. This type of research is a qualitative research in the form of a case study conducted at SMPN 4 Kudus. The subjects of this study were two class VIII students who had problems with social ethics and politeness. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation. The results showed that by providing behavioristic counseling services with self-management techniques. The counselee is able to change problematic behavior into expected behavior, namely being polite, being able to respect and respecting parents, being friendly in the school environment, being able to respect the opinions and decisions of others

An investigation of consumers' preference and willingness to pay for fish welfare in Denmark: A discrete choice modeling approach

Farmed fish welfare has become an important factor in consumers' purchasing decisions. The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to investigate consumers' preference and willingness to pay for farmed fish welfare and (2) to measure the effect of social desirability on consumers' responses. A self-administered online survey was developed and distributed to an Internet panel in Denmark. Discrete choice experiment was used to elicit consumers' preference and willingness to pay for fish welfare. Direct and indirect questioning were used when an individual was asked to make a decision in the discrete choice experiment. Respondents were asked to make their own purchase decision in direct questioning (i.e., the fish product s/he would like to buy), while in indirect questioning, they were asked to make decisions for others (i.e., the most sold product in the market). The results revealed that attributes such as the form of fish, labeling, price, and premium had an influence on consumers' choice of fish. Specifically, consumers were generally willing to pay more in premium for fish that had a “fish welfare guaranteed” label. Consumer heterogeneity was disclosed in consumer preference and willingness to pay. Results also showed that consumers believe other consumers would be likely to pay less for fish welfare than themselves. Thus, the results revealed that social desirability could create bias when valuing fish welfare.

Influential entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial influencers: are they two sides of the same coin?

ABSTRACT Throughout time, there have been influencers who possess the power to affect decisions of others, and this power has become particularly evident in the current multibilliondollar marketplace of influencer marketing. Practitioners and scholars are focusing on the power of social media to affect change, and the popular press has begun to refer to entrepreneurs as influencers and influencers as entrepreneurs. As such, the current research examines the power of influence in terms of influential entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial influencers. Influential entrepreneurs have the power to encourage others to believe in themselves and to ignite passion for personal success, while also garnering support for their own ventures. Entrepreneurial influencers generally begin as marketing influencers who develop a following on a digital platform and then begin to build their own entrepreneurial endeavors by promoting to their followers. We contribute to the entrepreneurial marketing literature by bringing together similar, yet disparate, research to understand people identified as both influencers and entrepreneurs and suggest that influential entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial influencers are not two sides of the same coin. While both possess characteristics of attractiveness and the ability to connect people and communities, findings suggest that influential entrepreneurs are perceived as more credible than entrepreneurial influencers. While entrepreneurial influencers are enabled by external products or brands for which they are promoting, influential entrepreneurs are enabled by the strength of their own personal brands that created a product offering.

Beyond our parochialism

AbstractParochialism, by which we mean in-group preferences and out-group prejudice, has the potential to influence public policy. In-group preferences and out-group prejudice can lead individuals to evaluate a policy based on how that policy affects the groups they belong to rather than on the basis of their ideological priors or the impact of that policy on society at large. Unchecked, parochialism likely leads to problematic policies and perverse social outcomes. While the evidence suggests that this bias can be mitigated if issues are framed in ways that encourage reflection as opposed to unreflective immediate responses, policy makers face incentives to leverage parochialism rather than combat it. The solution may instead require limiting policy makers and our ability to make decisions for others and promoting an institutional environment that encourages our interacting with diverse others rather than insularity. Stated another way, limited government and open society may be the path beyond our parochialism.

Deciding Alone or with Others: Employment Anxiety and Social Distance Predict Intuitiveness in Career Decision Making

Intuitive career decisions can influence people's career choices and subsequent job competencies, which are related to their development and happiness. There is evidence that both anxiety and social distance influence intuitive career decisions individually, but it is unclear how employment anxiety and social distance influence intuitive career decisions individually and how they interact to influence intuitive career decisions. Drawing on the cognitive-emotional dual-system model, in this study, 298 college students and 386 senior job-seeking students were tested through behavioral experiments and questionnaires, respectively. The results showed that employment anxious individuals have a higher intuitive level in career decision making, and they also have a higher intuitive level when making career decisions for others at a far social distance. In addition, employment anxiety and social distance interact to influence the intuitiveness of career decision making. When making career decisions for themselves and those who are close to them, the increase in employment anxiety will increase the intuitive level. Therefore, in a non-anxious situation, you can make career decisions on your own or get help from someone close to you, but in anxious situations, you can turn to others who are at a far social distance to help make decisions.

Understanding herding behavior among Indonesian stock market investors

This paper examined the factors that affect investor herd behavior. Herd behavior bias is a well- known phenomenon in financial markets in which individuals blindly follow the investing decisions of others without understanding the fundamental principles of investment. While extensive research has explored herd behavior in financial markets, there remains a significant research gap in understanding herding behavior at the level of individual investors. Previous studies have primarily focused on herding behavior within market contexts, neglecting the examination of specific factors that influence herding behavior among individual investors. Using a sample of 217 Indonesian investors this study investigates the factors that influence herding behavior. The findings showed that stock influencer credibility had a significant positive impact on herd behavior bias, suggesting that investors with high trust in stock influencers were likely to follow the herd. Financial literacy also had a significant negative impact on herd behavior bias, indicating that investors with higher financial knowledge are less likely to herd. However, financial literacy was found to have a significance towards herding behavior when mediated through risk perception. Lastly, risk perception had a significant positive impact on herd behavior bias, indicating that investors with higher risk perception are more likely to follow the herd. This study contributes to the existing literature by enhancing our understanding of herd behavior dynamics among investors, specifically at the individual level. By exploring the factors that influence herding behavior, it provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that drive this bias. The findings highlight the importance of targeted financial education programs and regulatory measures to address herding behavior bias among Indonesian investors, focusing on enhancing financial literacy and reducing risk perception.

Bias Psikologi pada Perilaku Keuangan Generasi Milenial dalam Berinvestasi di Pasar Modal

As the majority of investors in Indonesia, millennials’ decision making is often influenced by psychological biases that make their decisions irrational. For this reason, this study aimed to summarize various psychological biases on the financial behavior of the millennial generation in investing in the capital market. This study used a literature study method, whereas data were obtained through a search on Google Scholar and selected using a flow chart based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were five articles that were used as the main data in this study. The results showed that there were various types of psychological biases that can influence investment decision making, namely herding behavior, overconfidence, disposition effect, loss aversion, conservative bias, and regret aversion. All of these psychological biases can lead investors to make adverse decisions in the future, either because of the decisions of others, overconfidence in their abilities and information, reluctant to accept losses, or simply because they were worried that they would regret it later. These biases arised because investors were influenced by their psychological and emotional factors in making decisions, rather than basing their decision making on rational quantitative analysis. Since it could lead investors to make adverse decisions, psychological biases needed to be intervened by having good financial literacy.

The Dark Triad and Sensory Marketing:

With the commodification of the body image in modern day media and advertising, marketing of the self to gain power over one’s surroundings has become a commonplace phenomenon. Well-adapted individuals are seen to manifest a perfect body image of themselves that give them the power to influence the behavior and decisions of others. From a psychological perspective, this propensity of self-glorification through sensory marketing reveals a narcissistic strain of manipulative behavior which embodies characteristics of “the dark triad.” But for manipulation to occur, the victim must be willing for influence to take place. Through an in-depth analysis of Grace Paley’s “The Pale Pink Roast,” this article looks at how Peter’s personality, infused with traits of the dark triad, appeals to Anna’s sexuality and influences her into behavior that renders her feeling helplessly guilty and confused. From the very beginning of the short story, the sensory experience engages Anna’s perception, clouds her judgment and affects her behavior. Here sensory marketing has been considered as a mechanism of persuasion that powerfully overwhelms Anna into sexual acquiescence and results in her surrendering to a desire that has an unwholesome effect on her sense of self. Through Anna, Paley explores the complexity of female sexuality that the modernized women of her time were facing.

Biodiversity Agenda Congruent with ‘One Health’: Focusing on CBD, FAO, and WHO

The decrease in biodiversity occurs across national borders and has mutual influences on food and health. In this study, we analyzed the links and relationships between the decisions made by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)—the highest decision-making bodies in each field—from 1994 to 2018. We aimed to determine how each regime related to the decisions of others and identify the critical agendas that mediate the three regimes. Consequently, critical agendas, including agricultural biodiversity, taxonomy, traditional knowledge, access and benefit sharing, antimicrobial resistance, and marine biodiversity, were observed. In the order of degree centrality, the top six agendas were discussed in terms of the cooperation history of ‘One Health’ and its implications.

Alcohol corporations and the metaverse: Threats to public health?

Alcohol corporations and the metaverse: Threats to public health?

Getting Over Past Mistakes: Prospective and Retrospective Regret in Older Adults.

A considerable number of older people who hold powerful positions in governments and corporate are actively engaged in making decisions that have a far-reaching impact on the community. Some of them have to make decisions on behalf of others, and sometimes, the outcomes of their decisions for others are unfavorable. We experience retrospective regret when the obtained outcome turns out to be less attractive than the counterfactual one. We also actively make choices to avoid regretful outcomes if we prospectively anticipate the regret. In the current study, we investigated how older adults experience regret and how they make choices to avoid potential regret, in the context of making decisions for themselves and on behalf of others. Sixty younger and 60 older participants performed a gambling task in which two types of regret were independently measured: prospective (planning to avoid regret during decision making) and retrospective (feeling of regret following the comparison of alternative outcomes). Our results showed that compared to younger adults, the older adults were less sensitive to regret-inducing outcomes, whereas they demonstrated comparable ability in using prospective regret to guide decisions, regardless of whether they made decisions for themselves or on behalf of others. Our findings indicate that although older adults experience blunted regret, their ability to avoid future regret to guide subsequent choices remains unimpaired. Our research has implications for understanding how older adults cope with regret.

Climate Change Issue and Consumer Behavior in Purchasing Beauty Product

The purpose of this study is to see how consumer awareness, trust, and social influence can interest consumers buy green cosmetic products. This research is an exploratory quantitative analysis with Structural Equation Model as a data analysis with warpPLS as a tool analysis. The population is active users of cosmetic products in Indonesia with an age range of 15 to 35 years. The sampling technique used accidental sampling because there were no exact data and the sample are 100 respondents. Data collected using a close questionnaire. In this study, all variables affect consumer purchasing decisions as large as 0,03 and 0,001, but this study found that social influences weaken brand trust. It can be said that the green character of consumers is still difficult to form. Consumers, as a social individual, still depend on the decisions of others because they want to be accepted in their environment. Unfortunately, there are still many people in Indonesia who do not have a strong green character. Awareness of climate change still needs improvement, and it requires the commitment of environmental organizations to socialize the dangers of climate change and increase the green character in the community to influence consumer purchases.

Algorithm Aversion as an Obstacle in the Establishment of Robo Advisors

Within the framework of a laboratory experiment, we examine to what extent algorithm aversion acts as an obstacle in the establishment of robo advisors. The subjects had to complete diversification tasks. They could either do this themselves or they could delegate them to a robo advisor. The robo advisor evaluated all the relevant data and always made the decision which led to the highest expected value for the subjects’ payment. Although the high level of efficiency in the robo advisor was clear to see, the subjects only entrusted their decisions to the robo advisor in around 40% of cases. In this way, they reduced their success and their payment. Many subjects orientated themselves towards the 1/n-heuristic, which also contributed to their suboptimal decisions. As long as the subjects had to make decisions for others, they noticeably made a greater effort and were also more successful than when they made decisions for themselves. However, this did not have an effect on their acceptance of robo advisors. Even when they made decisions on behalf of others, the robo advisor was only consulted in around 40% of cases. This tendency towards algorithm aversion among subjects is an obstacle to the broader establishment of robo advisors.

Exploring interdependent privacy – Empirical insights into users’ protection of others’ privacy on online platforms

Recent information privacy research has started to spark a debate about privacy infringements that happen not on an individual, but on a multi-party level. Here, a person’s own information privacy is affected by the decisions of others – a phenomenon referred to as interdependent privacy. Building on the 3R Interdependent Privacy Protection Framework, we explore the underlying mechanisms of how and why interdependent privacy violations happen and how they can be remedied. Drawing on an online vignette experiment (N = 330), we investigate the efficacy of an interdependent privacy salience nudge and reveal that it can decrease the likelihood that users disclose others’ personal information by 62%. Furthermore, we develop a novel measurement instrument and empirically validate that users’ decision to disclose others’ personal information to an online platform is formed via a serial mediation mechanism through users’ realization of the data transfer, recognition of others’ ownership, and respect for others’ rights. We discuss important implications for both theory and practice.

Social norms, sanctions, and conditional entry in markets with externalities: Evidence from an artefactual field experiment

In an artefactual field experiment with a large and heterogeneous population sample, we test the implications of social norms for market interactions associated with negative real-world externalities. We run large stylized markets in which sellers and buyers decide whether to enter the market and how much to bid for experimental coupons. Trading leads to profits for sellers and buyers but at the same time destroys donations for a good cause.Calculated over all our treatments, we observe that two-thirds of the participants refuse to trade. Eliciting a controlled measure for conditional moral behavior in one treatment, we find that roughly a quarter of potential traders make their decisions contingent on the decisions of others, indicating that the desire to conform to social norms affects trading decisions in markets with negative externalities. If observers can sanction traders, we find that more than 80% of them are willing to incur personal costs to sanction trading, thus enforcing a social norm for moral behavior.

Analysis of Visitors’ Opinions on Romanian Museums’ Activities

Romanian museums have a rich cultural heritage that is intrinsically valuable to its citizens, however, the number of visitors has been decreasing in recent years as individuals prefer to visit more dynamic and more effectively promoted tourism and cultural establishments. An interactive presence on social media can switch the attention of different cohorts as well as provide a space where people feel free to express their feelings and opinions and thus could also influence the decisions of others in regards to visiting these cultural heritage establishments. This article investigates 1,790 comments posted on Facebook from January to June 2021 by visitors of the Romanian museums to find the emotional responses regarding their experiences. R software delivered the text mining results, sentiment scores, and emotion classifications. In addition, the EViews software was used to produce images regarding the relationships between emotions and sentiments. As a result, we have found that the visitors expressed favorable emotional responses to the Romanian museums’ activities.

Self-other differences in intertemporal decision making: An eye-tracking investigation

This study investigated how intertemporal choices made for others differed from those made for oneself, and how attention directed to specific attributes of the choice problem contributed to such differences. Moderating effects of components of trait empathy, chronic construal-level, and personal sense of power were examined. Thirty-five participants performed a money choice task where they made choices for themselves and on behalf of an acquaintance, during which their eye movements were tracked. Results showed that lower scores on the fantasy component of empathy predicted decreased delay discounting while making decisions for others, while higher empathic concern favoured less impulsive choices for both self and others. Higher sense of power favoured less impulsive choices for both self and others. While making decisions for others, higher power biased more attention towards the reward attribute of the choice, which in turn predicted less delay discounting. Results are discussed from a construal-level perspective.