Decision Making Trial And Evaluation Laboratory Method Research Articles

COVID‐19 critical success factors in Indian healthcare industry—A DEMATEL approach

The prosed study aims to provide COVID‐19 critical success factors (CSF) associated with pandemic circumstances in the Indian healthcare industry (HCI). The CSF was identified via expert team inputs and a detailed literature review. The Decision‐Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used to determine the causal relationship between identified CSF. The methodology was supported by the case study of the Indian HCI. A total of 15 CSF in the Indian HCI during COVID‐19 are identified and prioritized using the DEMATEL method. The findings indicate that the high‐quality personal protective equipment (PPEs; LC8) and testing laboratories/facilities, centres, and kits (LC15) are the significant cause, and appropriate healthcare laws (LC13) are the least effect group. The study shows that policy and decision‐makers need to emphasize on LC8 and LC15 CSF in the Indian HCI and act accordingly to win the battle against post‐COVID‐19 circumstance. The policy/decision‐makers and healthcare administrations can identify the CSF and focus on that particular CSF. The identified CSF will help policy and decision‐makers swiftly build up the HCI to cope with the future pandemic.

A new EDAS method based on prospect theory for Pythagorean fuzzy set and its application in selecting investment projects for highway

PurposeChina is a critical factor for constructing an all-round well-off society. Infrastructure construction, especially high-grade highways, in the western area is an essential component of the strategy for large-scale development of west China. It is crucial to evaluate investment projects for high-grade highways and select the best one. Testing investment projects and selecting the best one can be recognized as a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In this process, decision-makers (DMs) usually face with uncertain information because of complicated decision environment or their limited knowledge.Design/methodology/approachA new Evaluation based on the Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) for PFS based on the DEMATEL is proposed: The authors offer a new score function and prove some properties for the score function. They put forward a novel Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method for PFS to analyze the relations of criteria and get criteria weights. Considering the bounded rationality of DM, the authors propose a new EDAS method for PFS based on prospect theory. They apply their proposed approach to a western city's actual case in selecting a suitable project for building a high-grade highway.FindingsBy comparison, the authors can observe that our method has some traits: (1) considering bounded rationality of DM; (2) fewer computation; (3) having the ability to obtain the relation of criteria and finding the critical factor in the decision system.Originality/valueIn this paper, the authors propose a new EDAS method for PFS based on the DEMATEL technique. They transform PFS into crisp numbers by their proposed new score function for PFN to make the decision process more convenient. Then, the authors use the DEMATEL method to obtain the relationship between criteria and criteria weights. Furthermore, they propose a new EDAS method for PFS based on DEMATEL to reduce the computational complexity. Finally, they apply our method to a real case and compare our method with two traditional methods.

Risk assessment for PPP waste-to-energy incineration plant projects in china based on hybrid weight methods and weighted multigranulation fuzzy rough sets

Implementing effective risk assessment for public–private partnership (PPP) waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plant projects promotes the sustainable development of WTE incineration plants. However, some studies fail to consider multi-individuals participation and handle mutual compensation among risk factors, which affects the reliability of evaluation results and increases decision risks. Thus, we propose a methodology based on weighted multigranulation fuzzy rough sets (MGFRSs) over two universes to perform risk evaluation for PPP WTE incineration plant projects. Firstly, alternative risk factors are detected from different dimensions to construct a risk evaluation index system. Secondly, the BWM (best-worst method) is utilized to determined subjective expert weights and an improved DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method is developed to derive objective expert weights. Combining subjective and objective expert weights, an optimization model is built to form the collective expert weights. Thirdly, to avoid mutual compensation among risk factors, multi-source heterogeneous information system-based weighted MGFRSs over two universes are proposed to evaluate PPP WTE plant projects and select a promising one. Finally, a case study is performed to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis are implemented to demonstrate the robustness, effectiveness, and superiority of the proposed methodology.

Risk analysis of break-in-two accident of ships using fuzzy DEMATEL method

Structural damage accidents that lead to disastrous results are an important problem in the maritime industry. However, as a sectoral requirement, factors causing break-in-two accident of ships are not clearly defined. In this study, an alternative risk analysis approach based on 18 factors that trigger ship structural damage was presented in order to prevent break-in-two accident of ships. These factors were determined by using literature review and they were analyzed using fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory), a widely used method to find out the cause and effect relationship among. Nine factors for cause and effect groups were investigated separately. According to the analyses, in the cause group, cargo specification (0.87), competency of the crew involved in the cargo handling operation (0.78), compliance with international rules, regulations and guidelines about ship safety and cargo operation (0.63), heavy weather (0.59) were identified as the most critical factors. However, among the effect group, cargo stowage and operational plan (3.30), ship's age, hull and structure condition (3.31) and complying with the ship's planned maintenance system (2.67) were indicated as the most highly significant factors. Accordingly, some recommendations for using fuzzy DEMATEL approach were made considering ship structural accidents and preventive measures.

Investigation of Factors Influencing the Construction Safety of High-Speed Railway Stations Based on DEMATEL and ISM

To explore the influencing factors and mutual influence mechanism of the construction safety of China’s high-speed railway stations, this study takes the Hanghuang high-speed railway Fuyang station as the subject and studies 17 risk factors in 4 categories affecting construction safety based on system safety theory, and the interaction relationship and degree among the factors were analysed. Based on DEMATEL (Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and ISM (Interpretative Structural Modelling) methods, through a questionnaire survey, the logical relationship among the influencing factors is quantified. Then, the influencing degree, influenced degree, centrality, and causality of the influencing factors were calculated, and a multilevel hierarchical hybrid model is established to systematically analyse the influencing factors and the mechanism of high-speed railway station construction. The results show that the factors of construction safety risk are summarized as 3 main factors, 6 important factors, and 7 direct factors and personnel factors and management factors need to be controlled with emphasis. In addition, some measures are proposed. This research provides a theoretical basis and method for preventing accidents and improving the safety of high-speed railway station construction.

Identification of Key Influencing Factors of User Experience of Mobile Reading APP in China Based on the Fuzzy-DEMATEL Model

With the rapid development of the mobile Internet, mobile reading has transcended the limitation of time and space, becoming an indispensable part of people’s living and learning. As the direct service object of mobile reading APP, users’ subjective use experience is decisive in the success or failure. It is of great significance to identify the key influencing factors of user experience of mobile reading APP. It is conducive not only to improving users reading experience and increasing users stickiness but also to improving mobile reading service quality, which is essential to promote the healthy and sustainable development of mobile reading APP. From the perspective of user experience, content analysis and questionnaire survey are used to construct the index system of influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience, which includes 6 dimensions of reliability, usefulness, thoughtfulness, interactivity, security, and compatibility, and 21 influencing factors. Based on the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method, introducing the triangular fuzzy number, the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (fuzzy-DEMATEL) model is established, extending the single value of the comparison matrix to a fuzzy interval and then giving the decision makers a proper judgment space. The key influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience are identified by algorithm design. Ultimately, the 10 key influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience are identified, which are information quality, content richness, value fit, copyright protection, timeliness, personalized service, reading function richness, interpersonal interaction, system performance, and privacy protection, and suggestions for improving the user experience of mobile reading APP are put forward to provide reference for mobile reading APP developers. The research results not only enrich and perfect the theoretical and practical research in the mobile reading field to a certain extent, providing a new research perspective for the field of mobile reading, but also effectively solve the defects of the traditional DEMATEL method that expert judgment is subjectively biased and difficult to express with an exact number directly. The research expands the application scope of DEMATEL.

A hybrid evaluation method for human error probability by using extended DEMATEL with Z-numbers: A case of cargo loading operation

Human error probability (HEP) evaluation and prediction is one of the most significant tasks to enhance human reliability in marine industry. Among various kinds of HEP evaluation techniques, the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) technique is regarded as an effective and empirical tool that has been widely adopted in various fields. However, current HEART techniques are insufficient to address HEP evaluation problem in which the self-assurance of expert's judgment and inter-dependencies between Error-producing conditions (EPCs) are considered. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid HEART framework (H-HEART-F) to address this problem by integrating Z-numbers and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. First, the Z-numbers are introduced to model the uncertainty and self-assurance of evaluation information from various experts. Then, the Z-number power weighted average (Z-PWA) operator is proposed to aggregate the individual evaluation information into a group direct influenced matrix. Next, an extended DEMATEL method based on possibility degree measure is constructed to determine the proportion of effect of each EPC by considering the self-assurance of expert's judgment and inter-dependencies between EPCs. Finally, the HEP estimation for the cargo loading operation in oil or chemical tanker ship is presented to demonstrate the availability and feasibility of the H-HEART-F. After that, the sensitivity analysis and comparison study are conducted to further illustrate the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

An improved DEMATEL method for multigranular hesitant fuzzy linguistic environment

The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is widely recognized as an effective way to identify the key elements of a complex system and establish a causal relationship between the criteria. To extend the effective use of the DEMATEL method in multicriteria group decision making problems, we propose some improvements for traditional DEMATEL. The direct-influence matrix is a pairwise comparison matrix of the influence level between criteria, which is the basis of the DEMATEL method. Instead of utilizing crisp numbers to assess the level of direct-influence, each expert provides evaluation with hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) based on an individual linguistic term set, that is, multigranular hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets. To obtain a reasonable and satisfying collective DIM, we propose the expert weights model based on the similarity and entropy of HFLTSs and introduce the consensus reach process that is an iterative and dynamic process of modifying experts’ opinions more similar or closer to obtain the satisfying group solution. Considering the increasing complexity of the decision environment and the intricate relationship between the criteria, the Otsu method is applied to determine the threshold value of the total-influence matrix that is the sum of the direct influence and indirect influence and thus eliminate some unnecessary influence. Finally, the feasibility of the improved method is illustrated by an example of information warfare and analysis. Comparative results are presented to show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.

DEMATEL method of analysing the factors influencing the decision to adopt virtual reality technology by real estate firms in Lagos property market

PurposeThe study analysed the factors influencing real estate firms' (REFs) decision to adopt virtual reality (VR) technology using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. This was done to enhance the practice of real estate agency in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachData were elicited from eight real estate experts. These experts were heads of the agency department of firms that had been in existence for a minimum of five years in the Lagos property market. The data analysed in this study were collected with the aid of a questionnaire.FindingsThe result revealed that use intention was influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value and UB. Also, facilitating conditions, habit and use intention did not influence use behaviour. Overall, six constructs, which include price value (Ri − Cj value = 0.1284), use behaviour (Ri − Cj value = 0.0666), social influence (Ri − Cj value = 0.0583), facilitating conditions (Ri − Cj value = 0.0323), performance expectancy (Ri − Cj value = 0.0196) and effort expectancy (Ri − Cj value = 0.0116), were significant predictors of the factors influencing the decision of REFs to adopt VR. Of these constructs, the Ri − Cj values indicated that price value had the highest causative influence.Practical implicationsThe result of this study will bring REFs to the consciousness of the factors that could affect their adoption of VR technology. This study will also assist the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in appropriately enlightening REFs on the integration of VR technology into the agency practice especially at this time when all health protocols and guidelines need to be observed to help flatten the curve of the Covid-19 pandemic.Originality/valueThis study is the first to have an insight into the analysis of the factors influencing REFs' decision to adopt VR technology using the DEMATEL method.

EXPLORING LOCATION DETERMINANTS OF ASIA’S UNIQUE BEVERAGE SHOPS BASED ON A HYBRID MADM MODEL

Identifying relevant location determinants is a good starting point for shop operators, help to increase profitability and, thus, avoiding business failure. Traditional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) or the Analytic Network Process (ANP) have shortages that require improvement. Herein, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), ANP based on DEMATEL (DANP), and modified Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (modified VIKOR) are used to construct a hybrid multiple-attribute decision making (MADM) model, encompassing three dimensions and thirteen criteria in exploring the location determinants of Asia’s unique Bubble Tea Shops (BTSs) and to evaluate three preselected alternatives in Nanjing, China. The empirical findings of the DEMATEL method reveal that traffic traits (D1) and site traits (D2) are critical to BTSs, and that once these are enhanced, shop traits (D3) are also improved. Criteria deemed as important, based on the DEMATEL and DANP methodology, are (in descending order): proximity to a street corner (C2), proximity to public transportation systems (C1), road width (C3), proximity to communities (C5), proximity to commercial areas (C6), types of shop (C9), and proximity to schools (C7). Different decision-making rankings among alternatives are indicated based upon the modified VIKOR method and corresponding strategies for improvement are presented.

An Empirical Case Study of DEMATEL Method Focus on Calculating the Students Organization Improvement in POLITALA

The single-mindedness of this study is to find the key factors prompting the Students Organization Improvement and explore the causal relationships between perspectives (P) and criteria (C). This case study used Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method used for making decisions and analyses to forecast future scenarios. The results found that the DEMATEL include six main perspectives and eighteen criteria were extracted and then validated by fifteen experts. Therefore, the most critical evaluation perspective with the most exceptional value was 11.4074, although Availability (P4) was the least essential perspective with the smallest value 7.0138. Regarding value, the prioritization of the importance of four evaluation perspectives numbered from perspectives P1 to perspectives P4. Finally, the proposed methods not only improve the DEMATEL methodology but also provide a valuable reference to do the best planning for Calculating the Students Organization Improvement in POLITALA.

Evaluation of Nursing Homes Using a Novel PROMETHEE Method for Probabilistic Linguistic Term Sets

Aging has become a serious social problem in China. Traditional informal long-term care is hard to sustain because of the reduction in family size and elders’ children migration to big cities. The institution offering services for the disabled elders has been a tendency. There exists a strange phenomenon: some nursing homes are difficult to enter for most disabled elders, while the other ones must search for elders to maintain operation. Therefore, for the evaluation of nursing homes, two problems should be considered: (1) selecting suitable nursing homes for disabled elders; (2) obtaining the key factors influencing the selection of elders and helping nursing homes improve their services based on the key factors. First, we propose a new DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method for PLTSs to solve the second problem. Then, we present a novel PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Methods for Enrichment Evaluations) method to rank the alternatives and make a sensitivity analysis for criteria. Finally, we illustrate our proposed methods to an evaluation problem in Zhenjiang City by a case study. Based on the case study, we can obtain that our proposed methods are effective and practicable.

New Dynamic Group DEMATEL Decision-Making Method Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Sets

Decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is comprehensively applied in the complicated socioeconomic system. Existing literatures on DEMATEL focus on static decision environment at single time node. However, due to the increasingly complex and rapidly changing socioeconomic environment, decision-making has become more complex and dynamic. In this paper, dynamic group DEMATEL method based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) is proposed. In the view of the multi-stage, multi-factor and multi-expert complex decision-making situation, the method fully integrates the decision-making information of different periods from the perspective of dynamic evolution mechanism which can effectively link multi rounds DEMATEL decision-making process and reflect the time evolution of dynamic decision-making. Meanwhile, the TOPSIS method is applied to determine the weight of experts, which can effectively solve the influence of the best choice (positive ideal solution) and the worst choice (negative ideal solution) on the decision results in aggregation of group experts' preference information, and fully consider the influence of hesitation and fuzziness of expert preference representation on expert weight. Finally, a numerical comparison is given to verify validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Prospects and obstacles analysis of applying blockchain technology to power trading using a deeply improved model based on the DEMATEL approach

Blockchain technology is widely concerned, and its related applications can promote the process of smart cities and sustainable society. However, while mining the potential application scenarios in power trading, we must recognize the barriers, help it survive the hype stage, and promote its healthy development and technology landing. For the first time, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set and K-mediods clustering algorithm are used to improve the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method, and the obstacle analysis model of the applied scene is constructed. Compared with the conventional DEMATEL method, the collection of evaluation information is more flexible and closer to reality. Besides, the classification of obstacle factors is more scientific and there can be more than two categories for effect degree. Firstly, thirteen barriers to its application in power trading are identified; at the same time, six specific application scenarios are summarized and analyzed. Then, a detailed discussion is conducted on each scenario: The quantification of the influence degree among obstacles, the classification and qualitative of the influence degree, and the causal mechanism analysis. The key obstacles identified can be used to guide practice. Finally, strategic solutions and policy recommendations are given to remove or alleviate these obstacles.

Substitution of Material Solutions in the Operating Phase of a Building

During the operation of buildings, repairs, modernizations, adaptations, renovations, and reconstructions of parts of historic objects are performed. There is often the problem of using a different material or construction technology than was originally used, for a variety of reasons. For example, these are materials not currently manufactured, with necessary higher performance values (insulation, strength). The aim of the article was to analyze and evaluate the possibility of material substitution in repair works and to analyze the cause and effect analysis of its application in the context of different conditions. The article analyzes the causes and conditions of the substitution of materials in various stages of the exploitation phase of buildings, including historic buildings. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) matrix was developed for the phenomenon of material substitution during the operational phase. With aid from the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method, identification of cause–effect relationships regarding the issue of the possibility of applying the substitution of material solutions in building objects was carried out. The analysis carried out by the authors allows us to conclude that the use of substitution in the construction sector is justified and shows great opportunities in its implementation and development.

A multicriteria decision‐making framework for assessing the performance of gynecobstetrics departments: a case study

AbstractGynecobstetrics departments (GDs) oversee diagnosing, monitoring, and treating female reproductive diseases as well as assisting women during pregnancy. Their importance motivates the creation of suitable performance evaluation approaches for identifying weaknesses and designing focused interventions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is twofold: (a) provide an approach for GD performance evaluation and (b) propose interventions tackling the GDs’ weaknesses. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was first applied to calculate the initial criteria and subcriteria weights under vagueness. Then, the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) was implemented to evaluate interrelations. FAHP and DEMATEL were later combined to estimate the final criteria and subcriteria weights under vagueness and interdependency. Finally, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to rank the GDs and detect improvement opportunities. A case study of a cluster including three GDs is presented to validate the proposed approach. The results evidenced that patient safety and service quality are the most critical aspects in GD performance evaluation. The results from this application can be used by healthcare managers for designing focused interventions targeting improved performance of GDs. This paper fully exploits the advantages of FAHP, DEMATEL, and TOPSIS methods for evaluating performances of GDs. Furthermore, this study presents a novel decision‐making model representing the multifactorial context of the GD performance.

Identification of cause and effect relationships among barriers of Industry 4.0 using decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method

PurposeIndustry 4.0 is regarded as a modern industrial phase wherein convergence between horizontal and vertical production systems, along with their interactions, would enable industries to obtain excellent industrial efficiency. This research thus explores the barriers relevant to Industry 4.0 and their cause and effect relations using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, and this will assist in the implementation of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing industries.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive literature review is carried out to outline the barriers for the Industry 4.0 implementation. The investigative techniques used in this research were conducted utilizing a questionnaire as an instrument for collecting data. The data collected were analysed using the method DEMATEL.FindingsThe findings indicate that key barriers to implementing Industry 4.0 include their cause and effect relationships. Reported “implementation costs” have been a critical barrier for Industry 4.0 implementation. Prioritization of barriers and their cause and effect relationships was achieved so that decision-makers could concentrate on overcoming such barriers for Industry 4.0 implementation.Practical implicationsThe research is intended to assist executives in recognizing the barriers to Industry 4.0 implementation in their manufacturing industries. Furthermore, the strong functional and empirical importance of emerging and digital manufacturing technologies ensures that understanding the necessary barriers to implementation is important.Originality/valueThis is one of the first few empirical studies in the field of Indian manufacturing industries that uses the DEMATEL method framework as a foundation for recognizing cause-effect interactions among the barriers that affect Industry 4.0.

Modelling human resource dimension of international project risk management

Purpose Project risk management (PRM) and human resource management (HRM) are the two critical success factors (CSFs) for international project management. This paper aims to correlate these two CSFs, identify the human resource (HR) barriers, develop a hybrid model for risk management and develop strategies to overcome the HR barriers to effective risk management in international projects. Design/methodology/approach In total, 20 key HR barriers have been identified through a literature survey and verified by project professionals. These HR barriers are ranked according to their ability to trigger other barriers by analysing their interactions using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Based on Ulrich’s revised model for HR functions, a hybrid framework for international PRM has been proposed. Findings DEMATEL analysis categorized nine barriers as cause barriers and 11 as affected barriers. The “PROJECTS” model proposed for HR strategy development suggests eight strategies to overcome these nine cause barriers. The hybrid PRM framework developed includes the effect of the HR dimension. Research limitations/implications This paper presents the generalized prioritization of HR barriers to international PRM. For a specific international project, the HR barriers and their prioritization may change slightly. The hybrid framework for PRM and the strategy development model suggested are yet to be validated. Originality/value Correlating two CSFs in international project management, i.e. HRM and PRM and ranking the HR barriers using the DEMATEL method is the uniqueness of this research paper. The hybrid framework developed for PRM based on HR functions in Ulrich’s revised model and the proposed new HR strategy development model “PROJECTS” are unique contributions of this paper.

Uključivanje nesigurnosti sa različitim vrstama fazi brojeva u "DEMATEL"

Nowadays the multi-criteria decision making is very complicated due to uncertainty, vagueness, limited sources, knowledge and time. The Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is a widely used multi-criteria decision-making method to analyze the structure of a complex system. It is useful in analysing the cause and effect relationships between the components of the system. Fuzzy sets can be used to include uncertainty in multi-criteria decision making. Linguistic assessments of decision makers can be translated into fuzzy numbers. In this study, fuzzy numbers, intuitionistic fuzzy numbers and neutrosophic fuzzy numbers were used for the decision makers evaluations in the DEMATEL method. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different types of fuzzy numbers affect the final results. An application of risk in construction projects was selected from the literature, where seven experts used a linguistic scale to evaluate different criteria. The results showed that there are only slight differences between the weights of the criteria with regard to the type of fuzzy numbers.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE EFFECTIVE CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A WAREHOUSE SITE IN THE HEALTHCARE LOGISTICS INDUSTRY AND THEIR PLACEMENT IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE BY THE DEMATEL METHOD

The aim of this study is to select the most accurate and efficient alternative storage locations according to the 11 criteria determined for an organization in the healthcare logistics sector. Expert opinions were used during the criterion examination. On the other hand, the purpose of determining the criteria is to increase productivity while minimizing costs. DEMATEL (The Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method was used for the analysis of these criteria. According to the results of the analysis, access to transportation lines takes the first place, while other criteria are proximity to alternative modes of transport, proximity to suppliers, integrated environmental conditions, structure and cost of land, proximity to customers, infrastructure, accessibility to labor, inbound logistic, legal regulations, tax /encouragement.