Decision-making Process Research Articles

When Heritage and Landscape Values Are Confronted by Planned Infrastructures: A Glance at ‘Public Debate’ (‘Dibattito Pubblico’) Procedures in Italy

Public debate procedures (“dibattito pubblico”, DP) have been recently introduced in Italy to provide an additional platform for public participation into infrastructure-related decision-making processes. Inspired by their French equivalent (“débat public”), these procedures sensibly differ from EIAs as they occur at a very early stage, i.e., before projects’ final drafting. Another significant difference, specific to the Italian context, is a provision dedicated to heritage sites and protected areas foreseeing a wider application of DPs in those contexts. This paper aims to further explore the different relationships between actors at play within DP procedures on the one hand, and heritage sites and landscapes on the other hand, through the analysis of dedicated reports and other documents. Heritage- and landscape-related values are commonly mobilized in relation to all infrastructural projects considered, although in various ways and sometimes with conflicting aims. The article highlights that environmental conflicts are likely to affect and mobilize heritage and landscape values, and calls for a closer dialogue between infrastructure planning, heritage and landscape planning, and political ecology.

Exploring the factors impacting choice and quality of overnight private hospital stays and consumer perspectives on patient reported experience measures (PREMs) in Australia: a qualitative interview study

ObjectivesPatient reported experience measures (PREMs) are tools often utilised in hospitals to support quality improvements and to provide objective feedback on care experiences. Less commonly PREMs can be used to support consumers choices in their hospital care. Little is known about the experience and views of the Australian consumer regarding PREMs nor the considerations these consumers have when they need to make decisions about attending hospital. This study aimed to explore consumer awareness of PREMs, consumer attitudes towards PREMs and the utility of PREMs as a decision-making tool in accessing hospital care.MethodsQualitative study involving semi-structured interviews conducted over the phone. Participants (n = 40) were recruited from across Australia and purposively sampled according to key characteristics: holding private health insurance, > 30-years of age, may have accessed private hospital care in the past year, variety of educational and cultural backgrounds, and if urban or rural residing. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically.ResultsFour overarching themes and six subthemes were identified from the data. Major findings were that prior awareness of PREMs was limited; however, many had filled in a PREM either for themselves or for someone they cared for following a hospital stay. Most respondents preferred to listen to experience of self or family/friends or the recommendation of their physician when choosing a hospital to attend. Participants appeared to be more interested in the treating clinician than the hospital with this clinician often dictating the hospital or hospital options. If provided choice in hospital, issues of additional costs, timeliness of treatment and location were important factors.ConclusionWhile PREMs were considered a possible tool to assist in hospital decision-making process, previous hospital experiences, the doctor and knowing up-front cost are an overriding consideration for consumers when choosing their hospital. Consideration to format and presentation of PREMs data is needed to facilitate understanding and allow meaningful comparisons. Future research could examine the considerations of those consumers who primarily access public healthcare facilities and how to improve the utility of PREMs.

Bridging Human Expertise with Machine Learning and GIS for Mine Type Prediction and Classification

This paper introduces an intelligent model that combines military expertise with the latest advancements in machine learning (ML) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to support humanitarian demining decision-making processes, by predicting mined areas and classifying them by mine type, difficulty and priority of clearance. The model is based on direct input and validation from field decision-makers for their practical applicability and effectiveness, and accurate historical demining data extracted from military databases. With a survey polling the inputs of demining experts, 95% of the responses came with an affirmation of the potential of the model to reduce threats and increase operational efficiency. It includes military-specific factors that factor in the proximity to strategic locations as well as environmental variables like vegetation cover and terrain resolution. With Gradient Boosting algorithms such as XGBoost and LightGBM, the accuracy rate is almost 97%. Such precision levels further enhance threat assessment, better allocation of resources, and around a 30% reduction in the cost and time of conducting demining operations, signifying a strong synergy of human expertise with algorithmic precision for maximal safety and effectiveness in demining.

Live streaming product display or social interaction: How do they influence consumer intention and behavior? A heuristic-systematic perspective

The live streaming e-commerce industry is developing rapidly, significantly influencing consumer decision-making processes. Unlike previous studies focusing solely on singular outcomes, this research concurrently examines impulse buying and repurchase intentions. It constructs a theoretical model based on the heuristic-systematic model to validate the effectiveness of two types of marketing signals (product-related signals and interactive signals) in live streaming. Additionally, this study introduces the uniqueness of streamers, products, and performance as moderating variables, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms through which different marketing signals in live streaming affect consumer cognition, impulse buying, and repurchase intentions. Through the collection and analysis of 468 survey responses, this research reveals that viewer-streamer interactive signals and viewer-viewer interactive signals positively impact the narrowing of psychological distance. Simultaneously, product-related signals positively influence the enhancing of consumer perceived value. Furthermore, three interesting moderating effects are identified. By integrating signal theory and the heuristic-systematic model, this study provides a clear depiction of the pathway through which consumers process marketing signals in live streaming, offering theoretical support and practical insights for streamers, platforms, and businesses.

Data-driven natural capital accounting model in Indonesia: Impacts of environmentally related economic activities on ecological processes and services

In this study, natural capital accounting (NCA) is enhanced by constructing a data-driven hierarchical model that can help improve policy decision-making. NCA enables the management and transparency of natural capital and ecological processes and services, resulting in better societal activities and well-being in Indonesia's regions; however, it does not account for environmentally related economic activities that may negatively influence natural capital, processes and services. In this study, a data-driven approach is used to address this issue. Valid attributes are identified, and a thorough NCA hierarchical model that incorporates synchronized accounting on ecology, environment-related economic activities and societal well-being is developed. This approach utilizes content and bibliographic analyses, the entropy weighted method (EWM) and the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM), which are used to validate the data-driven NCA measurements. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is utilized to cluster the measurements and assess their reliability. The fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (FDEMATEL) is used to construct the NCA hierarchical structure by considering the cause-and-effect interrelationships among attributes. The valid prioritized attributes are determined, and a hierarchical structure is built to support government decision-making processes. The findings suggest that water resource accounting, forestry production, raw material extraction, resource allocation management and resource consumption management are the criteria that fluctuate the most for practitioners and governments.

Why people work past retirement age: The continuity of routines, future imaginaries, and practical evaluation

ABSTRACT In this article, we synthesise existing qualitative evidence published in English, aiming to comprehend why workers keep working past retirement age and to link human agency and social structures in the decision-making process behind such occupational choices. The study was prompted by the growing attention that later-life working has been garnering from policymakers and academics in the context of aging societies. Drawing upon agency and meaningful work theories, we disaggregate the iterational, projective, and practical-evaluative orientations of agency, and argue that practical evaluation leads to more reflexive and satisfying choices between working and retiring. Here, actors consider their contribution, self-development, and financial benefits achieved through work in light of their ageing and capacity to adjust work contexts to their needs. Beginning a process of practical evaluation is contingent upon work relations that facilitate meaningful work experiences. However, such meaningfulness, characterised by autonomy, recognition, and dignity, is unevenly distributed across populations, leaving some without access or experiencing it as fleeting. This study enriches understandings of the dynamics behind the decision to work beyond retirement age. Its insights have the potential to shape policies aimed at age-friendly workplaces that promote meaningful work. Overall, this can contribute to the well-being of older workers and society as a whole.

An Experiential Journey: A Year of a Professor Using AI in the Classroom and Research

This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education and research, highlighting its potential to transform traditional teaching methods and enhance academic inquiry. The use of AI in education is examined, focusing on its ability to streamline administrative tasks, provide personalized instruction, and support teacher professional development. The benefits and challenges of AI adoption in the classroom are discussed, including its impact on teacher burnout and the potential disruption of teacher-student relationships. Additionally, the paper explores the applications of AI in scientific research, emphasizing its role in data analysis, literature review, predictive modeling, and collaborative research. The experiences of a professor who integrated AI into their classroom are shared, and the decision-making process, adjustments made, and the importance of balancing AI-driven instruction with interactive in-class activities are discussed. The paper highlights the need for ongoing evaluation, adaptation, and human-AI collaboration to ensure AI's responsible and effective integration in education and research.

An integrated academic library supply chain (IALSC) model

Purpose This exploratory study illustrated an integrated academic library supply chain (IALSC) model to design the strategic planning management tool of the academic library. The supply chain (SC) model has been widely used in manufacturing industries and has also been applied in many service industries with the same objectives. However, very few studies for academic libraries, particularly the implementation of the integrated SC model, are being executed, although it has been proven that SC management in practice can enhance stakeholder satisfaction, increase revenues and decrease total costs. The academic library also needs to be successful in providing quality products, services and information to fulfil the library users’ needs within the library budget. This research aims to develop a verified model of the integrated SC for the academic library. Design/methodology/approach This research used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to achieve its objectives. The proposed conceptual SC model, named as IALSC, for the academic library has been developed using the system thinking method; eventually, it has been validated through the fuzzy Delphi method, an expert judgement technique. Findings The research findings could contribute to academic library management in planning and formulating a roadmap for the library to increase its quality services for all stakeholders. Originality/value The conceptual model would have a high potential to be proposed as the strategic decision-making tool for an academic library, i.e. the flow of funds through the operations of the library, the library stakeholders’ satisfaction measurement, the decision process currently made by the library management team on the purchase of new library resources, the library resource suppliers, etc.

Formation of mine project management object using characteristics of mineralizaon for the benefit of managerial decision-making and business process control

Formation of mine project management object using characteristics of mineralizaon for the benefit of managerial decision-making and business process control

General practitioners' reflections on prescribing addictive hypnotics to elderly: a qualitative study.

The European Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia recommends, for all age groups, restrictive, short-term and periodic use of potentially addictive hypnotics. As in other European countries, in Norway, actual practice involving elderly patients differs substantially from this recommendation, as shown by the persistent high frequency of regular prescriptions of addictive hypnotics. To explore experienced Norwegian general practitioners' (GPs') views of the regular prescription of addictive hypnotics to patients older than 70 years living at home. In-depth individual interviews of a purposive sample of experienced specialists in family medicine at GP offices in Southern Norway. Reflexive thematic cross-case analysis. Most of the 11 GPs interviewed had more than 10 elderly patients who were prescribed hypnotics for daily use and the same number for intermittent prescription. Almost all prescriptions were of z-hypnotics. The GPs knew this was contrary to the guideline. Many were at ease with this fact. They emphasised the need to avoid creating new dependencies. The GPs considered these patients a selected minority within this age group with serious sleep problems, for whom few realistic alternatives were available and whose tolerance over time was better than expected. This logic of pragmatic practice reflected a patient-centred approach and respect for the patients' view in a shared decision-making process combined with challenges of limited alternatives and resources. A zero vision on the prescription of addictive hypnotics to the elderly may neither be prudent nor realistic in the context of general practice.

Moral courage of emergency nurses in care-limited environments: A mixed-methods study.

Professional ethics in nursing exist to guide care and allow for decision-making to be patient-centered. In the current medicolegal landscape post-Roe and in light of bans on gender-affirming care, the decision-making processes of emergency nurses in the clinical environment of care as informed by both professional and personal ethics are an important area of inquiry. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of moral courage to decision-making by emergency nurses. A mixed-methods exploratory sequential approach was used, using a standard demographics form and the Nurses Moral Courage Scale to collect quantitative data. These data were used to inform an interview guide for qualitative data collection. Situational analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Prior to recruitment, this study was reviewed and approved by the University of Massachusetts IRB (#00003909). Participants were provided with an informed consent document at the time of registration and at the time of interview; participants provided both signed consent and verbal assent. Participants were assigned study codes to maintain anonymity and data were maintained in a secure University cloud. US-based emergency nurses working in environments with care limitations. 70% of respondents reported that they would speak up if they were aware of a situation that was ethically challenging. Respondents reported that it was fairly easy or very easy to defend their values when addressing ancillary staff, coworkers, authorities outside the organization, patients, and patient families. Respondents reported challenges in defending their professional values to charge nurses, physicians, or administrators. In response to a serious ethical problem, 65.8% of respondents answered that they would bring up the problem for discussion, 21.1% would file an internal report, and 13.2% would report externally. Interview participants reported significant social and professional barriers to acting in response to an ethical violation. Willingness to act centered on personal values and not professional codes of ethics. While emergency nurses in this study reported high perceived levels of moral courage, they also reported low willingness to act directly, citing burnout and significant social and professional barriers. Adherence to professional codes of ethics is not the primary driver of moral courage.

Exploring actigraphy as a digital phenotyping measure: A study on differentiating psychomotor agitation and retardation in depression.

Psychomotor activity stands out as a crucial symptom in characterizing behaviors associated with depression. This study aims to explore the potential of actigraphy as a tool for digital phenotyping in characterizing symptoms of psychomotor agitation and retardation, which are clinically challenging dimensions to capture, in patients diagnosed with major depressive episode (MDE) according to DSM-5 criteria. We compared rest-activity circadian rhythm biomarkers measured by the Motion Watch 8 actigraphy between 58 (78.4%) patients with MDE and psychomotor retardation (PMR), and 16 (21.6%) patients with MDE and psychomotor agitation (PMA), according to DSM-5 criteria. Actigraphy allowed to objectively report PMA through heightened activity over a 24-h period, while PMR manifests as reduced activity during the most active 10 h. Lower rest-activity rhythm (RAR) amplitude in PMR was accompanied by increased irregularities in intra- and inter-day rhythms. Interestingly, actigraphy emerges as an objective tool to measure the characteristics of the active and rest periods, free from the confounding effects of sleep disturbances. Indeed, no differences in sleep disturbances were identified between patients exhibiting psychomotor agitation and those displaying PMR. Digital phenotyping through actigraphy may aid in distinguishing psychomotor retardation and psychomotor agitation allowing for a more precise characterization of the depression phenotype. When integrated with clinical assessment, measurements from actigraphy could offer additional insights into activity rhythms alongside subjective assessments and hold the potential to augment existing clinical decision-making processes in psychiatry.

Autonomous real-time control for membrane capacitive deionization

Artificial intelligence has been employed to simulate and optimize the performance of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), an emerging ion separation process. However, a real-time control for optimal MCDI operation has not been investigated yet. In this study, we aimed to develop a reinforcement learning (RL)-based control model and investigate the model to find an energy-efficient MCDI operation strategy. To fulfill the objectives, we established three long-short term memory models to predict applied voltage, outflow pH, and outflow electrical conductivity. Also, four RL agents were trained to minimize outflow concentration and energy consumption simultaneously. Consequently, actor-critic (A2C) and proximal policy optimization (PPO2) achieved the ion separation goal (<0.8 mS/cm) as they determined the electrical current and pump speed to be low. Particularly, A2C kept the parameters consistent in charging MCDI, which caused lower energy consumption (0.0128 kWh/m3) than PPO2 (0.0363 kWh/m3). To understand the decision-making process of A2C, the Shapley additive explanation based on the decision tree model estimated the influence of input parameters on the control parameters. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of RL-based controls in MCDI operations. Thus, we expect that the RL-based control model can improve further and enhance the efficiency of water treatment technologies.

Board of director characteristics and corporate labour investment efficiency: empirical evidence from European-listed firms

Purpose Prior work has shown that the board of directors can alleviate market imperfections that lead to capital investment inefficiency. The authors extend previous work by exploring how board characteristics influence the efficiency of human capital investment, a critical production factor that has remained insufficiently examined. Specifically, this study aims to investigate how board activity, size, the presence of a separate chairman, female directors and board independence affect firm labour investment efficiency in the European context. Design/methodology/approach The sample contains 4,331 firm-year observations traded on the STOXX® Europe 600 index from 2009 through 2022. This paper applies a lagged ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to test the proposed hypotheses. It also uses a dynamic panel generalised method of moments (GMM) regression to tackle potential endogeneity concerns. Findings The results show that board gender diversity and the level of independent directors are positively linked to labour investment efficiency, whereas board size and meeting frequency are negatively related to labour investment efficiency. Meanwhile, the presence of a separate chairman on the board does not appear to be significantly associated with labour investment efficiency. In additional subgroup analyses, the authors find that board gender diversity mitigates managers’ inclinations towards both overinvestment and underinvestment in labour. The authors also find that the level of independent directors helps greatly in reducing the underinvestment in labour, while it fails to attenuate the overinvestment in labour. Moreover, the authors find board size to be significantly associated with the tendency to make suboptimal labour decisions, manifesting as both overinvestment and underinvestment in labour. Finally, the results show that board meetings are significantly associated with overinvestment problems, while underinvestment problems seem to be unrelated to meeting frequency. Practical implications The empirical results have implications for policymakers and market participants in Europe. Firstly, firms may improve the efficiency of their labour investments by increasing directors’ independence and adding more female voices to corporate boards. Secondly, the evidence shows that some board attributes, such as board activity and size, do not necessarily have a beneficial impact on corporate decisions, particularly labour investment decisions. Finally, market participants are likely to benefit from this paper by understanding the role of board attributes in promoting the efficient allocation of firm resources. Originality/value This paper makes two significant contributions. Firstly, it extends the literature on the role of boards of directors in shaping corporate decision-making processes, particularly concerning human capital investment decisions within European firms. By doing so, the authors provide new evidence confirming that certain board attributes, such as board size, director independence and board gender diversity, are important for optimising firms’ resource allocation. Secondly, although numerous studies investigate boards’ role in capital investment decisions, relatively few empirical studies exist on the role of boards in labour investment decisions. This paper, therefore, tries to tackle this void in the literature by investigating firms’ decision-making concerning labour investments.

Stand spatial structural diversity: Developing and validating a novel index

Numerous studies related to the diversity-productivity relationships have mainly focused on the effects of species diversity, function diversity, and nonspatial structural diversity (e.g., variations of diameter), but have overlooked the significant roles of spatial structural diversity. Therefore, the motivation of the present study was to develop a comprehensive index of stand spatial structural diversity (H′) by integrating the strengths of the Shannon-Wiener index and the quaternion joint probability distribution of commonly used neighborhood-based parameters, namely the uniform angle index (W), mingling index (M), diameter dominance index (U) and crowdedness index (C). The application abilities of the index were tested using ten 100 m ×100 m sample plots that were distributed in three different climate zones [4 plots in Greater Khingan Mountains (GKM), 2 plots in Lesser Khingan Mountains (LKM), 4 plots in Changbai Mountains (CBM)] in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Meanwhile, the potential driving factors on stand spatial structural diversity were also detected using stepwise regression and hierarchical partitioning techniques based on 3000 simulated stands. The results indicated that the average values of H′ at GKM, LKM, and CBM were 0.8436, 0.8079, and 0.8098, suggesting that the stand spatial structural diversities of the forests in GKM were notably higher than those in LKM and CBM. The characteristics of M, C, and W emerged as the three most influential factors driving stand spatial structural diversity. This study contributes significantly not only by providing an effective index for measuring stand spatial structural diversity, but also by streamlining the complex decision processes associated with optimizing stand spatial structure.

To Exit or Not to Exit: Cost-Effective Early-Exit Architecture Based on Markov Decision Process

To Exit or Not to Exit: Cost-Effective Early-Exit Architecture Based on Markov Decision Process

Adolescents perception of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and associated mental health and well-being: gender, age and socioeconomic differences in 22 countries

BackgroundThe COVID-19-pandemic has had a profound impact on the lives of adolescents worldwide. This study examined the subjective perception of the COVID-19 pandemic measures and its association with mental health and well-being (i.e., loneliness, life satisfaction and multiple health complaints) among 13- and 15-years-old adolescents from 22 countries.MethodsData from the cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2021/22 study were used from representative samples of 22 countries (N = 67,544; 51.9% girls). The self-perceived impact of COVID-19 measure comprised 10 items asking about the impact on several dimensions of adolescent lives (e.g., relationships with family and friends, health, or eating behaviours). Measures of loneliness, multiple health complaints, and life satisfaction were included as indicators of mental health and well-being. A non-parametric multilevel latent class analysis considering individual and country-levels was conducted to identify classes of self-perceived impact of the COVID-19 measures. Multilevel logistic regression models adjusted by age and socioeconomic status were applied to assess the association between COVID-19 measure impact classes and mental health.ResultsThree classes were identified on individual level encompassing a neutral (51%), positive (31%), or negative (18%) perception of COVID-19 measures. A third of the adolescents reported a positive impact of the pandemic measures. The distribution of classes was heterogeneous within and across countries. Within the positive COVID-19 measure impact class, social relationships were the most important dimension, whereas mental health problems were mostly represented within the negative COVID-19 measure impact class. Girls with a negative perception of pandemic measures showed higher levels of loneliness and multiple health complaints and lower life satisfaction. 15-year-old adolescents and those with a low socioeconomic status reported higher levels of loneliness and lower life satisfaction.ConclusionsThe majority of adolescents perceived the pandemic measures as neutral or positive. Girls, 15-year-old adolescents, and those with low socioeconomic status were at higher risk of suffering from pandemic measures and associated problems of loneliness, multiple health complaints, and low life satisfaction. We conclude that adolescent’s mental health and well-being should be considered in the decision-making process by ensuring that the unique challenges of adolescents are adequately addressed in policies.

Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals' Perceptions Regarding Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Health: A Qualitative Study.

Transgender and nonbinary individuals face substantial cardiovascular health uncertainties. The use of gender-affirming hormone therapy can be used to achieve one's gender-affirming goals. As self-rated health is an important predictor of health outcomes, an understanding of how this association is perceived by transgender and nonbinary individuals using gender-affirming hormone therapy is required. The objective of this research was to explore transgender and nonbinary individuals' perceptions of cardiovascular health in the context of using gender-affirming hormone therapy. In this qualitative study, English-speaking transgender and nonbinary adults using gender-affirming hormone therapy for 3 months or more were recruited from across Canada using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Semistructured interviews were conducted through videoconference to explore transgender and nonbinary individuals' perceptions of the association between gender-affirming hormone therapy and cardiovascular health between May and August 2023. Data were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were analyzed independently by 3 reviewers using thematic analysis. Twenty-one participants were interviewed (8 transgender women, 9 transgender men, and 3 nonbinary individuals; median [range] age, 27 [20-69] years; 80% White participants). Three main themes were identified: cardiovascular health was not a primary concern in the decision-making process with regard to gender-affirming hormone therapy, the improved well-being associated with gender-affirming hormone therapy was felt to contribute to improved cardiovascular health, and health care provider knowledge and attitude facilitate the transition process. Gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender and nonbinary individuals is perceived to improve cardiovascular health. Given the positive associations between care aligned with patient priorities, self-rated health, and health outcomes, these findings should be considered as part of shared decision-making and person-centered care.

Virtual forests for decision support and stakeholder communication

Challenges in forest management are increasing due to climate change and its associated risks. Considering the needs and demands of various stakeholders leads to more complex decision-making. The increasing amount and quality of available geographic, forest and individual tree data, the combination of this data, and the use of forest growth simulators make it possible to support forest managers in this decision-making process. Our aim was to develop a strong visualization instrument that can be used in both forest planning and stakeholder communication. We present a solution based on a game engine, where data from multiple sources (terrain data, satellite imagery, tree data) is combined into a virtual environment. The user can move freely inside this virtual forest, look at the forest from arbitrary perspectives, and observe its development over the years under different management scenarios. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach with a study region in Switzerland.

Learning obstacle avoidance and predation in complex reef environments with deep reinforcement learning.

The reef ecosystem plays a vital role as a habitat for fish species with limited swimming capabilities, serving not only as a sanctuary and food source but also influencing their behavioral tendencies. Understanding the intricate mechanism through which fish adeptly navigate the moving targets within reef environments within complex water flow, all while evading obstacles and maintaining stable postures, has remained a challenging and prominent subject in the realms of fish behavior, ecology, and biomimetics alike. An integrated simulation framework is used to investigate fish predation problems within intricate environments, combining deep reinforcement learning algorithms (DRL) with high-precision fluid-structure interaction numerical methods-lmmersed Boundary Lattice Boltzmann Method (lB-LBM). The Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm is used to improve the intelligent fish's capacity for random exploration, tackling the multi-objective sparse reward challenge inherent in real-world scenarios. Additionally, a reward shaping method tailored to its action purposes has been developed, capable of capturing outcomes and trend characteristics effectively. The convergence and robustness advantages of the method elucidated in this paper are showcased through two case studies: one addressing fish capturing randomly moving targets in hydrostatic flow field, and the other focusing on fish counter-current foraging in reef environments to capture drifting food. A comprehensive analysis was conducted of the influence and significance of various reward types on the decision-making processes of intelligent fish within intricate environments.