Decimal Research Articles

Estimating residential space heating and domestic hot water from truncated smart heat data

The EU aims to digitize the building stock across all member states to better understand energy use and achieve energy efficiency goals to address climate change. Smart heat meters are currently used for billing purposes in district heating (DH) grids. Their data is recorded as integer kWh values, which restricts usability for the modeling and analysis of DH networks. Previous research devised a methodology to estimate space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) energy from total heating data, but the data truncation process reduced accuracy. This study integrates the SPMS (Smooth–Pointwise Move–Scale) algorithm, which estimates decimal values from DH truncated measurements, to improve the accuracy of the DHW and SH disaggregation methods. The study applies these two methodologies to a dataset of 28 Danish apartments and compares the results against full-resolution and truncated data to evaluate performance. Another dataset, named “optimal dataset” is also assessed to determine overall estimation accuracy. Results show that SPMS reduces the disaggregation methodology error of SH and DHW compared to the truncated data. The optimal dataset outperforms the current methodology, indicating a potential for improving and scaling the methodology for larger datasets.

Can Students’ Misconceptions regarding Decimal Notation be Eliminated with the 5E Model Enriched with Digital Concept Cartoons?

This study eliminates students’ misconceptions about decimal notation with the teaching method implemented according to the 5E model enriched with Digital Concept Cartoons (DCCs). The study was conducted with eight sixth grade students. In this study conducted using the action research method, lesson plans were designed based on the 5E model enriched with DCCs to eliminate misconceptions. The data were collected from Misconception Identification Forms 1 and 2, observation notes, and interviews conducted during the implementation process. Qualitative data analysis techniques were employed to analyze the data. Consequently, it was revealed that most students’ misconceptions about decimal notation decreased with the application of the 5E model enriched with DCCs. After the implementation, it was observed that most of the students’ misconceptions about sorting, place value, addition–subtraction, marking the numbers on the number line, and rounding in decimal notation were largely eliminated. In contrast, it was observed that students’ misconceptions regarding the multiplication/division operations and problems in decimal notation did not decrease.

Axial length shortening in myopic children with Stickler syndrome after repeated low-level red-light therapy.

To report the myopia-controlling effect of repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy in patients with Stickler syndrome (STL), an inherited collagenic disease typically presenting with early onset myopia. Three STL children, aged 3, 7, and 11y, received RLRL therapy throughout the follow-up period of 17, 3, and 6mo, respectively after exclusion of fundus anomalies. Data on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, cycloplegic subjective refraction, ocular biometrics, scanning laser ophthalmoscope, optical coherence tomography, genetic testing, systemic disease history, and family history were recorded. At the initiation of the RLRL therapy, the spherical equivalent (SE) of 6 eyes from 3 patients ranged from -3.75 to -20.38 D, axial length (AL) were from 23.88 to 30.68 mm, and BCVA were from 0.4 to 1.0 (decimal notation). Myopia progression of all six eyes slowed down after RLRL therapy. AL in five out of the six eyes shortened -0.07 to -0.63 mm. No side effects were observed. Three cases of STL whose progression of myopic shift and AL elongation are successfully reduced and even reversed after RLRL therapy.

Design of a Novel Decimal to Multicode Converter in QCA Technology

Researchers are always looking for the improvement of existing methods. Today, CMOS technology is widely used, which has some advantages and disadvantages. One of the alternative methods for CMOS technology is QCA technology which compared to CMOS, has the advantages of low energy consumption and small occupied area. In this paper, by using the concepts and methods of QCA technology, a digital code converter is presented. In this converter, a new gate is used, which can produce outputs such as 4-input AND, 4-input OR, 4-input NAND, and 4-input NOR. The proposed converter has 10 inputs and 12 outputs. The 10 inputs are decimal numbers from 0 to 9, producing the output equivalent to excess-3, BCD, and gray codes. One of the advantages of this circuit is providing three different codes per input in just one circuit. In addition, due to the use of the new 4-input gate, the occupied area and the number of used cells were minimized. Simulations were performed by using QCADesigner-E version 2.2, and outcomes illustrated that the occupied area is equal to 0.29 μm2 and 380 QCA cells with 7 clock phases are used. The energy dissipation of the presented circuit is 171 meV. Also, given the favorable performance exhibited by the 4-input gate across various measurement parameters, it possesses the capability to be efficiently employed within larger and intricately designed circuits.

Competing numerical magnitude codes in decimal comparison: Whole number and rational number distance both impact performance

A critical difference between decimal and whole numbers is that among whole numbers the number of digits provides reliable information about the size of the number, e.g., double-digit numbers are larger than single-digit numbers. However, for decimals, fewer digits can sometimes denote a larger number (i.e., 0.8 > 0.27). Accordingly, children and adults perform worse when comparing such Inconsistent decimal pairs relative to Consistent pairs, where the larger number also has more digits (i.e., 0.87 > 0.2). Two explanations have been posited for this effect. The string length congruity account proposes that participants compare each position in the place value system, and they additionally compare the number of digits. The semantic interference account suggests that participants additionally activate the whole number referents of numbers – the numbers unadorned with decimal points (e.g., 8 < 27) – and compare these. The semantic interference account uniquely predicts that for Inconsistent problems with the same actual rational distance, those with larger whole number distances should be harder, e.g., 0.9 vs. 0.81 should be harder than 0.3 vs. 0.21 because 9 < < 81 whereas 3 < 21. Here we test this prediction in two experiments with college students (Study 1: n = 58 participants, Study 2: n = 78). Across both, we find a main effect of consistency, demonstrating string length effects, and also that whole number distance interferes with processing conflicting decimals, demonstrating semantic interference effects. Evidence for both effects supports the semantic interference account, highlighting that decimal comparison difficulties arise from multiple competing numerical codes. Finally, for accuracy we found no relationship between whole number distance sensitivity and math achievement, indicating that whole number magnitude interference affects participants similarly across the spectrum of math achievement.

Problemas de concentración común de soluciones y le campo conceptual multiplicativo: un análisis en los libros de texto de química

The present investigation aimed to analyze and classify problem situations of Common Concentration of Solutions present in Chemistry textbooks, according to the theory of Conceptual Fields. For the analyses, the six Chemistry works approved by the PNLD 2018 were considered and the volume of the 2nd year of each work was selected, as they include the content of Common Concentration of Solutions. The research analyses, carried out in the light of the Conceptual Fields theory, showed that situations of Common Concentration are associated with the Multiplicative Conceptual Field and are classified as Simple Proportion. It was also identified that situations may vary in subclasses: Partition, One-to-Many Multiplication, Quota and Fourth Proportional. Therefore, the results showed that the problem situations of Common Concentration of Solutions are presented in the textbooks analyzed through contexts close to the reality of the students and that mathematical notions such as multiplication, division, operations with decimal numbers, fractions, proportion, volume and conversion of measurement units, as well as different mathematical representations, such as algebraic, numerical, tabular, graphic and natural language are essential for solving Common Concentration problem situations in Chemistry.

Multiple approaches to Convert RNS to Decimal Numbers

Improving the performance and speed of encryption algorithms is an important issue in cryptography. One of these improvements is the use of the RNS system. In the research, the RNS system and how to retrieve numbers from the RNS system to WNS weight number system or (decimal number) where discussed in several ways, and after performing multiplication operations, giving illustrative examples and making comparisons between methods.

БОЛЬШИЕ ЧИСЛА: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article deals with the concept of «Big numbers» in a historical retrospective. There is the algorithm for writing and reading big numbers in the decimal number system. Big numbers are described in it, also their “value” is illustrated by practice using named numbers. Big numbers are indicated, which are named after their discoverers (the number of Shannon, Skusi, Graham). The units of information that are used in the modern world are considered by this article. International projects based on big numbers are listed there. Examples of big numbers in the megaworld are given.

UNSUR ETNOMATEMATIKA YANG TERKANDUNG PADA BAHASA SUKU TUBBE SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BILANGAN SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this research is to explore ethnomathematical elements contained in the language of the Tubbe tribe which is then associated with the context of learning student numbers in elementary schools. The research method used in this study is qualitative research method with exploratory, descriptive, and ethnographic approaches. The results of this study are in the form of classification of place values and number construction based on the language structure of the Tubbe tribe. In addition, the results of this study are in the form of a set of numbers contained in the Tubbe Tribe language, namely the set of natural, digit, prime, composite, integers, rational, decimal, irrational, and rill numbers. Some mathematical concepts in numbers such as root and negative forms are not found in the Tubbe language. Thus, to relate the language of the Tubbe tribe to the context of number learning in elementary schools must still be linked to mathematical concepts using Indonesian language.

Application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model with Audio Visual Media to Increase Motivation and Learning Outcomes of Mathematics on Decimal Number Material for Grade IV Students of SD Negeri 5 Bumirejo Academic Year 2022/2023

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The study aimed to describe the steps for implementing Problem Based Learning with audio-visual media to increase motivation and mathematics learning outcomes, and describe the constraints and solutions in learning with audio visual media. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The subjects were teachers and fourth grade students at SDN 5 Bumirejo. The data were qualitative and quantitative. Data collection techniques were observation, interviews, and tests. Data validity used triangulation of sources and triangulation of techniques. Data analysis included data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The interview on students’ learning motivation in mathematics about decimals described 57.66% in the first cycle, 70.06 in the second cycle, and 87.40% in third cycle. The students’ learning outcomes increased 70.73% in the first cycle, 79.63% in the second cycle, and 88.89% in the third cycle. It concludes that the implementation of Problem Based Learning with audio visual media improves motivation and mathematics learning outcomes about decimals to fourth grade students of SDN 5 Bumirejo in academic 2022/2023&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Robust and Accessible True Random Number Generator Exploiting the Structural Frustration of Nematic Liquid Crystals

AbstractThe study proposes a highly credible true random number generator based on the structural frustration of nematic liquid crystals, which refers to the appearance of two energetically equivalent structures in a nematic system. Frustration is induced in a simple liquid crystal cell by applying an electric field and observing optical textures under crossed polarizers. A clockwise or counterclockwise spiral image appears on 630 separate circular electrodes under the electric field, and random binary sequences are obtained by assigning a digit of 0 or 1 to each image. These sequences pass the strict statistical randomness tests of the National Institute of Standards and Technology with a pass rate of 0.992 or higher for the ten applicable tests and exhibit excellent uniformity. Furthermore, a simple method is introduced to convert the binary results to random decimal numbers with only a minimal amount of data processing.

Goods Procurement Audit System Information At PT. Global Satria Aji

As an effort to realize ideal information for companies, the implementation of reliable information technology governance is needed by companies. This study aims to audit the application of information technology governance of the goods procurement system at PT. Global Satria Aji, because the company PT. Satria Aji Global wants to check profit or loss and also wants to minimize losses related to the goods procurement system. The problem that is often experienced by companies is a system that is deemed unable to accommodate all the data needed when incoming data increases. This study uses the COBIT 5 framework using the EDM01, APO01, APO02, APO07, DSS01 and MEA01 process domains. The calculation of the average maturity level of the six domains used is 1.58 in decimal numbers or 158% in percent. In the study it was found that the biggest discrepancy occurred in the APO01 domain where the difference between the expected conditions and the conditions that occurred reached 2.04. The recommended improvement is to provide a consistent management approach so as to enable corporate governance requirements to be met.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Monitoring Environmental Contamination and Stress in the Moss Thuidium plicatile.

The ability to detect, measure, and locate the source of contaminants, especially heavy metals and radionuclides, is of ongoing interest. A common tool for contaminant identification and bioremediation is vegetation that can accumulate and indicate recent and historic pollution. However, large-scale sampling can be costly and labor-intensive. Hence, non-invasive in-situ techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) are becoming useful and effective ways to observe the health of plants through the excitation of organic molecules, e.g., chlorophyll. The technique presented utilizes images collected of LIF in moss to identify different metals and environmental stressors. Analysis through image processing of LIF response was key to identifying Cu, Zn, Pb, and a mixture of the metals at nmol/cm2 levels. Specifically, the RGB values from each image were used to create density histograms of each color channel's relative pixel abundance at each decimal code value. These histograms were then used to compare color shifts linked to the successful identification of contaminated moss samples. Photoperiod and extraneous environmental stressors had minimal impact on the histogram color shift compared to metals and presented with a response that differentiated them from metal contamination.

Persistence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Javiana, Listeria monocytogenes, and Listeria innocua in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution

This study aimed to determine the persistence of Salmonella Javiana, Listeria monocytogenes, and Listeria innocua in nonsterile, hydroponic nutrient solution (NS) at 15, 25, 30, and 37°C over a 21-day period to mimic time from seedling to mature lettuce. Bacteria were inoculated in modified Hoagland's NS at 106 CFU/mL and maintained at 15, 25, 30, and 37°C. Samples were collected at various time points, and bacteria were quantified. A mixed model was used to determine the effect of bacteria type, time (day), and temperature on bacteria concentration (log CFU/mL). The least-squares means were calculated to compare the mean log CFU/mL, and the mean values were compared with Tukey-Kramer honest significant difference test with a significance level of P = 0.05. Statistical analysis indicated that a 3-way interaction effect between temperature, time, and bacteria type had a significant impact on bacterial persistence in NS (P < 0.0001). At all temperatures, S. Javiana persisted in NS throughout the 21-day study period, compared to L. innocua and L. monocytogenes where persistence was limited to between 1 and 14 days. Similarly, decimal reduction values (D-values) of S. Javiana indicated longer persistence in NS than L. innocua and L. monocytogenes at most temperatures. For instance, at 15°C and 25°C, D-values for S. Javiana were estimated at 82 and 26 d, respectively, compared to D-values of 3.6 and ∼3 d for L. monocytogenes. Data indicate that the temperature of NS has a differential effect on the persistence of S. Javiana and Listeria spp. This study furthers the understanding of potential food safety risks associated with hydroponic systems and will contribute to the refinement of further studies to aid in the development of operation-specific risk profiles.

High-speed binary coded decimal digit multipliers with multiple error detection

Decimal arithmetic in the form of binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers is preferred in many financial, commercial and scientific applications. BCD multipliers are introduced as a key hardware unit to support both integer and floating-point decimal arithmetic operations. However, due to the increasing sensitivity of VLSI-based digital designs to the environmental effects, BCD multipliers are also prone to faults and errors similar to other arithmetic circuits. In addition, multiple error occurrence is possible in current digital systems especially in space applications which motivates to reach multiple error detection/correction in addition to single errors. In this paper, digit-by-digit BCD multipliers are introduced capable of multiple error detection with low delay overheads. To show the effectiveness of the proposed combined method, a 4-digit BCD multiplier is presented. Experimental results based on analysis and error injection-based simulations show that in addition to 100% single error detection, multiple errors can be detected with at least 99.6% probability in the 4-digit BCD multiplier as the implemented architecture.

Quantum and Condor-Based Brainstorming Optimization Algorithm for NOx Prediction

This paper proposed a quantum bald eagle brainstorm (QBBSO) based on quantum initialization and combined with the bald eagle optimization algorithm in light of the original Brain Storm Optimization (BSO) algorithm’s strong local search ability, which would result in local optimization, a poor optimization effect, and difficult development. To accomplish the randomness of the number and increase the randomness of the population, we first modified the initialization method of the original brainstorming population, introduced the idea of quantum code, and then translated the binary numbers 0 and 1 to the decimal number. To achieve the best outcome, the original step size formula was employed for global selection, local search, and final selection using the vulture search method. The original BSO was then optimized to attract more global individuals. The algorithm versions were compared using the common benchmark function test. The findings demonstrated that QBBSO had a greater capacity for global search and a faster convergence speed. This research also applied the QBBSO algorithm to the long-term and short-term memory network (LSTM) to forecast the NOx concentration in the boiler, further demonstrating the algorithm’s superiority in real-world settings.

Tamil Sign Language Translation and Recognition System for Deaf-mute People Using Image Processing Techniques

This work concentrates on the device, which helps as a translation system for translating sign gestures into text. The disabled people, in particular, hearing and speech impaired people, are facing difficulties in society. Communication of disabled people becomes worse as the majority of ordinary people do not understand it. These disabled people face difficulty communicating with others; some have many problems communicating with others in sign language. It causes the communication gap between them where impaired people cannot share their views and skills with others. We headed to facilitate communication between the disabled people and the "Tamil sign language translator to solve this problem." Here, gestures are translated to Tamil language to find a localized solution. It processes 31 Tamil alphabets, 12 Vowels, 18 Consonants, and 1 Aayudha Ezhuthu. It is 32 combinations with five fingers points either up or down and mapped to decimal numbers. Here in this process, we need edge detection, which is accurately done and Processed by canny edge detection. In addition to this process, we have used two gesture recognition methods and training the input system through our mainframe algorithm called scale-invariant feature detection transform. We have developed this system, which is useful for deaf and dumb people for essential communication.

Design of Complex Multiplier Using Vedic Mathematics

In this project, a 4x4 multiplier is implemented that utilizes the Urdhava Tiryakbhyam sutra method in Vedic mathematics. This method is applicable in all two decimal number multiplications which offers high speed calculation and improved efficiency. Thus, the design of a 4x4 Vedic-based multiplier is solely aimed at performing faster multiplications and achieving quicker processing speeds than the traditional multipliers. The architecture of the Vedic multiplier consists of four 2x2 multipliers and three adders of different bit sizes that are assembled using the Wallace tree implementation. The coding for the multipliers and adders is written in Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) in the Quartus Prime 17 Software. Functional simulation is then carried out to ensure that the Vedic multiplier performs the accurate multiplication operations, while the Verilog Compiled Simulator is employed to compile and simulate the multiplier design. Following this, the Design Compiler (DC) and Integrated Circuit Compiler (ICC) command scripts are then composed to allow the logic and physical synthesis to be performed on the Vedic and traditional multipliers. From there, the performance level of both these multipliers are assessed through reference to several key parameters such as timing, area, power consumption, overflow percentage and congestion statistics. Based on the results obtained in the synthesis process, the Vedic multiplier possesses faster operational speed than the traditional multiplier (due to a shorter processing time), butultimately exhibits a greater power consumption and wider area coverage.

Visual Secret Sharing of Gray and Color Images using Fuzzy Random Grids

Problem:Visual secret sharing is a method used to secure images by converting a secret image into multiple shares so that the original image cannot be recognized from individual shares, and no calculations are required during the image decryption, but the original image can be visually seen by stacking the shares. However, one of the significant challenges in this method is the increased size of the shares and the recovered image, which is called pixel expansion. Researchers have proposed several methods to solve this problem, but many of them are limited to binary images, and they cannot handle gray and color images without converting them to binary. Solution:This study proposes a novel fuzzy random grid-based method to directly encrypt gray and color images without any pixel expansions. In this method, fuzzy random grids with decimal values between 0.0 to 1.0 are generated during the encryption stage, and fuzzy operators are used for the decryption stage. Results:The evaluation results demonstrate the ability of the proposed solution in encrypting gray and color images without converting them to binary and without any pixel expansions. The individual shares of the proposed method do not reveal any information from the original image, making it a secure method. The quality of the decrypted images has been evaluated using both subjective and objective evaluation methods such as PSNR and SSIM metrics, which show state-of-the-art results.

Integrating Coordinate Transformation and Random Sampling Into High-Capacity Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Polygonal Models

Reversible data hiding in encrypted media involves using algorithms to perform data encryption to improve the privacy of the original media and hide data for covert communication or access control. This study explores the feasibility of applying coordinate transformation and random sampling to enhance the embedding rate and total embedding capacity of separable reversible data hiding in encrypted polygonal models based on multiple most significant bit (multi-MSB) prediction and Huffman coding. We first transform each vertex coordinate value of the input model into a decimal value between 0 and 1 and then convert the value into numerous binary digits with a user-defined compression threshold. Thereafter, the random sampling concept is used to generate embeddable vertices with only partial neighboring vertices as a reference. Thus, the embedding rate and total embedding capacity can both be increased considerably. The multi-MSB prediction technique is adopted to obtain the embedding capacity of each embeddable vertex, each vertex coordinate value in the proposed study can have a respective embedding length. Finally, the auxiliary information compressed through Huffman coding and an encrypted secret message are embedded in the multi-MSB of each embeddable vertex coordinate value through bit substitution. The experimental results of this study indicate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.