Decentralization Of Management Research Articles

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF FORMATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER

The article examines aspects of the international experience of education system formation in conditions of decentralization of power in countries such as France, Poland, the Czech Republic, and the USA. It was determined that Ukraine must quickly and with the least losses overcome the shortcomings of the post-Soviet education management system in order to create a competitive national education system, therefore, studying the experience of countries around the world, analyzing mistakes and successes in reforming the education system in conditions of decentralization of power are necessary to successfully overcome all difficulties in the future development of the national education system. It was concluded that educational systems within the European Union remain unique in each country with a different degree of centralization or decentralization of management and financing of education, therefore it is necessary to find a rational «golden mean» in each of these systems and apply it in Ukraine in conditions of decentralization authorities. The impact of the democratization of education management on increasing the autonomy and level of socialization of educational institutions is determined. The concepts of «democratization» and «decentralization» are highlighted and the influence of these processes on the conditions of functioning of schools, stimulation of creative activity of teams and management is determined. The experience of some countries was studied, which shows that a strong legal state, which supports the principle of equality of all before the law, should be a guarantor of democratic rights in various spheres of social life, and first of all, in quality education. The article also focuses on the main areas of decentralization of educational institution management. Ways to improve the quality and practical significance of education a on the study of the experience of modernization and modification of the education system of the countries of the world and the application of these approaches in the future in the institutions of domestic education, which will contribute to the creation of conditions for deepening the knowledge of education seekers, improving the quality of educational services, socio-economic development country, ensuring the growth of Ukraine’s competitiveness, as well as the creation of new jobs with higher requirements for knowledge and skills. re proposed, based.

ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICE IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF DNIPROPETROVSK REGION: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

Decentralization in education management, empowerment of united territorial communities to influence the educational process encourage psychological professionals to significantly reconsider organizational forms, scientific and methodological support, content and directions of their work on psychological and socio-pedagogical support of all participants in the educational process. The effectiveness and efficiency of educational reforms largely depends on the effectiveness of their psychological support because it is the psychological service has the ability to determine the levels and characteristics of individual development of students and use effective tools to correct the content and directions of this development in the educational process. It is also important to understand that the Concept of the New Ukrainian School defines personally oriented education and upbringing as one of the state priorities in education, which requires the psychologization of the educational process by increasing the psychological competence of the administration, teachers, and parents. A significant role in solving this task belongs to the psychological service of the education system. In the Dnipropetrovsk region, there is a positive trend in its development. It is also important to understand that the Concept of the New Ukrainian School defines personally oriented education and upbringing as one of the state priorities in education, which requires the psychologization of the educational process by increasing the psychological competence of the administration, teachers, and parents. A significant role in solving this task belongs to the psychological service of the education system. In the Dnipropetrovsk region, there is a positive trend in its development. The article considers the peculiarities of the formation and development of psychological services in the education system of Dnipropetrovsk region. The historical and legal aspect of the formation of the structure, organization, system, basic regulations governing the activities of the psychological service in the education system of Dnipropetrovsk region is highlighted. The analysis of the historical formation of the psychological service of the education system of Dnipropetrovsk region and the characteristics of the main conceptual and methodological approaches to the idea of a holistic study of the child’s personality and patterns of its development at each stage of formation. Describing the current state of development of the regional psychological service, the author highlights a number of major trends and suggests ways to further develop and improve the psychological service of education in Dnipropetrovsk region based on understanding it as a single system that provides psychological support of the educational process. The study allowed to determine the stages of formation and prospects for the development of psychological services of educational institutionsof Dnipropetrovsk region in the current conditions of their reform; emphasize the need to develop psychological services as a tool for qualitative change in the education system.

Analyzing the perceived prioritized forest ecosystem services under the participatory management: A case of Maksegnit District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The participatory forest management (PFM) approach, as a policy decision, was introduced in Ethiopia in the 1990s to combat forest resource degradation and ensure decentralization in management. The success of forest resource conservation through PFM depends on the benefits received from the forest resources and their ecosystem services (ESs) attached by the local communities. Hence, this study examines the perceived prioritized direct and indirect benefits of forest ESs across wealth groups and membership status in Kulkal Ber forest, located in Maksegnit District, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Primary data are collected from 352 households in four peripheral forest villages through face-to-face interviews. Chi-square, Kruskal -Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests are conducted to explain the significant association between forest use and the importance of forest ESs with wealth groups and membership status, respectively. Perceptions on use, priority, and service trends are analyzed using descriptive statistics. We found a significant trade-off between subsistence and cash uses of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ESs across wealth groups. Food-provisioning services are essential for subsistence and cash uses for low wealth households than high wealth households, and they are more prioritized than regulating services. The perceived importance of different ESs categories varied significantly across all wealth groups. High-wealth households have more perceived importance in provisioning, regulating, and supporting services than low-wealth households. Medium wealth respondents have more perceived importance of regulating and supporting services than low wealth respondents. But no significant difference is found in the importance of cultural services across all wealth groups. There is a statistically significant difference between member and non-member households for the perceived importance of different ecosystem categories. Member households have more perceived importance towards provisioning, regulating and supporting, and cultural services than non-member households. There is a need for advocacy and awareness creation about regulating and supporting services among local households who are non-members of PFM, enhancing agricultural productivity, and promoting alternative livelihood strategies for forest-dependent poor households to maintain sustainable forest conservation and flow of provisioning ESs.

Pengaruh Partisipasi Anggaran dan Akuntansi Pertanggungjawaban Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial

Decentralization of local government management and public demand for transparency and accountability, forcing both central and local governments to create a more transparent and accountable financial management system, the system is expected to realize the financial management in an orderly, economical, effective, and efficient and beneficial to the community .
 Based on the description of the background, the authors formulate the problem as follows: Does budget participation significantly influence the managerial performance in PT POS Indonesia. Is accountability accounting significantly affect managerial performance in PT POS Indonesia. Is budgetary participation and accountancy accountability affect jointly to managerial performance.
 To achieve the research objectives in accordance with the expected in preparing this thesis and to obtain conclusions, the data collected will be analyzed with quantitative analysis. Quantitative method is the science or art related to the method (method) of data collection. The data used in this study is not necessarily the whole of a population, because the number of population size of this study is not identified, then to determine the number of samples of the study can use Slovin formula, which is 100 respondents.
 Based on F test it can be seen that the Budget Participation and Accounting Accountability influence simultaneously, from the test results coefficient determination known that the independent variables (Budget Participation and Accounting Accountability) have contributed to the dependent variable (Managerial Performance) and the rest influenced by other variables outside the independent variable Which has been studied. From the results of Test t (Partial) note that the independent variables (Budget Participation and Accounting Accountability) have a significant influence on Managerial Performance at Post Office Indonesia Branch. From the results of Partial Test (Test T) is known from the Budget Participation and Accounting the most dominant of Managerial Performance is Budgetary participation variable (X1).

Main mechanisms of blockchain technology implementation in digital technologies application

Purpose. To analyze the basic principles of blockchain technology implementation, highlighting the algorithms for reaching consensus in the blockchain network to ensure its reliability; to identify key problems in the implementation of such technology and suggest ways to overcome them; to perform a systematic analysis of the blockchain technology contradictions and suggest ways to eliminate them. Methodology. The research used the basics of economic analysis of economic entities to compare their managements centralized and decentralized models. This approach showed that another wave of transformation of business and social models has unfolded in recent years, caused by the next-generation digital technologies involving the economys transition to the digital area. Revealing the blockchain technology mechanisms is based on modern databases and peer-to-peer computer networks, covering in detail the main means of contradictions, application, and implementation of blockchain technology. Findings. The main results of these studies are obtained in the digital economy. The paper shows that digital technologies open up a wide range of opportunities for different sectors of the economy. The research highlights the features and principles of distributed registry technology (Blockchain) applications. It is shown that as a decentralized data registry, blockchain technology is the most discussed and relevant topic in the digital economy. Originality. The paper further developed the main component of the digital economy, which is progressing most intensively, the distributed ledger technology (Blockchain). The paper analyzed its strengths, such as cost reduction, increased security, and transparency of transactions that attracted the attention of various sectors of the economy. The authors approach for eliminating the revealed mechanisms of contradictions, application, and implementation of blockchain technology is presented. The definition of the digital economy, digital technologies in the economy, and end-to-end digital technologies have been improved to clarify the understanding of the economic management decentralization problems. That showed that the digital economy has several subtleties associated with insufficient research and comprehension of technical implementation and flexibility. Practical value. The research results will be useful for expanding ideas about the blockchain technology implementation in different sectors of the economy, accompanied by lower costs, increased security and transparency of economic entities, and improving their economic efficiency and development in digital technologies application. The blockchain technologies implantation at the enterprises of the mining and metallurgical industry allows making the production and sales of products more efficient and transparent, and at the same time significantly reduces the human factor.

Social capital of rural territorial communities in Ukraine: problems of strengthening and directions of their solution

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify current problems of strengthening the social capital of rural territorial communities in the context of administrative and territorial reform with the definition of directions for their solution.
 Methodology / approach. The paper uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis to collect, process, and systematize the results of scientific research; abstract-logical and critical analysis – to identify possible risks due to the implementation of administrative-territorial reform; statistical – for data collection and systematization; method of comparisons – to identify the compliance of the dynamics of various forms of social capital to the potential of communities; graphic – to visualize the results of the assessment of the new spatial configuration of socio-territorial communities and the dynamics of accumulation of various forms of social capital; correlation and regression analysis – to determine the impact of certain indicators of social capital development on the economy of rural communities; induction and deduction – to substantiate the main directions of social capital development of rural communities in modern conditions. 
 Results. Restrictions on the development of social capital accumulation have been identified, which include: shadowing of interaction and low trust in social institutions, individualization of behavioral strategies, growth of economically inactive and socially vulnerable groups, and formation of networks of discriminatory relationships, spreading of norms of destructive social behavior, as well as the risks that may arise in the new spatial configuration of socio-territorial communities. It is established that the administrative-territorial reform at the local level has created certain preconditions for strengthening the potential of horizontally and vertically integrating social capital. It was found that the dynamics of territorial identification of the population of Ukraine in relation to their community is negative and indicates low social capital at the local level. The dynamics of forms of horizontally integrating social capital of rural communities, which are represented by agricultural cooperatives, farms, and inter-community cooperation, are analyzed and it is found that the potential of their development in Ukraine has not been realized yet. The necessity of implementation of systemic decisions on the development of social capital of communities to achieve the main goals of decentralization of management is proved. The main directions of the development of social capital of rural communities are substantiated taking into account modern features of their development.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The specifics of the formation of social capital of rural communities as small local communities are analyzed, taking into account the main determinants of influence, which include increasing territorial mobility and maintaining the asymmetry of spatial development in the direction of the center-periphery, the choice of adaptive behavioral strategies due to changes in the territorial identification of the population and the assessment of opportunities to achieve a certain level of well-being in the community. The main directions of social capital development as a prerequisite for uniting and mobilizing internal resources for rural development are substantiated based on existing problems and identified potential risks due to the reform of local self-government and territorial organization of government. Scientific and methodological bases of research on social capital at the local level under conditions of social and economic instability are improved.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the study will be useful for local governments of territorial communities formed as a result of local government reform and territorial organization of government, as well as district and regional state administrations, which focus on promoting inclusive community development and self-sufficiency.

Social capital of rural territorial communities in Ukraine: problems of strengthening and directions of their solution

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify current problems of strengthening the social capital of rural territorial communities in the context of administrative and territorial reform with the definition of directions for their solution.
 Methodology / approach. The paper uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis to collect, process, and systematize the results of scientific research; abstract-logical and critical analysis – to identify possible risks due to the implementation of administrative-territorial reform; statistical – for data collection and systematization; method of comparisons – to identify the compliance of the dynamics of various forms of social capital to the potential of communities; graphic – to visualize the results of the assessment of the new spatial configuration of socio-territorial communities and the dynamics of accumulation of various forms of social capital; correlation and regression analysis – to determine the impact of certain indicators of social capital development on the economy of rural communities; induction and deduction – to substantiate the main directions of social capital development of rural communities in modern conditions. 
 Results. Restrictions on the development of social capital accumulation have been identified, which include: shadowing of interaction and low trust in social institutions, individualization of behavioral strategies, growth of economically inactive and socially vulnerable groups, and formation of networks of discriminatory relationships, spreading of norms of destructive social behavior, as well as the risks that may arise in the new spatial configuration of socio-territorial communities. It is established that the administrative-territorial reform at the local level has created certain preconditions for strengthening the potential of horizontally and vertically integrating social capital. It was found that the dynamics of territorial identification of the population of Ukraine in relation to their community is negative and indicates low social capital at the local level. The dynamics of forms of horizontally integrating social capital of rural communities, which are represented by agricultural cooperatives, farms, and inter-community cooperation, are analyzed and it is found that the potential of their development in Ukraine has not been realized yet. The necessity of implementation of systemic decisions on the development of social capital of communities to achieve the main goals of decentralization of management is proved. The main directions of the development of social capital of rural communities are substantiated taking into account modern features of their development.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The specifics of the formation of social capital of rural communities as small local communities are analyzed, taking into account the main determinants of influence, which include increasing territorial mobility and maintaining the asymmetry of spatial development in the direction of the center-periphery, the choice of adaptive behavioral strategies due to changes in the territorial identification of the population and the assessment of opportunities to achieve a certain level of well-being in the community. The main directions of social capital development as a prerequisite for uniting and mobilizing internal resources for rural development are substantiated based on existing problems and identified potential risks due to the reform of local self-government and territorial organization of government. Scientific and methodological bases of research on social capital at the local level under conditions of social and economic instability are improved.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the study will be useful for local governments of territorial communities formed as a result of local government reform and territorial organization of government, as well as district and regional state administrations, which focus on promoting inclusive community development and self-sufficiency.

METHODOLOGY OF ANTISPATIVE APPROACH IN ENSURING DYNAMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATION STRATEGIES

The article actualizes the problem of post-crisis resumption of activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine in the post-war period. It is argued that this requires systemic transformations of the business model based on the implementation of relevant innovation strategies. The results of the analysis of innovative activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2020 are presented and correlated with the dynamics of the corresponding costs. The low return on innovation is indicated. It is assumed that this is a consequence of the fact that in the formation of targets of innovation strategies, preference is given to indicators of allocative efficiency. The shortcomings of this approach are pointed out, the main of which is the lack of efficiency in the implementation of innovative changes, caused by the inconsistency of the structure of the innovative potential of the enterprise to the goals of innovative development. This causes the company to lag behind the schedule of innovative changes and threatens it with the loss of dynamic stability during the implementation of innovation strategies. The need to form a relevant theoretical and methodological basis to justify the choice of industrial enterprise innovation strategy, able to ensure the systemic transformation processes in conjunction with the goals of increasing competitiveness in the strategic period. The need to combine allocative and adaptive efficiency indicators in the formation of goals of innovative change is emphasized and the priority is given to the priority of ensuring adaptive efficiency. The author’s position is expressed that the methodological basis for the development of innovative strategies of industrial enterprises should be an anticipatory approach in management. It is argued that this requires high information sensitivity in the decision-making system, which is achieved by decentralization of management. The algorithm of substantiation of decisions in the system of decentralized management of system transformations of the enterprise on the basis of realization of innovative strategies is developed.

Can Telemedicine Optimize the HCV Care Cascade in People Who Use Drugs? Features of an Innovative Decentralization Model and Comparison with Other Micro-Elimination Strategies.

Simple SummaryThe global fight against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) involves the processes of micro-elimination of populations at risk. People who use drugs (PWUDs) represent a viral reservoir, due to the historical challenge in treating this population. In particular, the difficulties in the linkage to care of these patients, as well as low adherence to therapies and follow-up and the risk of re-infection make PWUDs a “difficult-to-treat” population. In view of this, the testing of effective management and treatment models for chronic HCV infection in PWUDs is crucial for promoting its elimination. Telemedicine could be a successful solution in the integration and decentralization of care services.People who use drugs (PWUDs) are a crucial population in the global fight against viral hepatitis. The difficulties in linkage to care, the low adherence to therapy, the frequent loss to follow-up and the high risk of re-infection make the eradication process of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) really hard in this viral reservoir. Several management and treatment models have been tested with the aim of optimizing the HCV care cascade in PWUDs. Models of decentralization of the care process and integration of services seem to provide the highest success rates. Giving this, telemedicine could favor the decentralization of diagnostic-therapeutic management, key for the implementation of linkage to care, reduction of waiting times, optimization of adherence and results and reduction of the costs. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the role and possible impact of telemedicine in optimizing the HCV care cascade, comparing the different care models that have shown to improve the linkage to care and therapeutic adherence in this special population.

Gestão no cuidado às pessoas com HIV na Atenção Primária à Saúde em tempos do novo coronavírus

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To understand management practices in the care of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in primary health care in a Brazilian capital, in times of the new coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic.METHOD Qualitative research, anchored in the methodological-analytical framework of the grounded theory, constructivist aspect. Data were collected by using intensive online interviews with nurses from health centers and managers of the municipal health department. Data collection and analysis occurred concomitantly in two phases of analysis: initial and focused coding.RESULTS They point to the development of best care practices, with emphasis on initiatives for coordination of care, decentralization of clinical management for primary health care services, establishment of protocols and flows, agreement of intersectoral partnerships, use of groups and social networks, use of tools such as teleconsultation and health surveillance spreadsheet and formation of support networks.CONCLUSION The Brazilian capital restructured its network of health services with the implementation of clinical and management protocols, seeking to maintain care for people living with HIV. We highlighted the incorporation of non-face-to-face care technologies and the facilitation of routines, as strategies for expanding access.

Impact of China’s environmental decentralization on carbon emissions from energy consumption: an empirical study based on the dynamic spatial econometric model

Facing the growing problem of carbon emission pollution, the scientific and reasonable division of environmental management power between governments is the premise and institutional foundation for realizing China’s carbon emission reduction target in 2030. In this article, we directly assess the degree of environmental decentralization according to the allocation of environmental managers among different levels of government. By incorporating fiscal decentralization indicators, the provincial panel data and dynamic spatial econometric model are used to empirically test the impact of environmental decentralization on carbon emissions from a spatial perspective. The results show that (1) China’s provincial carbon emissions have significant inertia dependence and spatial path dependence. The increase (decrease) of provincial carbon emissions will lead to the increase (decrease) of carbon emissions in neighboring regions. (2) At the national level, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization, and environmental monitoring decentralization significantly reduce China’s carbon emissions, while environmental supervision decentralization and fiscal decentralization significantly increase carbon emissions. Similarly, the interaction of environmental decentralization and its decomposition indicators and fiscal decentralization also significantly promotes carbon emissions, and the impact is related to the types of environmental management decentralization. (3) The carbon emission effects of environmental decentralization in different regions are heterogeneous. The inhibition effect of environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization, and environmental monitoring decentralization on carbon emissions in the western region is significantly greater than that in the eastern and central regions, but the inhibitory effect of the interaction of environmental decentralization and its decomposition index and fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions in the eastern region was significantly stronger than that in the central and western regions. The above results provide theoretical support for China to construct a differentiated carbon emission environmental management system from two aspects of regional differences and environmental management power categories.

Decentralisation of Education Management and its Influence on Teacher Output in Public School, Ghana

Although touted as having impacts on educational performance in some countries not much attention has been given to investigating the relationship between decentralisation of educational management and the teacher outcomes in the Ghanaian context. The study thus sought to investigate the effect of decentralised systems on teacher motivation in Ghanaian basic public schools, to determine the effect of decentralised systems on quality teacher in Ghanaian basic public schools, and to investigate the effect of decentralised systems on Teacher discipline in Ghanaian basic public schools. A concurrent mixed design was employed in this study, however only quantitative findings are reported. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 408 public and private schools from nine regions. Primary data based on a Cross-sectional survey making use of a survey questionnaire. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was employed for analysis. Results from Multiple Regression analysis reveal adequacy of the models of the study (R2 > 0.5). It was found that the District Education Oversight Committees roles in Personnel management, Organization of Instruction, had significant effect on teacher outputs including teacher motivation, teacher discipline, quality of teaching, and opportunities to learn. It was recommended that various Assemblies take the work of DEOC seriously and make resources available for their effective role in the management of Basic School to ensure effective implementation of decentralisation at the local level.

Decentralisation of Educational Management: Evidence from Ghanaian Basic Schools

Although touted as having impacts on educational outcomes in some countries not much attention has been given to evaluating the operations of the District Oversight Committees toward implementing decentralised education management functions at the basic level of education, on a national level. The study sought to evaluate the role of DOECs toward decentralization of school management at the basic level of Education and also identify existing challenges towards their operations. A mixed design was employed in this study. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 408 public and private schools from 9 regions and interviews conducted with selected District directors and Headteachers from which schools are selected. It was found that the District Education Oversight Committees were sometimes involved in their roles toward Personnel management, Organization of Instruction, and in Planning and Structures. While it was found that DOECs were particularly active in supervision and monitoring in schools they were less active in some personnel management functions as the power and means to perform such functions remained centralised. Key challenges which affected the operations on the DEOCs were financial constraints, inadequate logistics for the operations, inadequacy and delay in supply of teaching and learning materials, delays in decisions on appointments, promotions and sanctions, political interferences, poor communication, and difficulty in monitoring and supervision of school. It was recommended that there a more improved form of devolution may be needed to address some lingering challenges observed after decade of practicing educational decentralization. Again, there should be a consistent supervision of school instructions at various levels of decentralization of educational management to ensure standard is maintained.

СОЦІАЛЬНІ ПОСЛУГИ ДЛЯ ВРАЗЛИВИХ КАТЕГОРІЙ НАСЕЛЕННЯ В ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАДАХ УКРАЇНИ

Ukraine is at the stage of transition to decentralized system of social services for vulnerable groups of population, which should increase the activity of territorial communities in determining the need for these services on the ground, effective organization of their provision and planning, quality monitoring. Based on the decentralization of management, the necessary preconditions have been created to bring the social services system in line with European standards. The advantage of this system is the expansion of powers and capacities of local governments in providing social services for the benefit of communities, strengthening their preventive nature and targeted use of local budgets in conditions of increasing economic difficulties, social inequality and poverty in the country due to aggravated epidemiological situation and consequences of the armed conflict in the east of the country. The way to changes in the organization of the system of social services is marked by problems of their digitalization, infrastructure and staffing of social services agencies, increasing inter-community differences in resources for funding these services. Local authorities have not yet gained experience in shaping policy priorities in this area, and members of local communities lack the experience in communicating with government, business and science representatives. Currently, a wide range of social problems is concentrated in rural communities, where the majority of social assistance recipients live. The establishment of comprehensive institutions for the provision of various social services on the basis of existing social infrastructure, the use of grant support, subsidies, full or partial reimbursement of services or taxes will accelerate the development of this system at the local level. The success of the formation of a decentralized system of social services for vulnerable groups of population can be achieved only with fruitful cooperation between actors involved in solving social problems at the level of local communities.

Educational Management Decentralisation and Its Effect on Teacher Outputs: A Case of Ghanaian Basic Schools

Although touted as having impacts on educational performance in some countries not much attention has been given to investigating the relationship between decentralisation of educational management and the teacher outcomes in the Ghanaian context. The study thus sought to investigate the effect of decentralised systems on teacher motivation in Ghanaian basic public schools, to determine the effect of decentralised systems on quality teacher in Ghanaian basic public schools, and to investigate the effect of decentralised systems on Teacher discipline in Ghanaian basic public schools. A concurrent mixed design was employed in this study, however only quantitative findings are reported. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 408 public and private schools from nine regions. Primary data based on a Cross-sectional survey making use of a survey questionnaire. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was employed for analysis. Results from Multiple Regression analysis reveal adequacy of the models of the study (R2 > 0.5). It was found that the District Education Oversight Committees roles in Personnel management, Organization of Instruction, had significant effect on teacher outputs including teacher motivation, teacher discipline, quality of teaching, and opportunities to learn. It was recommended that various Assemblies take the work of DEOC seriously and make resources available for their effective role in the management of Basic School to ensure effective implementation of decentralisation at the local level.

Does decentralisation of surgical management improve outcomes for paediatric testicular torsion?

In testicular torsion (TT), delayed emergency scrotal exploration (ESE) increases the risk of orchidectomy. Transfer of a patient with suspected TT from a district general hospital (DGH) to a paediatric surgical centre (PSC) delays ESE and potentially puts them at increased risk of testicular loss. Prior to 1st January 2017, all boys under aged <16 years presenting to a DGH within the East Midlands Clinical Network (EMCN) would be referred to the PSC. From this date, it was agreed within the EMCN that boys aged ≥5 years with suspected TT presenting to a network DGH would be managed locally, barring exceptional circumstances. Boys aged <5 years would be referred to the PSC for management. This study aimed to assess the impact of decentralisation of ESE for suspected TT on orchidectomy rates in the EMCN. All patients who underwent ESE under the care of paediatric surgery in the PSC, and all patients <16 years old who underwent ESE in 4 EMCN DGHs between January 2017 and December 2019 were identified. Neonatal cases and inpatient referrals were excluded. Comparison was made with published data on ESE performed in the PSC over the 9 years 2008-2016 prior to decentralisation. In the 9 years prior to decentralisation, there were 110 cases of TT in the PSC. In the subsequent 3 years, there were 40 in the PSC and 37 in the DGHs. The orchidectomy rate of boys with TT presenting to DGHs and undergoing exploration locally (16%, 6/37) contrasts with the rate in those transferred from DGHs to the PSC for exploration (58%, 15/26). The difference is highly significant (p=0.00059, RR 0.28 [95% CI 0.13-0.63]) and indicates that in the EMCN, avoiding hospital transfer and performing ESE at the presenting DGH reduces the risk of orchidectomy by 72%. Decentralisation of the provision of ESE in boys with TT has resulted in a significantly lower orchidectomy rate in boys undergoing ESE in the presenting hospital than when transferred to the PSC. This study reinforces existing literature that demonstrates the effect of delayed ESE on orchidectomy rate, and supports the recommendations of national guidelines in the UK that transfer of boys to a PSC for ESE should only occur in exceptional circumstances.

From afforestation to forest landscape restoration in DPRK: Gaps and challenges

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is currently in a state of severe deforestation and forest degradation, such that it was selected a beneficiary for Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) programs run by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This study investigates the status and gaps in the implementation of FLR actions and analyzes the key challenges to FLR implementation. To accomplish this, I visited ministries relevant to forest and landscape restoration, selected and interviewed officials and professionals, and based our research on 10 years of experiences working in DPRK. Further, I proposed a roadmap for FLR implementation. Our results indicate that there is a need for a profound shift in attitudes towards the role of local people, recognizing that local people can be the main actors and partners in forest and landscape management. The reformation of the forestry sector and policies is needed to support the transformation of local livelihoods into a forest-friendly paradigm to exit the vicious cycle of “poverty and hunger–deforestation–environmental degradation–poverty and hunger.” Future FLR policies need to focus on the decentralization of forest management, clarification of forest tenure, and improvement of multi-sectoral cooperation and multi-level collaboration. The role of traditional knowledge and customary regulations should be highlighted, and forest management needs to be integrated into socio-economic development planning and programs.

Institutions and power relations and the implementation of community forestry: a case study of Taiwan

Abstract Policy implementation outcomes occur through the interplay between the political interests and power relationships of actors within the underlying institutional arrangements. Using the Community Forestry Program in Taiwan as a case study, this study aims to (1) identify how the historical development of forestry policies shapes current institutional arrangements and the political interests of actors, (2) determine how institutional arrangements shape the power relationships and interactions between actors and (3) understand how these interactions produce the policy implementation outcomes. Focusing on eastern Taiwan, 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The respondents included officers at different tiers of Taiwan’s forestry authority and the communities that had participated in the policy between 2013 and 2017. Findings from the thematic analysis reveal that the forestry officers and communities have divergent political interests and expectations for the policy, and when disagreements arose, the political interests of forestry officers often prevailed over those of the communities. These findings further exemplify the state’s dominance in Taiwan’s forest management, wherein local communities are placed at the periphery and power has not yet been devolved formally to the communities under the existing institutional arrangements. Amendments to the broader legal framework are required to alter the existing power relationships and achieve decentralization of forest resource management.

GEOPOLITICAL LEGAL ENTITY OF A PERSON AS A MEMBER OF A TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

The article contains a study of the geopolitical legal personality of man as a member territorial community. The article defines the concepts of legal personality in view of the set of rights and responsibilities of a special entity – a member of the territorial community. The article contains general theoretical features and definitions of the term "member of the territorial community". It is determined that geopolitics in the context of the formation and implementation of the legal personality of the territorial community also involves Ukraine's approximation to European (international) legal standards of local government, because the territorial community is the primary subject of local government, and geopolitics, in turn, involves understanding , recognition and research of the territorial community not only within the Ukrainian experience, but also using the rich municipal experience of European states, in particular the states of the Romano-Germanic legal system, or states belonging to the continental legal family. It is noted that the correctness of creating optimal administrative-territorial units in the state (by separating or combining them), and the definition and institutionalization of one territorial community in one administrative-territorial unit – will ensure decentralization of management, maximum proximity to the people of public institutions and, accordingly, will allow to effectively address urgent issues of people's lives, the provision of quality administrative and public services to residents of villages, towns and cities.&#x0D; The ways which will provide formation of both geopolitical legal personality of territorial community, and will establish formation of geopolitical legal personality of the person as a member of such territorial community, uniting in this process local, regional, national, macroregional and universal (global) factors are offered. and tendencies based on the principles of democracy, decentralization, rule of law, priority of human rights and freedoms over the rights of the state

Public health emergency decision-making and management system sound research using rough set attribute reduction and blockchain

Public health emergency decisions are explored to ensure the emergency response measures in an environment where various emergencies occur frequently. An emergency decision is essentially a multi-criteria risk decision-making problem. The feasibility of applying prospect theory to emergency decisions is analyzed, and how psychological behaviors of decision-makers impact decision-making results are quantified. On this basis, the cognitive process of public health emergencies is investigated based on the rough set theory. A Decision Rule Extraction Algorithm (denoted as A-DRE) that considers attribute costs is proposed, which is then applied for attribute reduction and rule extraction on emergency datasets. In this way, decision-makers can obtain reduced decision table attributes quickly. Considering that emergency decisions require the participation of multiple departments, a framework is constructed to solve multi-department emergency decisions. The technical characteristics of the blockchain are in line with the requirements of decentralization and multi-party participation in emergency management. The core framework of the public health emergency management system-plan, legal system, mechanism, and system can play an important role. When delta { = }0.10, the classification accuracy under the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier reaches 73.5%. When delta { = }0.15, the classification accuracy under the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier reaches 86.4%. It can effectively improve China’s public health emergency management system and improve the efficiency of emergency management. By taking Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an example, the weight and prospect value functions of different decision-maker attributes are constructed based on prospect theory. The optimal rescue plan is finally determined. A-DRE can consider the cost of each attribute in the decision table and the ability to classify it correctly; moreover, it can reduce the attributes and extract the rules on the COVID-19 dataset, suitable for decision-makers' situation face once an emergency occurs. The emergency decision approach based on rough set attribute reduction and prospect theory can acquire practical decision-making rules while considering the different risk preferences of decision-makers facing different decision-making results, which is significant for the rapid development of public health emergency assistance and disaster relief.