Decade Of May Research Articles

Analysis of the plantain pollen season in selected Polish cities in 2018

The paper presents the course of pollen season of plantain in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Drawsko Pomorskie, Cracow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Zielona Gora in 2018. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni pollen samplers). Pollen season was defined as the period in which 98% of the annual total catch occurred. The plantain pollen season started in the first decade of May and lasted until the end of September. Despite such a long pollen season in Poland, only in some cities there are days with an average concentration exceeding 10 P/m3. Significant differences were observed in annual sum values. The highest values were recorded in Lublin (400 grains) and Zielona Gora (308 grains), and the lowest in Drawsko Pomorskie (160 grains) and Olsztyn (184 grains). The value of annual average in 2018 was usually lower than in the previous years.

The goosefoot in the air of selected Polish cities in 2018

This paper presents the course of goosefoot pollination in selected cities of Poland in 2018. The measurements were performed in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Drawsko Pomorskie, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw, and Zielona Gora. Volumetric method with the use of Volumetric Spore Trap (Burkard, Lanzoni) was implemented. In the studied cities in 2018, pollen season of goosefoot started in the third decade of May and ended in the third decade of September. Goosefoot pollen stayed in the air for more than 100 days – 142 days in Sosnowiec and 109 days in Bialystok. Maximum daily concentration (26 P/m3) was noticed in Bialystok, although the lowest – in Cracow (7 P/m3). In the majority of the measuring points the highest moment of pollen season was in August. The highest number of pollen grains in 2018 was found in Lublin (478 grains), the lowest – in Cracow (149 grains). The concentration above 10 P/m3 was very rare, only in Lublin it was this high for 12 days and in Warsaw for 8 days.

Analysis of the grass pollen season in selected Polish cities in 2018

The paper presents the course of pollen season of plantain in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Drawsko Pomorskie, Cracow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Zielona Gora in 2018. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni pollen samplers). Pollen season was defined as the period in which 98% of the annual total catch occurred. The plantain pollen season started in the first decade of May and lasted until the end of September. Despite such a long pollen season in Poland, only in some cities there are days with an average concentration exceeding 10 P/m3. Significant differences were observed in annual sum values. The highest values were recorded in Lublin (400 grains) and Zielona Gora (308 grains), and the lowest in Drawsko Pomorskie (160 grains) and Olsztyn (184 grains). The value of annual average in 2018 was usually lower than in the previous years.

Ефективність застосування різних строків сівби для цикорію салатного

The term of sowing is one of the main elements of the technology of growing chicory witloof salad, because, even without minimal costs, it increases the productivity of root crops. The term of sowing chicory witloof salad are due to their biological properties: germination of seeds at low soil temperatures and resistance of young plants to spring frosts. Purpose. To identify the optimal timing of sowing chicory witloof salad, which will provide the largest yield of standard root crops for cultivation in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods . Field evaluations of biometric indices, productivity, calculation and analytical. Research methodology . The effect of the sowing time on the yield of chicory witloof salad was studied. The research was conducted during 2014–2017 on the experimental field of the Uman National University of Horticultural. Three sowing periods were investigated - I decade of May, II decade of May and ІІІ decade of May. The total area of the research field is 15 m 2 , the repetition of the research is four times. Caesar variety was chosen as an object of research. Scheme of sowing 45 x 10 cm. Phenological observations, biometric and physiological-biochemical studies were carried out according to the methods of G. L. Bondarenko, K. I. Yakovenko, V. F. Moiseychenko. Results . It was established that the mass of commercial root crops in technical maturity and yield were higher than the early spring sowing on May 10. During the late spring sowing on May 30, the smallest weight and yield of root crops were observed in the chicory witloof salad.Mass germination (75%) for all sowing periods was observed in a month. Full germination was noted in June, and was marked for sowing May 10 - July 7–10, for sowing May 20 - July 19–20, May 30 - July 25–28. It was established that more than one plant per square meter was received for sowing on May 10 and 20. At different terms, the harvesting of root crops, the number of leaflets and the weight of the root crop was almost the same, so they were the largest in the early sowing and late harvesting. Comparing the time of sowing and the harvesting of root crops of chicory witloof salad, it is established that the yield of root crops of chicory witloof salad is most influenced by the duration of the vegetative period of the first year of life. So, for sowing the salad on May 20, the duration of the vegetative period of the plants decreased by 10 days and accordingly the weight of one root was reduced by 6-8 g and the whole plant by 12–25 g in comparison with the control. The highest coefficient of root crops more suitable for distillation of cabbage, obtained in variants with a long vegetative period of 140–150 days. The qualitative characteristic of root crops of chicory witloof salad shows that the content of dry matter and sugars in the root crops of chicory witloof salad is higher at the later harvesting times than in the early times. The content of vitamin C from the time of sowing and harvesting did not have a significant impact. Conclusions . It is established that in the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine the term of sowing and harvesting the chicory witloof salad, changing the duration of vegetation of plants, significantly influences the yield and yield of standard root crops, and also has a negligible effect on the biochemical indices of the quality of root crops. Key words : chicory salad, witloof, weight, time, yield

EVALUATION OF COLLECTION SAMPLES OF VEGETABLE BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) FOR ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE GROUNDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOSCOW REGION

As part of working on the solution of the task of importing asparagus beans, it is necessary to create a conveyor of green beans for vegetables during the growing season under the conditions of the Central Nonchernozem Zone (CNZ). In this regard, in 2018, work was continued on the evaluation of the existing collection of the FSBSI FSVC on economically valuable grounds, which allowed pre-select promising samples for further breeding work. According to the results of the assessment of the collection variety samples of vegetable beans in 2018, 30 variety samples of different groups of ripeness were identified as initial forms for breeding work on creating varieties that meet the requirements of the processing industry and creating a conveyor for producing asparagus products in the CNZ. Selected varieties are described and evaluated for the productivity of beans and seeds, suitability for mechanized harvesting, quality of the bean, seed size, resistance to the most harmful diseases. It is important to note that the year 2018 was unfavorable for the optimal development of culture due to the negative weather conditions that developed from the 3rd decade of May to the 2nd decade of June. This has made its own adjustments to the development of plants, as a result of which the assessment on some grounds is not indicative.

Вплив строків сівби на надходження продукції кукурудзи цукрової (Zea Mays L. SSP. Saccharata Sturt.) в умовах Лісостепу України

In order to meet the needs of the population in full-fledged food products, it is necessary to constantly expand the variety of vegetable crops. Among them, the important place belongs to the sweet corn. For calorie content it is a leader among vegetable cultures, has a high nutritional value and is characterized by dietary and therapeutic properties. An important feature of it is that commodity products are much less radionuclides and nitrates than any other culture that provides the production of environmentally friendly products. Traditionally, it is grown in the conveyor belt in the southern regions, because in spa areas it is always in high demand. In the Forest-Steppe zone, the cultivation of sweet corn for local use and the provision of processing industry raw materials is gaining increasing importance. Therefore, the study of the timing of sowing seeds for the continuous supply of population products and processing industry raw materials is an urgent issue. The purpose The purpose of the study was to analyze the laws of the passage of phenological phases of growth and development of plants, to study the biometric indices of hybrids of maize of sugar at different periods of seeding of seeds. Methods. The research was conducted in 2017-2018 on soddy-mediumpodzolic soils of the northern part of the Ukrainian forest-steppe in the NDPiP Fruit and Vegetable Garden NUBiP of Ukraine on the collection area of the vegetable-growing department. The studies studied the hybrids of Dutch breeding and the timing of seeding. Reliability of the three-way outcome with the rendering. The total area of the plot was 10 m2. The seeds were sown in May after 8 days with an intermediate row of 70 cm. The thickness of the rootstock stood at 50 thousand /ha. The records, observations and analyzes were conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods. To establish the relationship between the features, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, it was found that for all sowing times, the first weeds bloomed on plants of the Svetstar F1 hybrid - four to six days earlier than the control variant of the hybrid Spirit F1. In the hybrid Overlend F1, the flowering of the violet was marked one to three days later than the control. The flowering of the beginnings was marked three to five days later from the flowering of the vagabonds. The duration of the growing season (from stairs to technical maturity) in the studied hybrids, depending on the time of sowing was within 66 - 82 days. The shortest he was in the hybrid Svetstar F1 66 - 73 days. The hybrid Spirit F1 is 73-77 days. The longest - in the hybrid Overlend F1 - 77-82 days. With the reduction of the duration of the vegetative period of corn, the sweet content of the leaves per plant decreased by 0.5 - 1.3 pieces/plant. According to biometric measurements, varieties and hybrids of sweet corn have significantly differed in plant height. The most hybrid was the Svetstar F1 hybrid, the plant height of which was 157.1 - 169.8 sm, and the most tall hybrid of Overlend F1- 170.4-197.6 sm. The height of the fastening of the first start ranged from 32.6 sm to the Svetstar F1 hybrid to 71.2 sm in the hybrid Overlend F1. Conclusions and perspectives. Consequently, as a result of the research, it was found that for the sowing of seeds in early May, technical maturation in hybrids came through 73-82 days, and in the last decade of May - 66-78 days. The vegetative period in later periods of sowing decreased by 5-7 days in accordance with the hybrid.

Problems of Obtaining Planned Potato Harvests in the Southern Urals

Analysis of the results of four multifactorial experiments revealed the reasons limiting the possibility of obtaining a planned potato crop of 40 t/ha in the conditions of the Southern Urals. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in the norms established by the calculation and balance method is noticeably reduced in arid years, which are observed here every 4 years. The uneven moistening of the vegetation period and the high severity of infectious diseases, especially rhizoctonia, necessitates the dressing of seed tubers (Maxim, TMTD, Prestige) and the combined use of Mival-agro, which increases plant resistance to stress. To achieve the planned yield (40 t/ha), one should use a plastic Nevsky variety and adaptive varieties of local breeding: Spiridon, Tarasov, and Kuzovok. For the effective assimilation of photosynthetic active radiation, thickened schemes (75 × 24 and 75 × 19 cm) of potato planting should be used in the second decade of May. Planting in the third decade of May allows one to obtain the planned level of yield, but the dry matter content in the tubers of the Rozara variety decreases by an average of 1.5% and that of the Kuzovok variety by 2.5%; the starch content by 1.5 and 1.4%, and the accumulation of nitrates increases by 1.2 and 1.6 times, respectively. The late (June 5–12) planting of potatoes to a depth of 10–12 cm ensures the formation of a planned crop of 40 t/ha in the Kuzovok variety; however, the dry matter content in tubers is reduced by an average of 4.0%, starch content by 2.5%, and the content of nitrates increases by 2.0 times compared with the planting on May 12–15.

The character of buckwheat varieties productivity formation according to timing and methods of sowing

Purpose. To study the varietal peculiarities of the buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) productivity formation in the conditions of unstable hydration of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, depending on the timing and methods of sowing. Methods. During 2015–2017, at the Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production (Yuriev Plant Production Institute, NAAS of Ukraine) 6 varieties of buckwheat: ‘Yaroslavna’, ‘Slobozhanka’, ‘Ruslana’, ‘Ukrainka’, ‘Krupynka’, ‘SIN 3/02’ were studied. Buckwheat was sowed at a rate of 250 grains/m 2 by wide (row spacing – 45 cm) and usual row (15 cm) methods into 3 steps with 5 days intervals: 5–6 May (soil temperature 14.5–16.6 °C), 10–11 and 15–16 May (16.4–19.1 and 16.9–17.3 °C correspondently). Results. The results of the three-year experiment indicate a significant impact of the factors (variety, timing and method of sowing) on the buckwheat productivity formation, which varied in a rather wide range: the number of grains on one plant varied from 2.8 to 17.4 pcs.; the weight of 1000 grains – up to 2.4 g; yield – from 0.1 to 1.2 t/ha; and in higher degree depended on the weather conditions in the spring period. The arid conditions at the beginning of the vegetation phase reduced the grain size and number on the plants that caused a decrease in yield, while more humid conditions increased these rates. At the same time, the varie­ties ‘SIN-3/02’ and ‘Krupynka’ in the dry conditions of 2017 showed increased yields in the case of sowing in the usual routine manner. In previous years they provided higher yields for wide-row sowing, while in unfavorable conditions for growth and development, the usual routine method was more suitable, and the term of sowing did not have a significant impact on this. The terms of sowing with the intervals in 5 days, can not mitigate the negative effects of weather conditions, in general. The method of sowing is an effective factor for high buckwheat productivity and yield formation that to a certain degree depends on biological characteristics of the variety. Conclusions. Among the studied buckwheat varieties, the ‘Yaroslavna’ variety characterized by the highest yield in case of wide-row sowing in the first decade of May (5–6.05). These elements of cultivation technology were better for the varieties ‘Slobozhanka’ and ‘Ruslana’. The second term of sowing (May 10–11) is more favorable for the varieties ‘SIN-3/02’ and ‘Ukrainka’ with the wide-row sowing. Buckwheat ‘Krupynka’ provided the highest yield with wide-row sowing in the first or second decade of May. In the case of sowing in the third term (15–16.05) all the varieties characterized by reduced productivity in comparison with other terms and methods of sowing

ДИНАМІКА НАКОПИЧЕННЯ СИРОЇ ТА СУХОЇ НАДЗЕМНОЇ БІОМАСИ РОСЛИНАМИ КУКУРУДЗИ В УМОВАХ ЗРОШЕННЯ ПІВДЕННОГО СТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents the results of field research with corn hybrids of different groups of maturity for growing them under conditions of irrigation of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. An important aspect of the use in the production of maize hybrids is the definition and application of optimal parameters of cultivation technology. In the complex of agrotechnical measures that influence the accumulation of crude mass and the growth of dry matter by plants of hybrids of maize of different groups of maturation, the important place belongs to the terms of sowing and the density of plant standing together with the use of irrigation. The accumulation of raw mass is a function of the process of assimilation, determines the productivity of plants, and, accordingly, its economic value. The intensity and duration of the formation of dry matter to a large extent depend on the growth of plants in height, their biological characteristics and the energy of photosynthetic potential. The dry substance, to a greater or lesser extent, consists of spare substances that are produced by plants and used by them as their need for energy. Observation of the growth of green mass is an indicator that reflects the productivity of photosynthesis and the accumulation of assimilation products in plants. With the intensity of growth processes accelerates the formation of the assimilation surface, increases the photosynthetic activity of plants, and therefore their potential yield increases. Therefore, the study of the effect of spatial placement of plants on the area due to the timing of sowing and the density of plant standing on the formation of the leaf surface, the intensity and productivity of photosynthesis and the accumulation of dry matter in hybrids of maize hybrids of different groups of ripeness under conditions of irrigation of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine is relevant and important in evaluation of the obtained crop, depending on the factors taken into consideration. The purpose of the research was to determine the dynamics of the accumulation of over ground mass of corn plants of different groups of ripeness, depending on the time of sowing, hybrid composition and density in conditions of irrigation of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The task of the study was to determine the influence of the investigated factors on the dynamics of the accumulation of raw matter and dry matter of maize plants, as well as the parameters of the dispersion, variation and correlation-regression analysis of experimental data. The field experiment, based on the split plot method, was carried out in four-time repetition with the placement of sites in a rendering in accordance with the methodology of conducting field research on the improvement of the elements of agronomic techniques for the cultivation of agricultural crops. In the experiment, hybrids of corn were studied - Tendra, Skadovsky, Kakhovsky; sowing dates – ІІ decade of April, ІІІ decade of April, І decade of May; The density of standing – 70, 80, 90 thousand pieces/ha. Agrotechnics Growing hybrids of maize of different groups of ripeness under irrigation conditions is common for the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, in addition to the factors that were put into study. The research used general sciences (analysis, synthesis, observation, comparison, measurement), special (field, laboratory), mathematical, statistical, and computational and comparative methods. On average, for the 2014-2016 biennium, the maximum wet mass index is set at the milk millet ripeness stage in the medium-old Kakhovsky hybrid crop - 51.39 t / ha for sowing in the III decade of April and a density of 70 thousand pcs / ha. The largest amount of dry matter had plants of the Kakhovsky hybrid during the period of physiological maturation of grain - the value of this indicator, depending on the variants of the experiment, varied within the limits of 21,57-25,18 t/ha. Key words: corn, irrigation, sowing terms, hybrids, standing density, crude mass, dry matter

THE EFFECT OF SILICON ON MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ‘VARIEGATUM’ CUT SHOOTS

Garden perennials are a source of floristry material produced in field or under covers. A perennial producing long, leafy shoots, which in flower arrangements might successfully substitute fern or palm leaves, is Polygonatum multiflorum. The variety characterizing with decorative white margined leaves is ‘Variegatum’. To improve their quality, the growth stimulator Actisil Hydro Plus, which contains 0.6% of active silicon in a form of orthosilicic acid was applied. The aim of the conducted experiment was to estimate the influence of silicon and a place of cultivation (tunnel and open field) on post-harvest quality determined with morphological features, vase life longevity and mechanical properties of Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ‘Variegatum’ stems. The plants were sprayed with water solutions of Actisil in concentrations: 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%, six times during the growing season in weekly intervals, starting from the first decade of May, always in the morning. It was stated that cultivation of Polygonatum in the unheated foil tunnel increases quality of shoots for cut greenery, determined with morphological features and post-harvest longevity. Cultivation of Polygonatum in a foil tunnel and spraying plants with Actisil in concentrations of 0.3 or 0.4% is advantageous due to possibility to increase a number of shoots from 20% to over 31%, their length from 9% to 11% and fresh weight from 52% to 71%, in comparison to control plants. It is advised to treat plants cultivated in a tunnel, with Actisil in concentration of 0.4% as it improved shoots quality evaluated with their diameter and lower leaves blade area. Spraying plants with Actisil in concentrations of 0.2–0.4% in the tunnel and 0.2% in field prolongs post-harvest shoots longevity by 3–4 days. Plants cultivated in the tunnel characterize with higher strength of shoots determined with higher maximum force causing permanent damage and lower stem deflection than plants cultivated in field. Plants grown in a tunnel and sprayed with Actisil in concentrations of 0.4% characterized with the strongest shoots after 14 days of storage, however a similar effect was observed with the concentration of 0.3% and in case of plants cultivated in field and sprayed with 0.4% of Actisil.

Research on Obtaining Biological Planting Material for Sweet Potatoes under Conditions in Romania

Abstract Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam is a drought resistant species with vigorous growth and high productivity adapted to the conditions of sandy soils (Iamandei Maria et al., 2014, Diaconu Aurelia et al., 2016). In terms of Romania, sweet potato are reproduces by shoots obtained under solar. In this respect, the research carried out at CCDCPN Dabuleni between 2016-2017 aimed at obtaining sweet potato shoots in a trifactorial experience, as follows: Factor A - Planting time in the solar (15 March, 25 March), Factor B - Variety (KSP 1 and KSC 1), Factor C - Diameter of tubers (2, 3, 4 cm). The results obtained on the monitoring of solar microclimate influence on growth and development of sweet potato shoots and plant physiological processes (photosynthesis, perspiration, chlorophyll content) underline the importance of the planting period and the quality of the biological material planted in the solar. Observations and determinations of growth rate they have a slow pace in April, when climatic factors have fluctuated greatly from night to day, which increased in the first decade of May, when the shoots saw the optimal planting size of 35-40 cm. The best results were obtained by planting in the solar on March 25, using tuberous roots 3-4 cm in diameter, when there was an intense physiological activity and a large number of shoots on the tuber (9.125-9.980 shoots).

Seasonal development of the genus Heuchera L. plant varieties in the conditions of the Right-coast Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To study the seasonal cycle of development for introduced genus Heuchera L. plant varieties. Methods. Phenological, biometrical and analytical. Results. Based on the results of phenological observations, it was marked that the plants of Heuchera genus of the Right-coast Forest-Steppe of Ukraine pass through the all stages of seasonal development cycle. It was revealed that the phases of green shoots growing and blossoming are considerably prolonged. The phases of budding, blossoming and fruiting take place simultaneously. The studied plants, according to the nature of the development rhythm, are classified as a phenological “summer-winter green” type with winter dormancy, which determines the duration of their “decorativeness”.Conclusions. It was found out that the vegetation period for Heuchera species lasts 216–232 days. The beginning (I–II decade of May), duration (26–43 days) of the blosso­ming phase and phenological spectra analysis of the genus Heuchera varieties show that the rhythm of their development responds to the climatic conditions of the Right-coast Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The decorativeness of introduced Heuchera varieties is evident from the budding to the end of the vegetation. So, they are able to provide a long decorative effect from March to early November according to different types of planting. As the fruiting phase is available, including the fruit-setting and viable seeds ripening, it is an absolute argument for selection work fulfillment.

Remote-sensing estimation of the water stress coefficient and comparison with drought evidence

ABSTRACTDrought assessment of croplands and sylvo-pastoral areas is crucial in semi-arid regions. Satellite remote sensing offers an opportunity for such assessment. This study presents a method of spatial and temporal estimation of drought index in Medjerda basin (23,700 km2) using satellite data and its validation with in situ investigation of areas with crop damage realized by the ministry of agriculture. To estimate drought index, potential evapotranspiration (PET) is calculated using Penman–Monteith equation and modified FAO-56 crop coefficient (Kc) approach combined with remote-sensing data and actual evapotranspiration is derived from the Meteosat Second Generation platforms. The period of study is the 2010 water year. PET estimations show good accuracy with corrected pan evaporation observations up to 0.9. In comparison, the water stress coefficient (Ks) aggregated by land-cover type shows the coefficient of determination with the fraction of drought damage areas of 0.5 for the third decade of March and first decade of April in croplands areas and 0.8 for the second and third decades of May in croplands and sylvo-pastoral areas. This study showed that satellite data approaches could successfully be used to monitor drought in river basins in the Northern Africa and Mediterranean region.

Incidence of Potato Virus “Y” and Aphid Flights in Potato (Brașov, 2014-2016)

This study aimed to provide updated information on incidence of PVY in seed potatoes (Carrera, Red Lady, Hermes, Riviera, Christian and Roclas varieties) produced in trials at Braşov, where the aphids flight was monitored three years (2014, 2015 and 2016). Another goal of this research was to identify the symptoms of PVY infected material, find positive by ELISA tests in the previous year’s crops. The highest level of PVY and PVYN infection was observed in 2015 for all potato varieties planted in the lot trials. In 2015, the periods of prolonged drought in July and August were responsible for the high incidence of PVY in the potato trials studied, compared with the infection level of the material in the other two years (2014 and 2016). There were some deviations in 2015 concerning to abundance and dynamics of aphid population, potentially PVY vectors. The peak period for aphid attack was the third decade of May - the first decade of June, a very vulnerable period for potato crop. In this year, aphid activity significantly offset the general trend. Experiments conducted in Braşov indicate that many PVY infected plants did not visually express symptoms and could be a good inoculum ready for the time when aphids vectors are typically at their highest levels.

Особливості біології гриба Phomopsis helianthi М. та патогенезу фомопсису соняшника

One of the main issues of successful annual sunflower growing is resistance against the necrothrophic fungus Phomopsis helianthi Munt, which is capable to destroy the entire crop of sunflower. The aim of research was studying cycle of development fungus Phomopsis helianthi M. and the features of sunflower plants defeat. The investigations were carried out in the field in Genicheskiy district of Kherson region and in Kherson regional phytosanitary laboratory. In a long period of time, the disease is in latent form in seed. The first symptoms is pycnidia and clarification of affected seminal skin tissue appear during seeds germination. On the seeds of P. helianthi was discovered complete mushroom stage Diaporthe helianthi Munt Cv, et al. The obtained results indicate possibility of transmitting the disease by seminal material in other regions where this disease is absent. The stage of the D. helianthi mushroom in the teleomorph form in the field, we found at the end of May on stems of sunflower, which were wintered after harvesting. On the remains of plants, where pycnides of the phomaxis pathogen were formed, we commit the formation of the D. helianthi strain with 1-5 peritheces. The departure of ascospore began in the beginning of second decade of May. In third decade of June, a mass exit from the ascospores of peritations was noted. The first symptoms of illness on sunflower plants in Henichesk district of Kherson region were recorded at the beginning of second decade of July in 10 days after irrigation. On the stems of sunflower between 4-7 pairs of leaves formed dark gray stains. Over time, necrosis extends along the length of stem from the place of its initial manifestation. The stains size affected by pathogen stalks ranged from 2.5-3 cmto 12.7-14.0 cm. On affected by phomopsis plants of sunflower, disease pathogens formed a flattened ellipsoid-shaped pycnidia with an aperture. They were located dotted along the leading vessels and were characterized by the following sizes: 290-520 × 265-410 microns. In the ripening phase, pycnides were seen on surface side of stem. During rain or irrigation, they broke through stem epidermis and on its surface in form of strips out a mass of pycnospores. Thus, after latent pathogenesis phase, the pathogen actively begins to form a pycnidial stage. During sunflower growing season, the pathogenesis of phomopsis occurs in all overground organs of plants. The presence of Diaporthe helianthi strain with peritheces and ascospores on seed has been established, indicating possibility of spreading the disease with seeds. The latter are found on unprotected plant remains. During vegetation, pathogen forms an anamorphic stage, and teleomorphic in the end. Phomopsis helianthi causes damage to overground part of sunflower plants in form of necrotic stains, damage to stem tissue, loss of turgor, burns of leaves and under-harvest. Key words: annual sunflower, Phomopsis helianthi M., Diaporthe helianthi Munt Cv, et al., biology of development, distribution.

Effect of sowing aggregates on sowing quality of spring soft wheat (the case of moderate dry-forest steppe, Altai region)

<p>In this article, we proposed a rationale for choosing the seeding aggregates to improve the quality of ordinary spring wheat sowing in the moderate arid steppe of the Altai Territory. We determined the actual values and variability of spring wheat sowing quality indicators when different sowing units were used. A comparative evaluation of sowing aggregates was made on the basis of a generalized parameter that characterizes the quality of sowing taking into account their equalization. The study compared the following technologies and seeding machines: direct seeding with the use of the EPPK-2.5 complex; zero technology (No-Till) with sowing complex Condor; traditional technology of cultivation of crops with autumn processing with PG-3-5 gun, presowing processing of APK-7.2 and sowing of SZP-3.6A. The compared variants were randomly located, the sowing was carried out in the third decade of May, the rate of sowing was 5 million virgin grains per hectare, spring soft wheat "Altai 70". Determination of quality parameters of sowing (depth of seeding, the number of plants, plant height and their statistics) were conducted in the 2nd decade of June. During 2013-2016, SZP-3.6A crops had the advantage from the number of shoot and it was 346.1 pcs / m2, which is by 1.84 and 2.34 times was higher than Condor and EPPK-2.5 respectively. The height of plants also had an advantage of SZP-3,6A – 282.6 mm, which was higher by 25.4 mm and 71.2 mm than in Condor and EPPK-2.5 respectively. Each indicator of the quality of sowing was characterized by fluctuated magnitude. High coefficient of variation indicated low quality of sowing. We calculated the equalization coefficient for each parameter to assess the uniformity of crops performed by each machine. The SZP-3,6A seeder exceeded the compared seeding complexes for all three parameters, which indicated higher seed uniformity than Condor and EPPK-2.5. Comparative evaluation of the seeding machines Condor and EPPK-2.5 was ambiguous. At the seeding unit EPPK-2.5, the leveling factor was 12.3% higher than in Condor, the seeding rate was 17.8% lower in comparison with Condor, and the plant height was insignificantly (by 2.1%) lower than Condor.</p><p>We suggested a generalized leveling factor to evaluate the sowing aggregates in terms of the quality of sowing, i.e. radius vector drawn up to point A, characterized by the coordinates A (depth of embankment, number of sprouts, and plant height). A better seeding was obtained with the SZP-3.6 A seeding unit (84.2%). The lowest quality parameters for sowing were obtained from the seeding complex EPPK-2.5 (75.9%). Crops with this complex were characterized by the greatest uneven quality of sowing, which requires a correct justification for both the sowing rate, the method of sowing and the width of the rows of cultivated crops according to the technology applied to specific conditions.</p>

Многолетняя динамика репродуктивных показателей европейского анчоуса Engraulis encrasicolus (L., 1758) и их связь с температурными условиями

Европейский анчоус, или хамса (Engraulis encrasicolus L.), — один из наиболее массовых видов рыб в Азово-Черноморском бассейне. Является основным промысловым объектом: доля его вылова составляет около 80 %. Оценка состояния популяции хамсы и её динамики в условиях климатического потепления — одна из актуальных задач современных исследований. Данная статья посвящена изучению многолетней динамики ряда популяционных репродуктивных показателей хамсы и их связи с температурой воды с целью возможного использования для прогноза состояния популяции при изменении условий среды. В основе работы – полученные в 2000–2015 гг. результаты собственных исследований, выполненных в прибрежной акватории Чёрного моря, прилегающей к юго-западному побережью Крыма (район Севастополя — Балаклавы). Для сбора икры хамсы использовали планктонную сеть Богорова — Расса (БР-80/113) в режиме вертикального лова в слое 0–10 м. Взрослые экземпляры получены из ставных неводов. Проанализированы 702 ихтиопланктонные пробы и 941 экз. нерестовых самок (на стадиях зрелости V, VI–IV и VI–V). Среди популяционных репродуктивных показателей были изучены календарные сроки и продолжительность нерестового периода, интенсивность и эффективность нереста, внутривидовой состав родительского стада. Календарные сроки нереста хамсы в 2000–2014 гг. у юго-западного побережья Крыма варьировали от второй декады мая (ранний нерест) до третьей декады июня (поздний нерест); сроки окончания — от третьей декады августа до третьей декады сентября. Общая продолжительность репродуктивного периода составляла 8–14 недель, средняя — 11 недель. В многолетнем плане установлен сдвиг начала нереста на более ранние календарные сроки. Максимальные (пиковые) среднемесячные значения интенсивности нереста в 2012–2013 гг. варьировали от 33.6 до 78.7 % (среднее 51.2 %). Пик популяционного нереста приходится на июль и август; его повторяемость в июле составила 25.0 %, в августе — 66.7 %. В многолетнем плане установлен сдвиг пика нереста на более ранние сроки: в 2000–2005 гг. повторяемость пика нереста в августе составляла 100 %, в 2007–2013 гг. — только 50 %. Абсолютная численность икры (эффективность нереста) в 2000–2014 гг. изменялась от 1.6 до 29.9 экз.·м-2, составив в среднем 10.3 экз.·м-2. Условно выделены низко-, средне- и высокоурожайные годы с численностью икры менее 10, 10–20 и более 20 экз.·м-2 соответственно и со средней эффективностью нереста 5.1, 14.5 и 25.0 экз.·м-2. Эффективность нереста высокоурожайных лет в 1.7 и 4.9 раза превышает таковую средне- и низкоурожайных лет. Установлен многолетний положительный тренд эффективности нереста. В 2000–2011 гг. произошла перестройка внутривидовой структуры хамсы, которая сопровождалась перераспределением численного соотношения в составе нерестовой части популяции представителей азовского и черноморского подвидов в пользу последнего. До 2004 г. относительная численность черноморской хамсы составляла 33.3 %, после 2004 г. — 76.7 %. Одновременно произошло заметное увеличение её вылова. Коэффициент корреляции между относительной численностью черноморской хамсы и выловом составил 0.92. Календарные сроки начала нереста, его интенсивность и эффективность тесно связаны с температурой воды. Нижней температурной границей массового нереста является 17.5 °С. Область «максимально благоприятной нерестовой температуры» находится выше 23 °С. В её пределах реализуется около 2/3 репродуктивного потенциала популяции.

Evaluation of German Plum Selections in Latvia

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the suitability of growing plum cultivars and hybrids of German origin in Latvian conditions. In the trial the plum cultivars and hybrids were planted at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit Growing (now, Institute of Horticulture) in spring 2008. Six W. Hartmann genotypes (cultivars ‘Tipala’, ‘Tegera’ and ‘Haganta’, and hybrids H-5102, H-3753, and H-3690) from Hohenheim University were included in the study. Prunus cerasifera was used as rootstock. The parameters evaluated were: beginning of flowering, ripening time, average yield (kg per tree), cumulative yield (kg), and average fruit weight from 2012 to 2016, and content of soluble solids from 2014 to 2016. In addition, self-fertility was evaluated in 2015 and 2016 for three cultivars and one hybrid. The winter of 2010/2011 was unfavourable, as plum orchards and most plum cultivars in Latvia suffered winter damage, but cultivars and hybrids in the trial were without damages. Significant damages were not observed in further years. Average flowering time in the four-year period for all cultivars and hybrids was the 1st or 2nd decade of May, harvest time was from the 1st decade of August to the 3rd decade of September. The earliest was hybrid H-3690, and the latest was cv.’Haganta’. The most productive was hybrid H-3690, which gave 42 kg in the 3rd year of yield and had the most rapid rise in yields. ‘Haganta’ had the biggest fruits (50 to 60 g) and highest content of soluble solids (17-18 Brix%). Self-fertility level was 40% for ‘Tegera’, 17.4% for ‘Haganta’, 14.5% for H-3690 and 0% for ‘Tipala’. Evaluation of all analysed parameters showed that ‘Tegera’ could be recommended for Latvian growers thanks to good winter hardiness in the research period. ‘Haganta’ is recommended only for warmer regions in Latvia. Hybrid H-3690 will potentially be useful for Latvian growers.

Эколого-эпизоотические особенности трематодозов крупного рогатого скота, их терапия и профилактика в хозяйствах молочной специализации Вологодской области

Objective of research: To study the epizootiology of trematodoses of cattle from dairy cattle farms in the Vologda region; to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy of Fascocide, Helmicide, Oxiclozanide, Albendazole, Fezole, Alben.
 Materials and methods: A preliminary analysis of veterinary reports of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the regional Stations on Fight against Diseases in Animals, meat-processing plants and slaughter units, Laboratories of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise was carried out for the period 2005–2009 according to the Forms «1-Vet» and «5-Vet». Coproovoscopic examinations of cattle were conducted monthly to determine seasonal and age dynamics of infection. Biological features of intermediate hosts were studied by standard methods. Fascocide at the dose of 10 mg a.i./kg, Helmicide — 7,5 g/100 kg, Oxiclozanide — 5,25 mg/kg, Albendazole — 15 mg a.i./kg and Alben — 10 mg a.i./kg were used against fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle under production conditions in dairy farms and complexes of Vologda region.
 Results and discussion: The rates of trematode infection in various climatic and geographic zones of the region are different. The highest level of infection was registered in the North Eastern and South Eastern zones, and the lowest — in the South Western.
 Adult cattle are infected with Fasciola hepatica, Paramhistomum cervi and P. ichikawai all year round; the maximum peak of infection is registered in winter and spring seasons. First signs of trematode infection in calves of the first grazing season are observed at the beginning of the pasture season, which is the evidence for the overwintering of helminth larvae in intermediate hosts. Trematode infections manifest commonly as mixed infections. 
 First individuals of Lymnaea truncatula and Planorbis planorbis appear in biotopes in the second decade of May, reaching the maximum number in August. Their infection with trematode parthenites is observed in the period from the first half of June to October; the maximum peak of infection — in August. The most effective preparations for dehelmintization against Fasciola spp. and Paramhistomum spp. are Fascocide, Helmicide and Fezole.

Оптимізація норми висіву насіння сої залежно від групи стиглості сорту для умов Центрального Лісостепу України

Soybean is a crop plastic to such characteristic as plant allocation on the area. Numerous studies of different varieties demonstrate this fact. That is why optimal density of soybean plants must be determined by experimentally research for each separate variety. The research aim is to establish optimal seeding rates of soybean varieties of early-ripening and fast-ripening groups. The experiment was founded in the conditions ofprivate farm “Pryorillya” Novi Sanzhary district, Poltava oblast. The farm is situated in the central forest steppe of Ukraine. This part of our country has temperate-continental climate. The research object is soybean varieties Terek, Vilshanka, Kuban and Luna. The fields of our experiment were sown by winter wheat last year. The soil is deep chernozem soil, with little humus and average humus content. The technology of soybean cultivation in the experiment was characterized by the following stages: decortication of stubble remains was donein the second decade of July, ploughingto the depth of 22-24 cm was done in the second decade of September. In spring when soil became physically mature closing of moisture was conducted. Before sowing soybean there was possibility of doing two cultivations depending on weeds growth. Pre-sowing tillage of experimented plots of land was made in the second decade of May: cultivation to the depth of 10-12 cm including harrowing to the depth of 6-8cm. Soybean was sown by drilling method with row-spacing of 15cm in the second decade of May. The depth of seed covering was 4 cm,seeding rate for each variant was applied according to the experiment scheme. Seeding material was treated with rhizotorphinbefore sowing. Weed was controlled by one pre-sowing and two post-sowing harrowing by light, spike-tooth harrow.Pre-sowing harrowing was used in five days after crop sowing. The first pre-sowing harrowing was done in the period when rows marked and the second pre-sowing harrowing was done while coming two true leaves of soybean plants. All other technological operations concerning crop cultivation for all variants of the experiment were done similarly. According to the research results during 2013-2015 yearsamong fast-ripening varieties variety Vilshanka formed the highest yield. Yield of variety Vilshanka varied from 2.26 to 2.46 t/ha. Productivity of variety Terek in 2013-2015 years was at the level of 1.91-2.34 t/ha. Depending on density of plants on sown area yield of variety Terek was the greatest ( 2.25 t/ha) on the variant with seeding rate of 900 thousand/ha. Maximal yield of variety Vilshanka of 2.43t/ha was gained on the variant with seeding rate of 900 thousand/ha. During 2013-2015 years variety Kuban produced the highest yield among early ripening varieties. Yield of variety Kuban varied from 2.28-2.64 t/ha. Variety Luna formed yield at the level of 2.26-2.44 t/ha during the same period. Depending on density of plants on sown area variety Kuban produced the greatest yield of soybean (2.57 t/ha) on the variant with seeding rate of800 thousand/ha. Seeding rate of 800 thousand/ha influenced on productivity of variety Luna in the best way. Yield of variety Luna was 2.41t/ha. Conclusions and perspectives of further researches. Impact of variety qualities and seeding rates on the level of soybeanyield has been established. Influence of weather conditions on formation of yield of soybean varieties of different ripeness group has been analyzed. It has been determined that during three research years the most favourable weather conditions for yield formation were in 2015. Early-ripening varieties produced higher yield among the groups of variety ripeness. The seeding rate of 900 thousand/ha affected yield formation of varieties of fast-ripening group in the best way. For varieties of early-ripening group optimal conditions for gaining high yield were created in agrophytocenosis with seeding rate of 800 thousand/ha. On average during three research years variety Kuban produced the highest yield at the levelof 2.57 t/ha.According to duration of vegetation periodvariety Kuban belongs to early-ripening group. Variety Vilshanka formed the highest yield at the level of 2.43 t/ha among fast-ripening varieties. Thus, it has been defined that for optimization of conditions of soybean growth and development nutrition area must be corrected according to the group of variety ripeness. That is whystudy of impact of soybean plant density for new varieties is a perspective of further research.