Decades Of 20th Century Research Articles

Transakcje sprzedaży chłopów w powiecie mohylowskim w pierwszej dekadzie XIX wieku

Nowadays, peasants are becoming the subject of scientific studies more and more often. The problem of selling the peasants became an important part of current historical research on rural population. This issue takes an important part within the scope of social history but also history of economics. The aim of the research was to describe phenomenon of selling the peasants in microscale of Mohylów Podolski poviat within Podillia Province of Russian Empire during the first decade of 19th century. At that time Podillia was already an integral part of Russian Empire however it was still under strong social and cultural influence of recently fallen Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A source query in the court books of the Civil Chamber of the Land Court of the Mohylów Podolski poviat revealed 24 commercial entries regarding the sale of serfs. Transactions were expressed in both Polish zlotys and rubles. There is a great deal of variation in transaction values; from 29 to 100 rubles (from 200 to 700 zlotys) for male souls, from 13 to 30 rubles (from 90 to 210 zlotys) for a female soul and from 46.5 to 47.5 rubles (from 325.5 to 333 zlotys) for whole family. The differentiation of transaction values in individual categories could result from the age, health and qualifications of a peasant. The main reasons for the sale were: immediate financial need, repayment of previous credit obligations or compensation in the event of the marriage of the subjects and the related departure to another owner.

Application of imaging spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and DNA analysis for monitoring the preservation status of a manuscript of the first decade of 19th century

This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach on the preservation status of a manuscript made in the early nineteenth century on paper support. This approach was based on the analysis of the pigments and inks, as well as the damage of the manuscript, which was provoked by biological attack. This analysis was accomplished with the application of innovating techniques such as imaging spectroscopy using high resolution cameras and DNA analysis. The use of new technologies from diverse science can provide useful information on the inks and pigments as well as the type of biological agents found in the manuscript. Furthermore, apart from the knowledge about the inks and pigments, important elements can be retrieved on their preservation status. The aim of this research is the combined use of the detected information on the types of inks and pigments with the biological investigation in order to trace damage caused by biological attack and to investigate the causative agent of this attack. For this reason, imaging techniques, SEM/EDS analysis were applied to the inks and pigments as well as a microbiologic and molecular analysis of the fungi found on the pigments of manuscript.

Digital Transformation to achieve Sustainability (UAE development plan till 2030- case Study)

Problem of the Research- lately the economic environment is completely differing than 20th century and even than the last decades of 21st century. Novel idioms, notable expectations have been innovated that related to economic, social, political and even behavioral aspects of life; the competency does not limit with qualified intellectual human resources rather than the use of knowledge and novel aspects of technologies due to the rapid dynamic development of virtual economy. Thus, global economies experienced a rebirth of economic system. Design, Methodology, Approach- it is an inductive study “UAE” as a sample; in which it extrapolates and analyze the studies and essays that related to economic digitization. Descriptive and analytical tools used to study the related aspects of phenomena. Finding- UAE in general and Dubai in specific has a great role in achieving many entrepreneurial projects as a part of intelligent governmental program. Digitization programs become an obvious feature in most governmental programs such as medical, smart educational and banking usages; meanwhile, these programs are available for all in a lowest price of cost. Dubai tries to follow its vision for (2020-2030) of achieving sustainability through rapid change in technology towards green-zone technology environment under the supervision of rational policy of decisions, then expands it experiences to UAE as a whole. Research limitations- implications- the study covers only studies and essays that related to scan UAE “Dubai” entrepreneurial projects for the last decade of 20th century and early decades of 21st century. Practical implications- the study confines to use the descriptive, analytical tools to study the related phenomena. Social implications- it specifics to review the Dubai Emirate as a society of study. Objectives of the Research Transferring the societies into digital ones to expand the career opportunities especially among adult talents. Distinguishing the economic digitalization & digital economy. Analyzing the main threats toward digital economy. Focusing on the role of digital economy especially for those graduated talents. Importance of the Research- as far as the study reviews, few studies in Arabian libraries are handling this dynamic topic; and still the meaning of facilitating the digitization to achieve sustainability is not clear enough, meanwhile, UAE considered as a “Spark” to most of Arabian countries. Thus, having their successful experience of entrepreneurial projects would be a “guide” for followers.

The Impact of adopting Balanced Score card- Environmental Social Responsibility Indicator in achieving qualified financial projects (Central Bank of Iraq CBI as a case study)

Problem Statement: economic environment differs than before, due to the rapid strategic changes and high level of demand for qualified services and/ or goods, that leads to another sense of competing among businesses, especially in last decades of 20th century, business environment involved in globalization to response and satisfy customers depending on the interaction between society as (external environment) and business’s infrastructure as (internal environment). These changes need a rapid response that means using new systems in planning strategies, organizing, leading and controlling as well to sustain and survive.
 Methodology: it is a descriptive paper that analyze the results through depending on non- experimental design through three (retrospective, longitudinal, and cross- sectional) indicators to examine environmental social responsibility ESP as one of balanced score card perspectives. Results: there is a positive impact of adopting ESRP to achieve qualified financial projects. Conclusion: the interlinkage between external environment (society) and internal one (business infrastructure) is very tight, but the horizon to understand this tight relationship is still fuzzy, due to the dynamic changes of those interlinkages and more efforts have to be done to enrich this phenomenon.

Left the caciques behind: A commentary about contradictions of migration and development in the Philippines

In this research, I will try to develop a study of the Philippines through a brief review of the bibliography and statistical data analysis. I aim to gather empirical evidence of the causes of extended poverty and unemployment in the country and the high levels of overseas Filipino workers. These social problems and the surge of authoritarianism in the figure of Rodrigo Duterte cannot be adequately explained without referring to the historical legacy of colonialism in the Philippines, the subordinated position of this country in the global division of labour and the structural changes fueled by hegemonic globalization since the last decades of 20th century. Based on scientific research and official data, this article will critically analyze the historical, social, and economic causes that lead to poverty and hardships affecting many Filipino citizens.

Stefan Szuman czytany na nowo (perspektywa poeriksonowska)

The article points to the original strategy of reading Stefan Szuman’s works, which has already been documented in monographic studies by the author of this text. Szuman’s classical achievement in the field of Polish psychology studies has been put into the context of the phenomenon of the „duality turn-over”, which came to theoretical maturity through the works of the „Great Generation” of the Polish pedagogues of the Interwar period, in which the author situates Szuman’s research involvements and his achievements. The paper recalls the chosen aspects, extracted from the psychologist’s works thanks to the above mentioned approach of the author. Both Szuman’s ingenious intuition and drive as well as the „epistemological obstacles” of the thought tradition in the psychology of his time – from the first decades of 20th century – are emphasised here.

Opinion of customers on satisfaction in the selected bank branches in India

Banks are the mart of the world, the nerve centers of Economics and Barometers of nation’s property. Banking in India is indeed as old as Himalayas. But, the banking functions became an effective force only after the first decade of 20th century. India is having around 600 banks with 4800 branches spread all over the country and these were nationalized in a three-phased manner. Today the cost of retaining a customer is just one-tenth the cost of acquiring a new one. Banks do offer tangible services but which cannot satisfy the customers, who need intangible services, which could be experienced like behavior and efficiency of staff, speed of transactions and the ambience.

Mathematical approach to “Spanish Flu” pandemic

Mathematical approach to “Spanish Flu” pandemic. / G. G. Chikhladze, K. G. Kapanadze, J. Liu. / Nano Studies. – 2020. – # 20. – pp. 99-104. – eng. Paper deals with an attempt of description, possible prediction of long-term aftermath and mathematical analysis of famous “Spanish Flu” pandemic in the second decade of 20th century. Authors tried to apply current experience to present situation in the World to, possibly, find the optimal ways of overcoming the continuing epidemic, supplying some helpful analysis of arising situation. Fig. 5, Ref. 5.

The Amir's Homily of Rudyard Kipling: A Binary of Colonial Attitude Towards Afghans

This article deals with the analysis of the short story, ‘The Amir’s Homily’ of Rudyard Kipling’. It questions the colonial attitude of the very prominent British poet, short story writer and novelist of 20th century whose depiction of the natives is based on stereotyping. Kipling penned down number of poems, short stories, and novels from the last decade of the 19th century to the third decade of 20th century. The story “Amir’s Homily” mirrors the character of Afghan nations and a subsequent coercion of the iron ruler, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan. Analysis of the contents shows that throughout the story, the author sticks to the binary construct of ‘Self and Other’. His commentary and dialogues in the story show a narrative that determine Afghans the most unruly people under the stars and they deserved to be ruled and subjected to consistent oppression. On one hand, the story conditions Afghans and their Iron Amir (ruler) as dialectical opponents while on the other hand, he discards both parties and compares English Queen and people who are entwined in a human relationship. It reflects how English Queen is praised and honored and presented as a demi-god to be worshiped and idealized. On the other hand, his word choice and vocabulary for Afghan king and natives are completely harsh and dehumanizing. His ideal social and political order is only English order while others are crooked and uncivilized and do not deserve to be respected and valued.

Estimating Concrete Strength From Nondestructive Testing With Few Core Tests Considering Uncertainties

Abstract Important facilities constructed during last decades of 20th century are near completion of design life. For extending their service life or to evaluate these for new demands (loads), assessment of strength of concrete in existing structure becomes necessary, a task generally performed with nondestructive tests (NDT); ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV) and rebound hammer being most commonly executed. Compressive strength is estimated using empirical expressions relating NDT to partially destructive tests (PDT) such as core test. For the development of structure-specific expressions, results of adequate number (depending on variability and desired confidence level) of PDT are essential but these might not be available due to operational constraints. Correlation expressions from literature could be used in such cases but having been developed for different ingredients, curing regimes, and environmental exposure conditions, there would be associated uncertainties. A practical method for the estimation of these uncertainties is not readily available in the literature. This article proposes the statistical approach of resampling for quantifying the uncertainty of indirect strength estimates using expressions from literature. Parametric (probability distribution) and nonparametric (bootstrap) tools are employed and demonstrated with a case study from India. Both parametric and nonparametric approaches could capture across-member variability whereas overall uncertainty incorporation, as well as repeatability, was better in nonparametric approach. Parametric approach is traditionally used and well accepted by practitioners in contrast to nonparametric methods, which have certain advantages. The detailed methodology enumerated in the article would be very useful for practitioners across the world.

Leaf colour chart: An incredible tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen in cereals in South Asia

Leaf colour chart (LCC) as a tool for field-specific management of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in rice was introduced on a commercial scale in the last decade of 20th century. During last two decades, its use has also been extended to wheat and maize. Many studies have been carried out on LCC-based N management in South Asian countries where farmers apply substantial amount of fertilizer N to cereal crops, but do not strictly follow even the regional blanket fertilizer N recommendations. LCC-based fertilizer N management in cereals leads to improvement in N use efficiency over that observed with blanket recommendation. It is an attempt to review the development of LCCs in South Asia, the modes in which LCC can be used - adjustable time and N dose in real time, fixed time adjustable N dose, and fixed N dose adjustable time, and the results of studies on field-specific LCC-based fertilizer N management carried out on rice, wheat, and maize in different parts of South Asia. By applying fertilizer N as guided by LCC, improvement in N use efficiency is observed either through reduced total amount of applied N, increased yield, or both. Performance of LCC-based site-specific N management at on-farm locations has also been reviewed. Studies providing direct evidence of reduced losses of N to environment due to LCC guided fertilizer N management rather than regional blanket recommendations suggest that LCC is going to be an incredible tool to enhance food security and minimize N related environmental degradation in South Asia.

Awakening of Women and Their Role in National Freedom Movement: In Special Reference to Raja Rao’s Kanthapura

The history of Indian struggle for independence is replete with stories of tremendous sacrifices made by the countrymen. Though the participation of women in freedom struggle was there since it’s beginning but it was sporadic, men played the role of protagonists for the major part of the movement and women only came to the forefront after Gandhi’s Ji initiation in the second and third decade of 20th century. These tradition-bound women fought with exemplary courage and commitment, side by side with their male counterparts, even so, many of them were left unsung. Raja Rao’s ‘ Kanthapura’ accounts the story of such brave Indian women using fictional characters. These women of village Kanthapura collectively represent the disadvantaged position of Indian women who were fighting a twin war, one at home with the patriarchal society trying to break away the shackles that limited their role to do household chores and the other with Britishers. The novel is told through a feminine point of view using the voice of Achakka, an old woman. Achakka traces the story of the immense changes that occurred in the life of these marginalised women of pre-independent India by Gandhian movement that was brought to their village by Moorthy, the hero of the novel. The novel articulates how Mass political movement like Non- Cooperation helped Indian women to cross the conventional boundaries to certain extent and in the manner the awakening of these women benefitted the Independent struggle in return. The characters of Rangamma and Ratna are presented as emerging new women who defy conventions and lead the war of independence. The present paper tries to explore the agonies suffered by hundreds of volunteer women, who following the Gandhian way chose the path of ahimsa to fight against the British raj. In order to voice against a foreign power these women came out of their well defined roles of goddess of the house and took on the role of Jhansi ki Rani, the fearless queen. The paper acknowledges the indelible sacrifices made by Indian women in India’s freedom struggle.

Protein Engineering: Advances in Phage Display for Basic Science and Medical Research.

Functional Protein Engineering became the hallmark in biomolecule manipulation in the new millennium, building on and surpassing the underlying structural DNA manipulation and recombination techniques developed and employed in the last decades of 20th century. Because of their prominence in almost all biological processes, proteins represent extremely important targets for engineering enhanced or altered properties that can lead to improvements exploitable in healthcare, medicine, research, biotechnology, and industry. Synthetic protein structures and functions can now be designed on a computer and/or evolved using molecular display or directed evolution methods in the laboratory. This review will focus on the recent trends in protein engineering and the impact of this technology on recent progress in science, cancer- and immunotherapies, with the emphasis on the current achievements in basic protein research using synthetic antibody (sABs) produced by phage display pipeline in the Kossiakoff laboratory at the University of Chicago (KossLab). Finally, engineering of the highly specific binding modules, such as variants of Streptococcal protein G with ultra-high orthogonal affinity for natural and engineered antibody scaffolds, and their possible applications as a plug-and-play platform for research and immunotherapy will be described.

Tradition of Hamd o Naat in Urdu dastan Starting to 1820

Urdu Dastan writing was started in 1635 and the first dastan was Subrus by Mullah Wajhi. The tradition of Hamd o Naat in dastan was also started at the same time. Previously, it was strongly traditioned in Urdu Masnavi. This article presents a critical analysis of this tradition from 17th century to first two decades of 19th century. Ata Hussain Tehseen, Shah Alam Sani, Meer Hassan Shah Haqeeqat are the major writers of 18th century. In 19th century, the major contribution to this tradition was made by Fort William College, Calcutta. Haider Bakhsh Haideri, Meer Amman, Sher Ali Afsos, Nehal Chand Lahori, Hafeez ud din Ahmad and Kazim Ali Jawan are the prominent writers of Fort William College and they strengthen end the tradition of Hamd o Naatr in dastan. This article shows that the Urdu Dastaan is the reflection of our religious values in an impressive manner.

Thermal resonance in living cells to control their heat exchange: Possible applications in cancer treatment

In the end of the second decade of 20th century, Warburg showed how cancer cells present a fermentative respiration process, related to a metabolic injury. Here, an analysis of the cell process is developed, based on its heat outflow, in order to control cancer progression. Engineering thermodynamics represents a powerful approach to develop this analysis. Indeed, the Engineering thermodynamic methods are introduced to analyse the bio-systems, in relation to heat outflow, in order to control this flux. Cells regulate their metabolisms by energy and ion flows, and the heat flux is controlled by the convective interaction with their environment. The bio-thermodynamic characteristic frequency is introduced and it is evaluated by a classical heat transfer approach. Resonance forces natural behaviours of systems, and, here, it is introduced to control both the fluxes, through the cancer membrane, and the cellular metabolic processes. Consequently, the energy available to cancer, for its growth, is controlled, too. The result, experimentally proven, consists in the decrease of rate of cancer growth.

From the Belovezhskiye Agreements to the Eurasian Economic Union: 30 Years of Experience

The article examines the reasons for the collapse of the USSR and the signing of the Belovezhskiye Agreements. The thirty-year experience of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space is summarized. There is an analysis of role of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the processes of regional economic integration carried out in the last decade of 20th century, in the context of the separation of the post-Soviet republics. It is shown that the members which are states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organization fully fulfill the obligations assumed within the framework of the Belovezhskaya Agreements upon secession from the USSR. The article reveals the objective conditionality of the participation of the CIS countries in anti-Russian, pseudo-European projects by a policy of different directions. New economic priorities of Eurasian integration, institutional problems and prospects of the Eurasian Economic Union are investigated.

The museum of the History of Medicine of Vilnius University

The museum of medicine of Vilnius university is one of the unique museums devoted to the issues of medicine in Lithuania. It was created out of the clinical practice by Vilnius university physicians. Early museum served as a curiosity cabinet as well as a teaching museum. After the closure of Vilnius university in the mid of 19th century the museum was destroyed by Tsar’s government. In the early 20th century museum was reestablished by the Polish government. The modern collections were added with craniological and osteological specimens as well as pathology exhibition. The contemporary museum was created in the last decade of 20th century. In the last period museum servers both academic and public interest. Museum includes interwar, soviet exhibits and collection of medical books.

Comparison of the Scientific Developments of First 2 Decades of 20th Century and 21st Century

Comparison of the Scientific Developments of First 2 Decades of 20th Century and 21st Century

Problems of Life and Livelihood of Zari-Zardozi Workers in Western Uttar-Pradesh

Zari-Zardozi is a type of hand embroidery and usually done on apparels for embellishment with the help of needle, threads and metal wires. This handicraft work has been taken as patrimonial art in the artisan family. Even a strong presence of this art in the domestic and international market in last decade of 20th century and the first decade of the twenty first century, the plight of labourers was not improved and became so miserable. This descriptive research has been done on Zari-zardozi labourers of different villages of Bareilly, a western Uttar Pradesh’s district famous for this handicraft. There was 150 rural household samples were collected randomly to depict Zari-zardozi labourers’ present actual condition with their socio-economic background.
 There are two types of workers involved in this sector. One, who are doing this work as their main occupation and engaged in that throughout the year while others are temporary workers whose main occupation is some other but to earn sufficient or to use their holidays, they work for some hours or few days in a month or year. The nature of employment may affect the labour productivity. This paper would try to know the age-group, education, technical qualifications, wages variance between permanent and temporary labourers. With the help of Zari-Zardozi labourers’ inputs it would suggest the major factors affecting wages and would prescribe the possible measures to increase their income. Along with it, this study would try to assess their quality of life up to some extent with socio-economic condition of them. Minimum wage payment, skill development and social welfare schemes within the ambit of structural change of selling may be helpful to improve their poverty ridden condition

ANALIZA ORVELOVIH POGLEDA NA IDEJE SOCIJALIZMA U ŽIVOTINjSKOJ FARMI I 1984.

This paper examines the last two literary works of George Orwell with the aim to analyze his political beliefs. Although these works have remained characterized primarily as critiques of totalitarianism and the Stalinist version of socialism, the pur- pose of this study is to show Orwell’s attitude towards the ideas of socialism in theory with parallel comparison of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Furthermore, in order to consider this problem more comprehensively, it was necessary to research the author’s attitude towards capitalism and liberalism. The article is divided into two main sections. The first section gives a brief overview of Orwell’s political evolution from the second to the fourth decades of 20th century. The second section examines the content of the books which are the subject of research. The article proves that Orwell remained committed to the ideas of democratic socialism in both of his liter- ary works. Portrayal of Orwell as an anti-socialist is unjustified and was formed due to the Cold War context in the West. Additionally, the article concludes that Orwell’s Animal Farm and 1984 contain a critique of capitalism and Western imperialism, which is more pronounced in Animal Farm as compared to 1984.