Decade Of June Research Articles

Morpho-biological features of rosewort(rhodiola rosea l.) under the conditions of introduction

The uncontrolled harvesting of rosewort has led to a sharp decline in its natural populations in the Nether-Polar Urals, and in a number of places in Altai and Sayany - to almost complete extermination of the plant. Nowadays rosewort is classified as rare and endangered species, in many regions - as a protected plant. One reliable way to preserve this plant is to introduce it into culture. The article presents the results obtained during the experiment (during 2010-2014) on the study of morpho-biological features of rosewort(Rhodiolarosea) L.) under the conditions of introduction. Theexperimental design included 3 options, differing in the area of nutrition: 1 var. — 50 x 50 cm (4 plants/m2), taken for control; 2 var. — 33 x 50 cm (6 plants/m) 2. ); 3 var. - 25x50 cm (8 plants/ m2). During the study, the optimal growing space was established - 50x50 cm, at which, during all years of observation, there was a more active growth of rosewort plants. Seasonal development process in all variants is represented by a single-vertex curve, with a pronounced maximum, the magnitude of which depended on the average daily growth of plants. The highest average daily increase in the experiment was observed in different terms: in the 1st var. — in the second decade of June; in the 2nd var. — in the third decade of June; in the 3rd var. — in the first decade of July; it varied from 1.28 cm (3 var.) to 1.71 cm (1 var.).

Improving the efficiency of early table beet cultivation in the North-West region of Russia

The appearance of the first marketable root crops with a diameter of more than 50 mm, categorized as elite, in the North-West region of the Russian Federation, may already occur by the end of the third decade of June. The crop price during this period is at least twice the one during mass harvesting. The price depends on the product’s presence on the consumer’s market as well as on weather conditions in the regions of traditional suppliers. In some years, the price can differ by a factor of 3-4. By the time of mass harvesting using traditional technology, the number of elite root crops does not exceed 50%. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed early beets cultivation technology, the studies were carried out in the economic conditions of the farm, Leningrad region on the area of 3 hectares. According to the research results, the proposed technology allows to reach 3.3-fold increase of the root crops yield, which are to be sold fresh through the retail network, compared to the traditional one. The gross income using the proposed technology, calculated for sales prices of 2019, amounted to 384.6 thousand rub/ha against 125.2 thousand rub/ha using traditional cultivation techniques.

ПРИЧИНКИ ДО БІОГРАФІЇ КЛИМЕНТА КВІТКИ: ТАК КОЛИ КЛИМЕНТ КВІТКА ПОБУВАВ У КУКАВЦІ?

The second part of the proposed papers (the first part was published in the previous issue of “Ethnomusic”) covers detailed history of the ethnographic and folk music col- lection activity of ethnomusicologist Clyment Kvitka and dialectologist Olena Kurylo in 1924th–1926th based on historical information from printed and archival sources. In 1924 the geographical orientation of the corporate expeditions of K. Kvitka and O. Kurylo changed from the Polissya to the Podillya region. In the spring of 1924 they traveled to the Vinnytsia oblast by train to observe live performance of the Easter rituals. Apparently, having done this task, K. Kvitka suggested O. Kurylo visiting the 92 final train’s stop village Kamyanka on the river Dnister. From here, they went to the nearby villages, where Moldavians and German colonists lived, thanks to which they were able to study folklore of national minorities. Generally in the expedition they spent three weeks and collected 65 songs. The next trip to Volyn and Podillya was scheduled for summer 1924 to collect materials on the history of culture and historical documents. In early August, Kvitka took a train to Vinnytsia and returned to Kyiv in three weeks, but there is no informa- tion about the collection work done there. Just two weeks later, K. Kvitka (together with M. Hayday) set off again – this time to the Middle Polissya – in Korosten, Zhytomyr and Berdychiv districts, where he recorded 20 melodies. O. Kurylo obviously did not take part in this expedition. O. Kurylo and K. Kvitka returned to the joint expeditions in the following year, going in the summer on their second Podillya “excursion” for a two-week period. They planned to visit Zhytomyr, Berdychiv, Shepetivka, Proskuriv, Kamyanets and Vinnyt- sia districts, and especially towns Slavuta, Teofipol and others. In his list of records for 1925 K. Kvitka mentioned thirty-five recordings of folk melodies from Vinnytsia and Kamyanets-Podilsky regions, but only one of them is known – ballads about a seduced girl in Polish performed by O. Pototska from the Russian Filvarki settlement. In their expeditionary sessions O. Kurylo recorded poetic texts and it allowed K. Kvitka to concentrate on writing down musical notes, in particular, to trace possible performing melodic “variations”, which was one of the most characteristic features of his tran- scriptions of that period. In return, dialectologist O. Kurylo professionally wrote folk songs poetic texts, noting semi-phonological features. It is worth quoting the whole transcription made by Kvitka and Kurylo with the author’s notes to give a clear idea of the unprecedentedly high scientific level of fixation of folklore material. Collectors continued to explore Podillya in the following 1926, going there to- gether for the third time. Again, K. Kvitka wanted like earlier to watch live Easter rituals for which the time and place were chosen in advance. It was village Kukavka. Such details of K. Kvitka's work with singers as the creation of an atmosphere of respect and friendliness with some encouragement the performers with small treat or small payment seem to be interesting. In general, the expedition lasted a month and a half and was finished at the end of the first decade of June. Apparently, immediately after returning to Kyiv, O. Kurylo moved to Vinnytsia in August. After 1926 O. Ku- rylo no longer took part in joint expeditions as well as K. Kvitka. Apparently, the plan of field research (primarily dialectological) was succeeded, at least in general, and sci- entists focused entirely on the study of the obtained materials, primarily from Podillia. Thus, we only know about the materials collected by O. Kurylo and K. Kvitka in the expeditions of 1922–1926, which were published largely on occasion. The rest of the hard work in five years seems to have disappeared.

Динамика и современное состояние ихтиофауны реки Амазар после строительства гидроузла ЦПК «Полярная»

The ecosystem of the Amazar River, the first large tributary of the Upper Amur, has experienced considerable anthropogenous influence over the last 20 years. The construction of the water reservoir in the middle reaches of the river was the most extensive interference into the ecosystem. In 2018-2019 integrated hydrobiological, hydrochemical, and ichthyological research was conducted in the Amazar River during the navigation season. The article analyzes the current state of ichthyocenosis as the most vulnerable component of the ecosystem of the middle reaches of the river Amazar and the newly formed reservoir. The results of the ichthyological survey have established the presence of 15 species from 7 families. The new data are compared with the results of previous research. The authors make a conclusion concerning the changes which have occurred in the species composition in the Amazar River over a 27-year period. The initial data was collected on the ichthyofauna of the recently constructed water reservoir. It predominantly includes coarse fish (Lagowski’s minnow (Phoxinus lagowskii), Amur gudgeon (Gobio cynocephalus), Amur bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus), and Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii). Manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok) and Upper Amur grayling (Thymallus grubii) were observed in the reservoir only during spawning and downstream migration. The findings show that the ichthyofauna of the reservoir is formed by non-target fish. The largest diversity of species was observed in the downstream water of the Amazar River. It was determined that spawning migration through the fish pass extended from the first decade of May through the first decade of June. It was observed that at the beginning migration was dominated by older Manchurian trout and grayling, while at the end of the migration period there were mainly cyprinids and immature Manchurian trout and grayling. The authors suggest that the size of migrating fish should be taken into consideration to ensure the effective operation of the fish pass. Absence of water flow control in the fish pass and a lack of consideration for the size of fish may result in both, insufficient water level for large mature salmon fish, and prohibitively high speed of the current for the small cyprinids.

PECULIARITIES OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE AND NUMBER OF TURUN BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) HERPETOBIA IN URBAN CENOSES OF KHARKIV

A total of 99 species from 35 genera of Carabidae have been registered in the urban cenoses of Kharkiv. The eudominants were Harpalus affinis Schrank, 1781, H. griseus Panzer, 1797, H. rufipes De Geer, 1774. The dominants included 17 species: Notiophilus biguttatus Fabricius, 1779, N. germinyi Fauvel, 1863, Сarabus nemoralis O.Müller, 1764, Broscus cephalotes Linnaeus, 1758, Asaphidion flavipes Linnaeus, 1761, Poecilus versicolor Sturm, 1824, Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, 1798, Calathus ambiguus Paykull, 1790, C. fuscipes Goeze, 1777, Amara apricaria Paykull, 1790, A. bifrons Gyllenhal, 1810, Harpalus distinguendus Duftschmid, 1812, H. modestus Dejean, 1829, H. smaragdinus Duftschmid, 1812, H. tardus Panzer, 1797, H. xanthopus winkleri Schauberger, 1923, Panagaeus bipustulatus Fabricius, 1775. Other species are registered as rare. The total number of species was higher at household plots (46) and in the city outskirts (41 species). Fewer species are registered in cities parks, the Forest Park, and the plots of the center (33–35 species). The maximum number of species (for all cenoses) is observed in May (from 45 to 56 species depending on the year). In June and the first half of July, the species diversity decreases (to 40–42), and in August, 14– 39 species were registered. In September, a total of 25–27 species were recorded, and in the first half of October only 4–14 species. The maximum dynamic density was registered at the household plots and in the city outskirts (0.13–0.73 specimen / 1 trap-day), the minimum density of carabids was observed in the Forest Park and the plantings in the center of the city (0.03–0.06 specimen / 1 trap-day). The increase in the number of carabids began from the second half of April to mid-May, with a peak at the end of the latter month or in the first decade of June. The decline of carabids population density was registered in late June – early July, mainly in the parks. In the household plots, the plots of the center and in the city outskirts, the maximal density was registered in July – August, mainly due to increased activity of species of the genus Harpalus. In September, the density of carabids decreased sharply, and from the last decade of September until the first half of October, single individuals were observed. When comparing the seasonal changes of the sex index and the dynamic density of the dominant species (for example, C. nemoralis), the maximum population density was observed 10–20 days earlier than the maximal level of sex index.

Dynamics of Post-Fire Effects in Larch Forests of Central Siberia Based on Satellite Data

The article represents the results of Terra, Aqua / MODIS, Landsat-8/OLI satellite data analysis for fire damaged plots in larch forests of Central Siberia. The analysis of averaged surface temperature (brightness temperature) and vegetation index (NDVI) was performed for post-fire circumstances. Estimates of the state and dynamics of fire-damaged vegetation cover were obtained on the basis of inter-seasonal variation of the NDVI index. It was found that post-fire dynamics of vegetation cover determines the surface temperature anomalies within the fire scar plots during at least five years after wildfire impact. It was instrumentally registered that the maximum excess of brightness temperature on post-fire areas can reach up to 11°C comparing to that of background areas under the same conditions. Such anomalies are determined by higher level of insolation due to partial or total tree mortality, as well as by decreasing of on-ground cover thickness after fire impact on grass and moss-lichen covers. During the first year after a fire in larch forests of Siberia, the maximum temperature anomalies of the underlying surface was recorded in the third decade of June. In the course of 2—5 years after burning, the maximum temperature anomalies shift to the second or even third decade of July within the phenological season. The suggested approach allows to assess the degree of fire impact on vegetation, as well as to predict changes in the active layer of permafrost soils, which may be a consequence of extra thermal flow at the surface in the circumstances of disturbed larch forests of Siberia.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ПРИ ВРЕМЕННОМ УКРЫВАНИИ ПОСАДОК КАРТОФЕЛЯ РАННЕГО В УСЛОВИЯХ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

In the Moscoww region, frosts are quite probable to return until the fi rst decade of June. To protect potatoes from the returning cold weather, it is possible to use a temporary covering material in the “planting – seedling emergence” period. The authors have studied the use of covering materials on early potato varieties of Udacha, Zhukovsky early, Red Scarlet, Snegir’, and Meteor. Studies have been conducted on the test plot of the Vegetable Growing Department of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2017-2019. Non-woven white and black material of the same density of 17 g/m2 was used for covering. No covering was used in the check variant. The cultivation technology was standard,it included tillage (plowing, spring tillage, and cutting ridges before planting), as well as plant care (inter-row cultivation and hilling-up). Planting was carried out with a single-row potato planter. The earliest emergence of seedlings was observed under white covering material with a diff erence of 5-6 days in relation to the check variant. In the variant with a black covering material, the diff erence averaged 3-4 days. Due to covering, planting was carried out earlier than expected and the crop was formed by July 15. The interphase period between potato planting and seddling emergence decreased, while that from seddling emergence to harvesting increased, consequently, the yield increased by 11.6…14.7%. The maximum yield was obtained with the Red Scarlet variety using the white covering material, the minimum – in the check variant without covering. The same trend is typical for other varieties. It has been established that covering with any material has a positive eff ect on the duration of the potato growing season and the yield by increasing the period of tuberization. Covering allows getting early potato varieties 2 weeks earlier in the Moscow region.

Culture of priority oil crops in the north of Kazakhstan

The research was carried out in order to increase the productivity of oilseed flax and spring rape in Northern Kazakhstan. Experimental studies were conducted from 2012 to 2014 in Kostanay research Institute of agriculture (Republic of Kazakhstan). The experiment studied the sowing of flax and spring rape – 2nd decade of May; 3rd decade of May; 1st decade of June and the seeding rate for flax is 6.5; 7.0 and 7.5 million viable seeds/ha for spring rape – 2, 0; 2.5 and 3.0 million viable seeds/ha. During the years of research, the best coefficient of water consumption of the studied crops showed the second sowing period the third decade of May. According to the seeding standards, the formation of an optimal stem density increased the efficiency of moisture use. It was noted that moisture was most rationally consumed when sowing oilseed flax with a norm of 7.0 million sunflower seeds/ha (16.5-17.7 mm/c), spring rapeseed with a seeding rate of 2.5 million sunflower seeds/ha (9.9-11.2 mm/c). Oilseed flax sowing in the 3rd decade of May with a seeding rate of 7.0 million seeds/ha allowed to obtain the highest indicators of plant productivity in the experiments: yield is 13.1 c/ha, oil yield is 5.4 c/ha. In spring rape, the optimal sowing period was also the third decade of May; according to the seeding rate, the variant of 2.5 million suns excelled. seeds/ha sown in a given period: yield is 22.9 c/ha, oil collection is from 1 ha 9.4 c.

Вплив зрошення на розвиток совки озимої в посівах пшениці озимої та кукурудзи

Relevance of research. Irrigation is a precondition for stable production of agricultural products, especially in regions with insufficient and unsustainable moisture. Studies have shown that the application of irrigation provides a change in the structure, chemical composition of the soil, as well as affect its aeration. The result of artificial irrigation is a change in the intensity of physiological processes in plants, their biomass, species composition of weeds in agrocenoses. These factors further significantly affect the species and quantitative composition of the entomofauna of agrocenoses, including winter wheat and maize. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation and sprinkling on phenological and biological features of turnip moth development. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the research is to determine the dependence of fluctuations in the number of phytophagus on the type of irrigation. Results of the research. It has been established that drip irrigation and sprinkling are effective measures of crops’ protection against damage and invasion caused by turnip moth. The most dangerous for maize plants is the turnip moth in the “caterpillar” stage of the I-II age of spring generation. Sprinkling irrigation during the period of mass egg’s deposition and the revival of caterpillars of turning moth contributes to a significant decrease (by 6,8-67,7%) in the share of this type of pest, compared to conditions without an irrigation. Corresponding results were also obtained from a study of the effect of the different irrigation types on oulema in winter wheat crops. That is, the amount of the indicated phytophage under irrigation conditions was less than 3–6 times compared with the control (without irrigation). It was proved that in the case of sprinkling, compared with the control (without irrigation), the number of caterpillars of younger ages L1-L2 over the years ranged from 0,2 to 6,2 sp./m 2 , while in the control the density was 3,3 – 14,5 sp./m 2 . It has been established that the caterpillars of turnip moth in conditions of high soil moisture are more susceptible to entomopathogenic species of entomophoric fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and B. tenella (Delacr.). Minimal damage to the pest by the indicated pathogens was noted on the caterpillars of older ages L3-L4. Without an irrigation, the proportion of infected caterpillars was 2,2 – 0,5%, which is 1,6 – 2,4 times less than sprinkling, and 1,1 – 4,8 times drip irrigation. Crop irrigation also affects the distribution of the pests over the soil layers. In dry and loose soil in rainfed areas, larvae and pupae of turnip moth occur at a depth of 10-20 cm, while in moist, compacted soil of irrigated fields up to 5 cm. This makes them more accessible for destruction during cultivation and other surface treatments. Conclusions. In the conditions of the Dry Steppe of Ukraine the terms of the turnip moth occurrence varies by years, depending on the weather factors. On average, during the years of research, the occurrence of a dangerous stage of turnip moth’ development (caterpillars) was observed in the third decade of May - the second decade of June. Irrigation and drip irrigation are effective enough to reduce the density of the phytophage population. During the observation period, it is noted that irrigation of crops by the method of sprinkling is a significant factor in limiting the number of caterpillars of turnip moth. The reduction in the proportion of the pest relative to the conditions without irrigation was 6.8-67.7%. The caterpillars of the L1-L2 younger generations are more vulnerable to the effects of irrigation in maize crops. It is noted that irrigation maximally reduces the number of eggs of turnip moth and pests in the early stages of development. That is, clarification of the effects of irrigation on the development of biting scoops in maize agrobiocenoses in the Steppe Dry region allows to determine the degree of threat to crops, reduce the density of the phytophage population, as well as to plan and adjust the main measures of crop protection against these damage.

Analysis of water quality of a reservoir on a small river and the status of ichthyofauna in anthropogenic conditions

The surface waters of the estuaries of the estuary are mostly characterized by low quality, which was formed as a result of considerable anthropogenic loading and transformation of the catchment area. The monitoring data of the ecological and sanitary status of the surface waters of the Basov Kut reservoir are presented, as well as the results of accounting for dead fish due to the frosts that occurred in the mouth of the Ustye River during 2011–2017. It is established that the Bas Basin is not suitable for recreational use. Amateur fisheries are also a danger to the population, as lactose-positive E. coli, the Staphylococcus aureus index, the Enterococcus microorganism index, Lamblia intestinalis cysts and eggs are detected in this reservoir annually. In 2017, cholera vibrios (Vibrio cholera non O1) were detected. Hydrochemical indicators, in particular in 2018, revealed inconsistency with the following indicators: odor – 2 points; color 3; BOD5 – 6.5–7.5 mgO2/dm³; COD 40–50 mgO2/dm³. In samples tested for sanitary – microbiological and parasitological parameters, cholera – like vibrio (non O1) was detected. The deterioration of water quality by the content of biogenic elements, in particular, compounds of Nitrogen and Phosphorus, which leads to increased eutrophication of the reservoir. The “flowering” of water in 2018 began in the third decade of June and lasted until October. This process harms not only hydrobionts, but also humans, as blue-green algae toxins can accumulate in fish tissues and cause poisoning when consumed by such products. In addition, there was a significant percentage of fish that did not meet the requirements of DSTU 2284: 2010 in terms of organoleptic characteristics. The greatest damage to the populations of fish that inhabit the Estuary during the fatalities was caused in 2012. When the estimated loss of fishery resources amounted to 377.4 thousand individuals, according to scientists and control bodies. Annual fatalities have led to quite significant losses of populations of industrially valuable fauna. A significant loss of fishery resources was noted in 2017 – about 10.32 thousand. It was noted that the following populations of fish were most affected by the frost in the estuary: Rutilus rutilus, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Leucaspius delineatus, Perca fluviatilis, Carassius gibelio, Tinca tinca, Esox lucius, Sander luciocaper, Abracerperis This poses a significant threat to the further reproduction of ichthyofauna in the mouth of the Ustya River, and also calls into question the possibility of amateur fishing in these sites.

Number and taxonomic structure of blood-sucking insects community in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region

The abundance level of blood-sucking Diptera is, to a large extent, determined by natural and climatic conditions and hydrological regime of rivers, and is subject to significant fluctuations. In order to assess the impact of meteorological conditions of the season on the abundance of blood-sucking Diptera, the abundance ratio of horseflies, mosquitoes, blackflies and midges in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region for 2006, 2013-2017 was compared. The study was performed in the surroundings of Isetskoye Village and Barkhatovo Village in Isetsky District of Tyumen Region. This area belongs to the province of Tobol forest-steppe. The study area is located on the left bank of Iset river. The forest-steppe zone is located in the south of the region. The region has very cold winters, the average temperature in January is -18-20ºС. The summer season lasts about 125 days, the average temperature in July is +19-20ºC. Spring and autumn seasons are short. The region is characterized by late frosts in spring until the end of the first decade of June and early autumn, and sometimes in late August. Analysis of data obtained showed that of the six seasons studied the largest gnus abundance was registered in 2014, the minimum abundance was in 2006. The abundance level and the individual components ratio of «GNUS» complex were subject to significant changes depending on the season, in 2006 and 2014, the blackflies were mostly collected, and in 2013, 2015-2017 – mosquitoes. Meteorological and hydrological conditions of winter and spring seasons have the greatest impact on the level of insect populations of «gnuts» complex. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of blackflies was 3 times, midges ‒ 9, horseflies and mosquitoes ‒ 10. The main limiting factors for the mass development of blood-sucking Diptera in the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen Region are hard and dry winters that cause insect death at the pre-imaginal stages of development, as well as huge temperature swings in spring and summer and small areas of breeding grounds.

INTRODUCTION RESULTS OF COTONEASTER MEDIK IN THE STEPPE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA

Cotoneaster is an ornamental shrub that has been used in Khakassia since the end of the 20th century not only for the improvement of populated areas but also for the forestation. In the Ключевые слова: кизильник, интродукция, ритм роста и развития, озеленение, засушливые условия, Хакасия arboretum of the Institute, more than 40 varieties of cotoneaster of different origin were tested. The paper identifies promising new cotoneaster varieties for immigration into the landscapes of the region. Currently, an inventory has established 12 varieties of cotoneaster. According to the duration of spring development, the studied varieties can be divided into two groups: dissolving vegetative buds in the second and third decades of April - 75% (C. foveolatus, C. intergerrimus, C. lucidus, C. melanocarpus var. Laxiflora, C. nitens, C. oliganthus, C. racemiflorus, C. soongoricus, C. zeravschanicus). In the second group there are varieties in which the vegetative buds bloom in the first and second decades of May - 25% (C. melanocarpus, C. divaricatus, C. pannosus). The cotoneaster bloom period averages 16 ± 2 days. Most of the characterized varieties (54.5%) bloom in the third decade of May, flowering 36.3% falls on the first decade of June. The average vegetation period for woody plants in Khakassia reaches 165 days. Cotoneaster, having an East Asian locality, is close to this value. The vast majority of the considered varieties (75%) has winter hardness at the level of I point. 16.6% of the varieties freeze over in some years (winter hardness II point). The largest weight is 1000 pcs. seed belongs to Cotoneaster oliganthus, C. racemiflorus, and C. melanocarpus. Soil germination of seeds in different vatieties of Cotoneaster varies from 4.4 to 24.4%. The highest rate was fixed in the shaggy cotoneaster (C. pannosus) from South-Western China. For a more complete assessment, each of the studied varieties was assigned an introduction score. The highest fifth point of introduction is characterized by seven species, or 58.3%. Four types have a fourth score - 33.3%. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the prospects of the studied cotoneaster varieties it was found that 67% of the varieties are quite promising. The promising varieties such as C. pannosus, C. melanocarpus var. laxiflora, as well as C. zeravschanicus (during vegetative propagation) for landscaping in Khakassia.

PHYTODIVERSITY OF THE RESEARCH TERRITORY OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC STATIONARY OF THE ODESA I. I. MECHNIKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Problem Statement and Purpose. Biological and landscape diversity is considered as the fundamental property of natural complexes, which ensures their stability and manifests itself at different levels of their hierarchy. One of the types of biodiversity is phytodiversity which is the variety of plants. The stability of geosystems directly depends on the number of species of living organisms that form a complex relationship within the supply chain and struggle for survival. The more species is the higher stability of the system. This means that in the case of loss of one species, there is a high probability that another species will assume its functions. If species are not enough the ecosystem will lose one link, resulting in an imbalance. Finally, the geosystem can be completely destroyed.The purpose of the study is the estimation of the phytodiversity of the area, which for a long time (more than 15 years) is not involved in human activity, as well as the determination of changes in the conditionally natural system in a three-year interval. The main tasks are quantitative and qualitative estimation of the species diversity of grassy plants of the geosystem, analysis of weather conditions, analysis of individual geocomponents.Data & Methods. The investigations were carried out within the area which is located on the left slope of the Labushna Valley of the southwestern exposition. The slope has a complicated profile. Its length is about 400 m, average slope is 8 °. The area is surrounded by fields of crop rotation. It is situated on the territory of the Educational and Scientific Stationary of the Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University.The study of biodiversity of grassy plants was carried out along the 5 m transect (strips), laid from top to bottom of the slope. On transect, plant groups were distinguished by external signs. Within each group, a standard geobotanical research was carried out, during which species of plants, the abundance of each species (in %), dominant species, composition and height of plantations, projective coverage (in %) were determined. Such studies were conducted in 2015 and 2018.The time of observation is the third decade of June. Two rows of data are obtained for calculations and estimation of phytogenic diversity.Also, in the study floristic germination and index of adventitious species are calculated on the basis of the species composition. Abundance of dominant species in two years of research was estimated on the Drude scale.Results. The Stationary was organized in 1980 for to study the conditions of the forest-steppe landscapes, and the regime of excessively moist soils (wetlands, mochars), as well as their melioration. The vegetation of the territory is represented by the diversity of grasses, grass, cereal, leguminous grass and legume-cereal dry meadows, overgrown areas with a predominance of cane and various species of ascension and broadleaf elderberry-ash-oak, maple-ash-oak and birch leaf-cherryoak forests.The total cultivation of the Baltic Stationary is 55.4%. Forest areas, including peat and sloping anti-erosion plantings, occupy 21.6% of the area. The total area of conventionally natural areas which are not used for arable land and not occupied by forests and settlements is 17.49 sq. km, or 13.4% of the area.The investigated area is characterized by a high diversity of plant species. The alternation of plant groups is subject to a certain spatial pattern associated with external factors (human impact, groundwater level, weather conditions) and internal features of the area (shape and exposition of the slope, soil cover). The value of the Sierressen floristic germination (58 %) indicates a high similarity of species during the years of study, from which it can be concluded that the geosystem of the area is sustainable enough. According to the values of the index of adventitious species, the plant groups contain a significant proportion of the adventitious species (18 % in 2015 and 27 % in 2018).

Influence of foliar feeding on productivity and the quality of apple fruit in conditions of Krasnodar Territory

The article presents the results of a field experiment to study the effectiveness of the special complex fertilizers of various compositions in the fruiting plantings of dwarf apple trees Renet Kubanskiy and Prikubanskoe varieties on rootstock SK4 in the Central zone of Krasnodar Territory. Analysis of the results of the study for 2013-2018 revealed a significant advantage of the option with the systematic use of fertilizing in terms of productivity of apple tree. The number of fruits per square meter of crown projection area on the background of leaf feeding annually exceeded the control variant (without fertilizers) by 8-30 % (Renet Kubanskiy variety), 10-60 % (Prikubanskoe variety). The materiality of exceeding the indicator is proved statistically at the 5 % level of significance. Increased reproductive function throughout the study period was due to an increase in the number of green pigments in the leaves of shoots. On the example of the Prikubanskaya apple varieties was determined that the total content of chlorophylls (a+b) in the first decade of June was higher than in the control variant 1.9- 27.5 %, and in the third decade of August, in the range of 2.0 to 44.5 % . Leaf feeding of trees with water solutions of special fertilizers provided an increase in the quality of apples, determined during the period of removable maturity. Weight of the fruit on background of fertilizing annually exceeded the control variant (without fertilizers) was 1.1 to 3.8 % (Renet Kubanskiy variety), 1.1-3.9 % (Prikubanskoe variety). The most stable significant excess of this parameter was in Prikubanskoe apple varieties and in Renet Kubanskiy apple varieties at planting scheme 4.5×1.2 m. In terms of commercial quality, apples were characterized as the highest and first commercial grades, since against the background of foliar applications at the main mass the coloring of fruits had an area ranging from ½ to ¾ of the surface (Prikubanskoe variety). The output of high-quality products (the highest and first commercial grades) in the variant with the use of dressings significantly exceeds the control option. At the intensity of hydrothermal factors in the summer, the receiving of foliar feeding provides a higher level of adaptation of the pigment apparatus to environmental conditions in apple plants and increases the yield of high-quality fruits.

Морфобиологический анализ представителей рода Lilium (Liliaceae) в северной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Due to anthropogenic load there is a risk of area reduction of Siberian and Far Eastern species of lilies. One of the methods for preserving the native natural gene pool of Lilium is their cultivation ex situ. The research purpose involved analysis of the biomorphological features of the representatives of the genus Lilium L. in the conditions of the northern forest steppe of Western Siberia. The results of morphobiological features evaluation wereobtained for the following species: L. pilosiusculum, L. regale, L. pumilum, L. pensylvanicum, L. callosum. Time of flowering and sum of positive temperatures (above 0 °C), effective temperatures (above +5 °C) and active temperatures (above +10 °C) were determined. They are necessary for the onset of developmental phenophases such as regrowth, budding, flowering and fruiting. The beginning of regrowth of L. pilosiusculum, L. regale, L. pumilum, L. pensylvanicum and L. callosum occurred in the first or second decades of May. Flowering started at different times: from the third decade of June to the third decade of July – L. pumilum; in June – L. pensylvanicum; from the second decade of July to the second decade of August – L. callosum; from the third decade of July to the first decade of August – L. pilosiusculum; from the third decade of July to the second decade of August – L. regale.The criterion for the onset of species flowering is the sum of active temperatures typical for the region. There is a different ability of the species to fruiting, depending on hydrothermal conditions of the vegetation period. The results showed that the local flora species L. pilosiusculum had the maximum height of shoot reached more than 100 cm; while L. callosum, L. рumilum, L. pensylvanicum and L. regale had stunted shoots (less than 60 cm). L. pilosiusculum and L. regale had the maximum number of flowers in inflorescence and indicators of flower productivity. The indicator role of the main pigments of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids) in the leaves during seasonal development was established for the first time. It was found that the most significant indicators of the physiological state of plants were the content of chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids in the leaves. Their amount depended on the phenological phases of development. During budding, the carotenoid content increased, the concentration of chlorophyll a was greater than the concentration of chlorophyll b at all vegetation phases, the ratio between chlorophyll a and b was within the normal limits and ranged from 2.189 to 3.225 mg/g of raw weight, the value of a+b/carotenoids in species decreased by the time of fruiting. The determined changes in the pigment complex composition can be considered as indicators of the adaptation mechanism of species to environmental conditions. The obtained results are necessary for the rational use of lilies in the reintroduction work, the development of which is especially important in Siberia.For citation: Vronskaya O.O., Sedelnikova L.L. Morphological Analysis of the Genus Lilium (Liliaceae) in the Northern Forest Steppe of Western Siberia. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 4, pp. 74–83. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.4.74 Funding: The research was carried out within the framework of the state assignments of: 1. The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, SB RAS, АААА-А17-117041410053-1 (project no. 0352-2016-0002) “Status Assessment and Protection of Floristic Diversity under the Influence of Anthropogenic and Technogenic Factors in situ and ex situ” based on the Unique Scientific System “Introduction Fund of KuzBS” USU 508670.2. The Central Siberian Botanical garden, SB RAS, project no. АААА-А17-1170126100053-9 “Revealing the Ways of Plants’ Adaptation to Contrastive Habitat Conditions at the Population and Organismic Levels”.

Characteristics of alfalfa green mass of different harvests mowed in the budding phase

Purpose. To investigate and analyze the content of the essential nutrients, different carbohydrate fractions and nutritional value of green mass and prepared alfalfa hay of different harvests
 Methods. There were used Keldal’s method to determine crude protein content, Henneberg and Stoman’s method to determine crude gluten content, extraction method to determine crude fat content, the method of dry ashing to determine crude ash content, to investigate the content of the essential nutrients and nutritional value of alfalfa green mass of different harvests and the hay produced from it. The polarimetric method was been used to determine the content of starch and sugar and study the composition of the carbohydrate-lignin complex of alfalfa green mass and hay. Indices of neutral-detergent and acid-detergent gluten were determined according to the detergent analysis scheme.
 Results. Alfalfa green mass has its specific characteristics, but weather conditions have a significant effect on the content and ratio of structural carbohydrates. As a rule, the first harvesting is conducted in the budding phase in the first decade of May, the second one in the second decade of June, and the third one in the second decade of July. The latter tends to increase sugar content and the amount of easily soluble carbohydrates, and the content of hemicellulose reduces by 20—40 %. The fourth harvesting is carried out in the second decade of August and its green mass has fewer easily soluble carbohydrates, especially starch and the highest content of cellulose and lignin. Crude protein content in it is 18.97 % less and the index of crude and neutral detergent gluten content is higher on average by 20 %. Indices of non-nitrogen-extractive substances and nonstructural carbohydrates are, on the contrary, lower by 3—7 and 5—10 %, respectively. As for inorganic substances and lipids, their content is practically the same.
 Nutritional value is expressed in feed units on the same level in alfalfa green mass of the first three harvests and the fourth one is lower by 3—5 %. The exchange energy is also the lowest in the green mass of the fourth harvest on average by 3.7 %.
 Drying of alfalfa green mass in accordance with the technology provides high quality, nutrient-rich hay in which crude protein content is lower, compared with the green mass recalculated into absolute dry matter, and indicators that characterize structural carbohydrates are, on the contrary, higher.

Nesting in bark – the peculiar life history of the rare boreoalpine osmiine bee Osmia (Melanosmia) nigriventris (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)

Osmia (Melanosmia) nigriventris (Zetterstedt) is a predominantly boreoalpine megachilid bee species, whose biology is poorly known due to its pronounced rarity all over Central Europe. The discovery of 19 nests in the Grisons and Valais (Switzerland) allowed for the investigation of its nesting biology and prompted the assessment of the species’ host-plant spectrum, phenology and distribution. All nests were in thick bark pieces of Larixdecidua, which lay in grassy vegetation on sun-exposed ground of open subalpine forests dominated by larch. The nests contained 1–26 brood cells constructed within one to several burrows tunneled out by the female bees with their specialized mandibles, which are distinctly stronger than those of related O. (Melanosmia) species known to nest in preexisting cavities or loose soil. The linearly arranged brood cells were separated from each other by three-layered partitions consisting of an interlayer of densely packed small bark particles sandwiched between two thin layers of chewed green leaves (“leaf pulp”). DNA metabarcoding of several nest plugs revealed that Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Helianthemum (Cistaceae) served as source of the leaf pulp. Anthraxanthrax (Bombyliidae) and Sapygasimilis (Sapygidae) parasitized the brood cells of O.nigriventris as shown by DNA barcoding of prepupae overwintering in the host’s nests. O.nigriventris is mesolectic and harvests pollen almost exclusively on Fabaceae (e.g. Lotus, Hippocrepis), Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Vaccinium) and Cistaceae (Helianthemum). Depending on the altitude, O.nigriventris emerges from the beginning of May to the first decade of June and thus qualifies as an early flying bee active in spring and early summer similar to the other European O. (Melanosmia) species. It likely needs two years for its development in the subalpine zone of the Alps and overwinters as prepupa in the first and probably as imago in the second winter. O.nigriventris has a Holarctic distribution, its disjunct Palaearctic range encompasses the boreal zone from Scandinavia eastwards to the Russian Far East, the Caucausus, the Alps as well as scattered locations at lower altitudes throughout Central Europe, where it is regarded as a glacial relict and has probably suffered strong declines during the last decades.

SPECIFIC AND POPULATION ADAPTATION OF CIRCULAR NEMATODES

The seasonal and perennial age structure of the population was studied in detail using the example of an oat nematode. The release of larvae from cysts into the soil with different intensities occurs practically throughout the entire vegetation period of host plants. Therefore, the age structure of the population changed with a certain cyclical nature and successive dominance of individual phases of development. At the beginning of May, diapausing larvae of the second age dominated in the age structure. In the first decade of June, a significant part of the population remained in anabiosis (36%) with a high proportion of parasitic larvae of the third (21%) and fourth (16%) ages, and later in the structure of the population an increase in the number of adult individuals: females and males occurred. After the formation of eggs, females eventually died off and turned into cysts - a stage of rest. It was also established that despite the optimal abiotic conditions and the presence of forage plants, part of the oat nematode population remained in diapause for many years, remaining an insurance fund for the survival of the species. The cyst nematode diapause should be divided into physiological — genetically fixed adaptation of the organism to experiencing cyclical adverse conditions and physical — induced by the short-term effect of meteorological factors. In whole, the general patterns of seasonal dynamics of the release of larvae from cysts were also observed when growing unresponsive crops of the crop rotation or keeping the experimental plots under clean steam. However, when activated by optimal hydrothermal conditions, and when growing insensitive crops with root secretions, the second instar larvae emerge from cysts, on average, 1.5–2 times less than the stimulating effect of typical host plants.

THE STUDY RESULTS OF MORPHO-BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF NORTH AMERICAN ALFALFA SAMPLES

Alfalfa is the most valuable forage crop spread all over the world. Due to the varietal diversity of alfalfa in the countries of North America, the laboratory of breeding and seed-growing of perennial grasses of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” conducted the experiments over 27 samples of American and Canadian breeding to find genetic sources of economic and biological traits. The field trials were conducted according to generally accepted methods for forage crops in 2016–2018. The area of experimental plots was 1 m2 with double sequence. The period “beginning of spring germination” and “beginning of flowering” were studied depending on the climatic conditions of the year. In 2016 and 2017 spring germination took place in March, and in 2018 it was in the 1-st decade of April. Beginning of flowering in the studied samples ranged from the 3-d decade of May to the 1-st decade of June. On average, over 3 years, the number of days in the period “beginning of spring germination – beginning of flowering” varied from 68 to 73 days. This period of the standard variety was 72 days. The studied samples had this period on 1–4 days shorter, excluding the samples “K-33299” and “K-42249” (73 days). According to the yield of green mass, none of the samples reliably exceeded the standard variety “Rostovskaya 90” (3.29 kg/m2). The studied alfalfa samples formed 1.57–3.5 kg/m2 of green mass. According to the plant foliage amount, the indicators of the studied samples varied from 42 to 49%. The samples “K-33299” and “K-43272” with 49% of foliage amount slightly exceeded the standard variety “Rostovskaya 90” (48%). The hay yield of the studied samples varied from 31 to 40%, “K-43272” formed the smallest indicator (31%), “K-42249” and “K-45715” (40%) produced the largest amount and when the hay productivity of the standard variety was 35%. There have been identified reliable correlations between the yield of green mass and hay, as well as between the yield of green mass and the number of days during the period “beginning of spring germination – beginning of flowering”.

Change of structure and some physical properties of level fast ice during the spring and summer period of 2014 in the vicinity the research station “Ice base Cape Baranov”

The determination of the main physical properties of the fast ice around the research station “Ice base Cape of Baranov” was carried out from May 23 to August 7, 2014. At the beginning of the observations the ice was a system of three main layers reflecting the conditions of fast ice formation. The top 70 cm of the ice was formed under the conditions of dynamic variability. The ice formation to the level of 110 cm was more stable, and the lowerst layer below 110 cm grew without hummocking and thawing. In the second decade of June the ice accretion began on top due to recrystallization on snow and ice boundary. In the third decade of June the accretion process at the ice-snow interface was replaced by surface melting and destruction layer development. These changes are assumed to begin as maximum air temperatures keep above zero. By the second decade of July all the ice core had undergone serious internal changes. In the third decade of July the process of inter-crystalline-binding degradation affected the whole ice core.From the end of the third decade of June the formation of plate-like crystals was registered at the lower ice border, as well as the accretion of new ice in the form of layesr of various thickness and density. The process had reached the maximum by mid July when new ice up to 30 cm thick was formed. In the third decade of July this ice begun to melt. New ice accretion is primarily due to the presence of a layer of desalinated water under the ice.