Female Deaths Research Articles

Temporal patterns of breast cancer incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and risk factors in 12 South American Countries, 1990-2019: an examination using estimates from the global burden of disease 2019 study.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in females in South America. This study aims to examine the BC burden in 12 South American countries between 1990 and 2019. The estimates of BC burden and risk factors were procured from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study for the period 1990-2019. Development levels of countries were gauged using socio-demographic index (SDI). Decomposition analysis was employed to categorizethe change in incidence between 1990 and 2019 into three factors: population growth, population aging and age-specific incidence rate. Estimated annual percent changes were calculated for each country and bivariate association between country-level age-standardized rates and SDI was examined using pooled regression. The age-standardized rates of breast cancer were the highest in Uruguay [incidence: 72.65 per 100,000 (55.79-92.57); mortality: 29.97 per 100,000 (27.54-32.27); disability-adjusted life years (DALYs: 810.49 per 100,000 (746.22-884.55)] and lowest in Peru [incidence: 27.63 per 100,000 (20.44-36.85); mortality: 10.79 per 100,000 (8.14-14.11); DALYs: 318.27 per 100,000 (234.47-421.16)]. Mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) across countries varied from 0.30 in Colombia to 0.55 in Bolivia in 2019. SDI had a positive and strong association with age-standardized incidence rate [Formula: see text] and weaker positive association with age-standardized mortality rate [Formula: see text] and age-standardized DALYs rate [Formula: see text]. Most countries experienced more than 70% increase in incident cases owing to population aging and age-specific incidence rates. Alcohol Use, diet high in red meat and smoking contributed the maximum DALYs in most countries in 2019 whereas DALYs due to high body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose increased most substantially between 1990 and 2019. With increasing incidence, high MIR and rising BC burden due to modifiable risk factors, several public health interventions are required in South America focusing on prevention, BC awareness among general public, cost-effective early detection and treatments that suit the socio-economic setup of South American countries.

Knockdown of LIMD2 inhibits the progression of ovarian carcinoma through ERK1/2 pathway.

The incidence rate of ovarian carcinoma (OC) is the third of the female reproductive system malignant tumors, while its mortality rate ranks first among causes of female reproductive system tumor related death in the world. In the present research, we investigated the specific role of LIMD2 through LIMD2 knockdown in OC cells. The results of online analysis and expression detection proved that LIMD2 was up-regulated in human OC tissues and cells. Knockdown of LIMD2 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion in OC cells. LIMD2 knockdown promoted the apoptosis, as well as the expression of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Bax. Importantly, knockdown of LIMD2 promotes cell autophagy. LC3-II/I ratio and Beclin1 expression increased in LIMD2 knockdown cells, while P62 expression declined in LIMD2 knockdown cells. Additionally, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was inhibited by the knockdown of LIMD2 in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Knockdown of LIMD2 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion and autophagy, and promotes the apoptosis through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, suggesting that LIMD2-siRNA may be an effective molecule to prevent OC progression.

Drivers of longevity of wild-caught Aedes albopictus populations

BackgroundAge structure and longevity constitute fundamental determinants of mosquito populations’ capacity to transmit pathogens. However, investigations on mosquito-borne diseases primarily focus on aspects such as abundance or dispersal rather than survival and demography. Here, we examine the post-capture longevity of wild-caught populations of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus to investigate the influence of environmental factors and individual frailty on longevity.MethodsWe captured females of Ae. albopictus from June to November 2021 in a vegetated and an urban area by two methods of capture (BG traps and Human Landing catch). They were kept in semi-controlled conditions in the field, and survival was monitored daily across the 859 individuals captured. We studied the differences in longevity per capture method and location and the influence on longevity of seasonal, climatic and individual factors.ResultsPhotoperiod, GDD, minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity showed an effect on the risk of death of females in the field. Females captured in urban area with Human Landing catch methods had greater longevity than females captured in non-urban areas with BG traps. Individual variance, reflecting individual frailties, had an important effect on the risk of death: the greater the frailty, the shorter the post-capture longevity. Overall, longevity is affected not only by climate and seasonal drivers like temperature and photoperiod but also by the individual frailty of mosquitoes.ConclusionThis work unravels environmental drivers of key demographic parameters such as longevity, as modulated by individual frailty, in disease vectors with strong seasonal dynamics. Further demographic understanding of disease vectors in the wild is needed to adopt new surveillance and control strategies and improve our understanding of disease risk and spread.

Secular trends and attributable risk factors of esophageal cancer deaths among non-elderly adults based on Global Burden of Disease Study.

Esophageal cancer (EC) poses a persistent threat to the health of non-elderly adults. This study aims to elucidate the temporal trends of EC-related mortality and investigate the impact of various risk factors on such deaths in the age group of 20-59years, spanning 3 decades. Data on EC deaths were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) study. We employed estimated average percentage change (EAPC) and linear mixed-effects (LME) models to analyze mortality trends and pertinent risk factors for EC. Between 1990 and 2019, EC mortality showed a downward trend, and the global number of deaths from EC among non-elderly adults surged by 24.37%. During this period, mortality rates saw an increase in only two regions-the Caribbean and Western Sub-Saharan Africa (EAPCs > 0). For male deaths, smoking and alcohol use emerged as the primary risk factors, while high body mass index (BMI) stood out as the main risk factor for female deaths. Furthermore, the LME model identified male sex, advancing age, alcohol use, smoking, and chewing tobacco as factors associated with an additional rise in EC deaths. EC continues to exert a substantial toll on mortality among young and middle-aged adults globally. Implementing targeted interventions are significant in alleviating the burden of this disease within this population.

Role of ancillary investigations in medicolegal autopsy to establish the cause of death and legal implications

Sudden death in young females can have various causes and it is important to investigate the cause thoroughly. In cases with a vague history, postmortem ancillary investigation can also help to establish or rule out potential causes of death, such as underlying medical conditions or environmental factors. These investigations may include various laboratory tests, such as toxicology, histology, microbiology, and genetic analysis, as well as radiological imaging studies. This information not only helps in ascertaining the cause and manner of death but also helps in establishing the legal connotations in any medicolegal case. This is a case of a young woman allegedly 18 years brought for a medicolegal autopsy. She had been feeling unwell for a few days before her death, experiencing vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Although no underlying disease was diagnosed, she was advised to take a pregnancy test. Fifteen days later, she died at home continuing to feel unwell. Upon autopsy, the young woman was found to be emaciated, and revealed a male fetus, of 4 to 5 months of gestational age, in her uterus. A radiological examination of bones conducted postmortem revealed that the age of woman was approximately 15 years old. Postmortem microbiology analysis revealed the presence of the bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides in a blood sample collected from the subclavian vein. The pathogenicity of this bacteria in the cause of death along with the role of ancillary investigation in the light of Indian criminal law and its challenges are being discussed.

Introduced the ITGB1-DT as a novel biomarker associated with five potential drugs using bioinformatics analysis of breast cancer proteomics data and RT-PCR

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) has been identified as a significant contributor to the rising number of female cancer deaths. As, it has become clear that breast cancer development depends on the interplay of several biological factors against a single molecule. This research aimed to use proteomics to gain a regulatory and metabolic understanding of BC pathophysiology. MethodFor the study, a breast cancer proteomics dataset was downloaded from ProteomeXchange and then analyzed by employing MaxQuant and Perseus. Functional enrichment analysis through Metascape and Cytoscape software showed DEPs related biomedical phenomena with potential abruption. The expression of selected lncRNA in terms of the highest connectivity parameters was then quantitatively assessed through RT-PCR in 30 tumor tissues of breast cancer patients, as compared to the adjacent healthy ones. ResultThe results indicated that among the 3048 identified proteins, 1149 were differentially expressed, which could be mainly enriched in several key terms. Furthermore, the obtained findings revealed that ITGB1-DT was significantly overexpressed in tumor tissues. Moreover, we found five potential compounds that could be attributed to ITGB1-DT targets (ATN-161, Firategrast, SB-683698, dabigatran-etexilate, and tranexamic-acid). ConclusionThese analyses proposed that ITGB1-DT could be employed as a differentiated factor to identify breast tumor tissues in healthy samples. Besides this, Firategrast could be introduced as a potential remedial agent for breast cancer patients. Overall, from the analysis of a proteomics dataset, an integrative map was generated, and a novel biomarker that may have been implicated in the early detection of BC was introduced.

Pattern of suspicious deaths of married females brought for medico-legal autopsy at teaching institute of India.

Death is unnatural and suspicious when it is caused by external causation like injury or poisoning or other than natural course. In such deaths of married females, the inquest is carried out, and a medico-legal autopsy is conducted to ascertain the cause of death and manner of death. This record-based, retrospective study was carried out at RVRS Medical College, Rajasthan in the year 2021 (1st January, 2021 to 31st December, 2021) to know the pattern of the suspicious death of married females brought for medico-legal autopsy. The inquest report, medico-legal autopsy report, histopathological examination report, and chemical analysis report findings were tabulated and analyzed. The maximum number (31.62%) of female deaths belonged to the age group of 18-22 years of age. A total of 33.82% of females died during a marriage duration of less than 5 years of married life. A total of 22.79% of female deaths were related to dowry and 60.2% of females belonged to rural areas. A total of 59.56% of females were died due to poisoning and 75% of female deaths considered suicidal. Suspicious deaths of married women brought for medico-legal autopsy must be dealt with due to precaution to determine the cause and manner of death. One must be vigilant that the suspicious death of a married female may be associated with dowry in the Indian scenario.

Relationship between Stress Levels and Sleep Quality of Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at Dharmais Cancer Hospital, DKI Jakarta Province in 2022

Breast cancer ranks first for women worldwide, with an incidence rate of 40 per 100,000 women with a death rate of 21.5% per year. It is estimated that around 15% of all female deaths worldwide are caused by breast cancer. Breast cancer causes physical and psychological problems simultaneously related to the disease or its treatment. One of the most common disturbances in breast cancer patients is stress. Stressors that breast cancer patients constantly face can impact the disruption of the hormone melatonin and increase adrenaline and cortisol hormones, resulting in disturbed sleep quality of cancer patients. Research objective: To determine the relationship between stress levels and sleep quality in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Research method: Correlational quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The total sample is 156 breast cancer patients taken by purposive sampling technique. Results: The results of the univariate analysis showed that most breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Dharmais Cancer Hospital experienced severe stress (51.9%), and most had poor sleep quality (60.9%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between stress levels and sleep quality in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital in 2022 (p-value: 0.000). Conclusions and Suggestions: It is hoped that the hospital will carry out stress management in cancer patients by providing health education or with relaxation techniques. So, it is hoped that this can improve the sleep quality of cancer patients

Acid ground nano-realgar processed product inhibits breast cancer by inducing mitophagy via the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway.

Breast cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy with the first morbidity and the primary reason for female cancer-related deaths worldwide. Acid ground nano-realgar processed product (NRPP) could inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and induce autophagy in our previous research; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, this research aimed to verify whether NRPP induces breast cancer mitophagy and explore the mitophagy-mediated mechanism. Primarily, rhodamine-123 assay and transmission electron microscopy were applied to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ultrastructural changes in the MDA-MB-435S cells, respectively. Mito-Tracker Green/Lyso-Tracker Red staining, western blot, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were used to explore molecular mechanisms of NRPP-induced mitophagy in vitro. MDA-MB-435S breast cancer xenograft models were established to assess the activity and mechanisms of NRPP in vivo. Our results showed that NRPP decreased MMP and increased autophagosome numbers in MDA-MB-435S cells and activated mitophagy. Furthermore, mitophagy was consolidated because mitochondria and lysosomes colocalized phenomenology were observed, and the expression of LC3II/I and COXIV was upregulated. Additionally, we found the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway was activated. Finally, NRPP inhibited tumour growth and downregulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Necrosis, damaged mitochondria and autophagosomes were observed in xenograft tumour cells, and proteins and mRNA levels of LC3, p53, BNIP3 and NIX were increased. Overall, NRPP inhibited MDA-MB-435S cell proliferation and tumour growth by inducing mitophagy via the p53/BNIP3/NIX pathway. Thus, NRPP is a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment.

The role of pyroptosis-related lncRNA risk signature in ovarian cancer prognosis and immune system

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death in females with gynecologic cancers. Pyroptosis is a relatively new discovered programmed cell death that is believed to be associated with inflammation. However, studies on pyroptosis-related lncRNAs in ovarian cancer are limited. In this study, we identified 29 pyroptosis-related genes and screened out 72 pyroptosis-related lncRNAs. Furthermore, the 72 lncRNAs were eliminated to 2 survival-related lncRNAs using Cox regression and Lasso regression to build an ovarian cancer prognostic prediction signature and were further validated on the test set. We adopted a riskscore from the two-gene signature, and the survival in low-risk group was higher than the high-risk group. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two risk groups were associated with tumor immunity. This study implies that pyroptosis-related genes are closely related to tumor immunity and could be potential therapeutic factors for ovarian cancer treatment.

Failure to control conventional cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes might explain worse mortality.

The standardised mortality rate (SMR) for people with diabetes in England is 1.5-1.7, with differences in outcomes between sexes. There has been little work examining the factors that could have an impact on this or on what may determine sex differences in outcome. Data were extracted for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Salford (England) in 2010 for the years up to 2020, including any deaths recorded. Expected deaths were calculated from annual Office of National Statistics mortality rate and life expectancy by age and gender, adjusted for the local Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). This provided the SMR deprivation (SMRd), and life expectancy years lost per death (LEYLD). The effects of treatment type, and clinical features on SMRd relative to sex were examined by univariable and multivariable analysis. Data from n=11,806 (F=5184; M=6622) patients were included. Of these, n=5540 were newly diagnosed and n=3921 died (F=1841; M=2080). In total, n=78,930 patient years. The expected deaths numbered n=2596 (adjusted for age, sex, and IMD). Excess deaths were n=1325 (F=689; M=636). Life expectancy years lost (LEYL) 18,989 (F=9714; M=9275). SMRd 1.51 (F=1.60; M=1.44) and LEYLD 4.84years (F=5.28; M=4.46). The impact of risk factors was not different by sex. However, women had higher prevalence of % diagnosed >65years of age; % last eGFR <60mLs/min/1.73m2 , and lower prevalence of % prescribed ACE-inhibitor/ARB, DPP4-inhibitor and SGLT2-inhibitor. Applying the male prevalence rate to the female population and expected mortality suggested n=437 (55%) of excess T2D female deaths were attributed to sex difference in the prevalence of these risk and protective factors. Outcomes in women with T2DM are worse than in men, contributed to by greater prevalence of adverse factors and less prescribing of cardioprotective medication.

Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundLung cancer is reported to be the leading cause of death in males and females, globally. Increasing evidence highlights the paramount importance of Lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) in different types of cancers, though it’s role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still inadequately explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate and determine the relationship between LDHD and LUAD.MethodsThe collection of the samples was guided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). To ascertain various aspects around LDHD function, we analyzed different expression genes (DEGs), functional enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. The predictive values for LDHD were collectively determined using the Kaplan–Meier method, Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram. Evaluation of the immune infiltration analysis was completed using Estimate and ssGSEA. The prediction of the immunotherapy response was based on TIDE and IPS. The LDHD expression levels in LUAD were validated through Western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry methods. Wound healing and transwell assays were also performed to illustrate the aggressive features in LUAD cell lines.ResultsThe results showed that LDHD was generally downregulated in LUAD patients, with the low LDHD group presenting a decline in OS, DSS, and PFI. Enriched pathways, which include pyruvate metabolism, central carbon metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were observed through KEGG analysis. It was also noted that the expression of LDHD expression was inversely related to immune cell infiltration and typical checkpoints. The high LDHD group’s response to immunotherapy was remarkable, particularly in CTAL4 + /PD1- therapy. In vitro studies revealed that the overexpression of LDHD caused tumor migration and invasion to be suppressed.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study revealed that LDHD might be an effective predictor of prognosis and immune filtration, possibly leading to better choices for immunotherapy.

Next-Generation Sequencing in Breast Cancer Patients: Real-World Data for Precision Medicine.

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in females. Numerous drug-targetable biomarkers and predictive biomarkers have been developed. Some researchers have expressed doubts about the need for next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies in daily practice. This study analyzed the results of NGS studies on breast cancer at a single institute and evaluated the real-world applications of NGS data to precision medicine for breast cancer. We retrospectively collected the results of NGS studies and analyzed the histopathologic features and genetic profiles of patients treated for breast cancer from 2010 to 2021. Seventy cases had data from CancerSCAN, a customized panel of 375 cancer-associated genes, and 110 cases had data from TruSight Oncology 500. The most frequently detected single nucleotide variant was the TP53 mutation (123/180, 68.3%), followed by PIK3CA mutations (51/180, 28.3%). Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mutation was detected in 11 patients (6.1%), of whom 10 had hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer, and two had no history of prior endocrine therapy. Based on their NGS study results, 13 patients (7.2%) received target therapy. Among them, four patients had a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation, and nine patients had a PIK3CA mutation. NGS can provide information about predictive biomarkers and drug-targetable biomarkers that can enable treatment and participation in clinical trials based on precision medicine. Further studies should be conducted to excavate novel drug-targetable biomarkers and develop additional target therapies.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PATTERN OF MEDICOLEGAL AUTOPSIES CONDUCTED AT KADAPA, ANDHRA PRADESH

Background: Death of an individual is a serious and grave loss to the family and community at large in whatever form it occurs whether natural or unnatural. Analysis of unnatural deaths helps in understanding the causes, manner, and modes of deaths thereby formulating and implementing a proper policy to reduce them. Methods: This is a retrospective study of autopsies conducted over 3 years (2020–2022) in the mortuary of Government Medical College, Kadapa. During this period, 1857 autopsies were performed. All the necessary data were collected from the police requisitions, inquest reports, hospital case sheets, medicolegal register, and postmortem reports in a performed pro forma. Results: Out of the 1857 cases, high proportion was in the age group of 21–30 years (40.26%), followed by 31–40 years (18.68%). Ratio of male to female was 2.57:1. Majority belonged to Hindu community (67.69%) and most of the subjects hailed from the rural areas (63.14%). Majority were married (70.86%). The most common cause of death was road traffic accidents (45.07%), followed by poisoning (15.67%). The manner of deaths was accidental deaths in most cases (57.78%) followed by suicidal deaths (36.02%). Conclusion: The present study reveals that most cases were in 21–30 years age group. The proportion of males outnumbered females and the subjects were mostly married and were from rural areas. Road traffic accidents were common cause of death in males and burns were the common cause of death in females.

Prevalence of Androgen Receptor in Invasive Breast Cancer and Its Association with Clinicopathologic Features in East Azarbaijan Province of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females. Accordingly, the evaluation of new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets is of vital importance. Here, we aimed to detect androgen receptor (AR) status and define its association with clinicopathologic parameters in patients with invasive breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, AR status was studied in 104 patients with invasive breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Besides, its association with clinicopathologic factors, i.e., age, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node involvement, tumor stage, tumor grade and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her2/neu, Ki-67and P53 were investigated. Results: AR was positive in 84 patients (80.8%), and its expression in ER-positive (85.7%) and PR-positive (85.6%) patients were remarkably higher than in ER-negative (46.2%) and PR-negative (50%) patients (p= 0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). AR expression was noticeably lower in Her2/neu-positive (25%) patients compared to Her2/neu-negative (87.9%) ones (p=0.000). AR expression was also higher in patients with smaller, earlier stage, and low mitotically active tumors, but the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The expression of AR in patients with breast cancer was found to be high and its association with ER-positive, PR-positive, and HER2/neu-negative tumors was found to be significant. In that light, this receptor may play an important role in the determination of prognosis and targeted therapy in breast cancer.

Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence in the United States during 2001–2019

Lung cancer ranks as one of the top malignancies and the leading cause of cancer death in both males and females in the US. Using a cancer database covering the entire population, this study was to determine the gender disparities in lung cancer incidence during 2001–2019. Cancer patients were obtained from the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The SEER*Stat software was applied to calculate the age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR). Temporal changes in lung cancer incidence were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. A total of 4,086,432 patients (53.3% of males) were diagnosed with lung cancer. Among them, 52.1% were 70 years or older, 82.7% non-Hispanic white, 39.7% from the South, and 72.6% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The AAIR of lung cancer continuously reduced from 91.0 per 100000 to 59.2 in males during the study period, while it increased from 55.0 in 2001 to 56.8 in 2006 in females, then decreased to 48.1 in 2019. The female to male incidence rate ratio of lung cancer continuously increased from 2001 to 2019. Gender disparities were observed among age groups, races, and histological types. In those aged 0–54 years, females had higher overall incidence rates of lung cancer than males in recent years, which was observed in all races (except non-Hispanic black), all regions, and adenocarcinoma and small cell (but not squamous cell). Non-Hispanic black females aged 0–54 years had a faster decline rate than males since 2013. API females demonstrated an increased trend during the study period. Lung cancer incidence continues to decrease with gender disparities among age groups, races, regions, and histological types. Continuous anti-smoking programs plus reduction of related risk factors are necessary to lower lung cancer incidence further.

Heart disease complicating pregnancy as a leading cause of maternal deaths in LMIC settings: the Sri Lankan experience.

Heart disease (HD) is one of the leading indirect causes of maternal deaths worldwide, both in high- and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to describe maternal deaths due to cardiovascular disease complicating pregnancy in Sri Lanka. The national Maternal Death Surveillance Response (MDSR) system in Sri Lanka investigates all female deaths during pregnancy and 12 months after delivery. These maternal death investigation records were perused in this analysis. Maternal deaths from 2006 to 2018 with HD complicating pregnancy as the immediate or underlying cause of death were re-coded using the ICD-11 classification. Of the 2855 pregnancy-related deaths reported to the MDSR from 2006 to 2018, 1646 (57.7%) were confirmed as maternal deaths. Of those, 284 (17.25%) were attributed to HD complicating pregnancy. The cause-specific maternal mortality ratio due to heart disease from 2006 to 2018 was 7.24 per 100,000 live births. Rheumatic heart disease was the leading cause of HD (60, 21.1%), while cardiomyopathies (59, 20.7%) and congenital anomalies (34, 12.0%) accounted for a sizeable share. Medically contraindicated pregnancies accounted for 54 (19%) deaths. Application of the 3-delay model identified 186 (65.5%) cases with possible delays. Out of all deaths, 158 (55.6%) cases were categorized as preventable. Preventing maternal mortality from HD in LMICs requires a lifecycle approach with situation-specific interventions and highly specialized care. Community awareness, capacity building related to management, and specific infrastructure development will be key strategies. None.

Task-shifting for point-of-care cervical cancer prevention in low- and middle-income countries: a case study from Uganda.

Cervical cancer remains the leading cause of female cancer deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. This is despite cervical cancer being both preventable and curable if detected early and treated adequately. This paper reports on a series of action-research 'cycles' designed to progressively integrate a comprehensive, task-shifted, point-of-care, prevention program in a community-based public health facility in Uganda. The work has been undertaken through a UK-Ugandan Health Partnership coordinated by Knowledge for Change, a UK-registered Charity. The intervention demonstrates the effectiveness of task-shifting responsibility to Community Health Workers combined with the use of Geographic Information Systems to strategically guide health awareness-raising and the deployment of medical devices supporting respectful and sustainable point-of-care screen-and-treat services. The integration of this with public human immunodeficiency virus services demonstrates the ability to engage hard-to-reach 'key populations' at greatest risk of cervical cancer. The findings also demonstrate the impact of external influences including the Results Based Financing approach, adopted by many foreign Non-Governmental Organizations. The model presents opportunities for policy transfer to other areas of health promotion and prevention with important lessons for international Health partnership engagement. The paper concludes by outlining plans for a subsequent action-research cycle embracing and evaluating the potential of Artificial Intelligence to enhance service efficacy.

Breast Cancer Detection by Extracting and Selecting Features Using Machine Learning

The cancer of the breast is a significant cause of female death worldwide, but especially in developing countries. For better results and higher survival rates, early diagnosis and screening are crucial. Machine learning (ML) methods can aid in the initialdiscovery and diagnosis of breast cancer by choosing the most informative elements from medical data and eliminating irrelevant ones. The approach of feature extraction involves taking unstructured data and extracting a representative set of characteristics that may be used to classify or forecast data. The aim is to decrease the dimensionality of the feature space while upholding or even refining the accuracy of the ML model. An artificial intelligence model is developed on the given features to categorize mammography images into benign and malignant groups. Different supervised learning techniques, including support vector machines, random forests, and artificial neural networks, are employed and contrasted in order to select the best-performing model. This research offers a comprehensive framework for utilizing machine learning methods to detect breast cancer. The technique demonstrates how it might assist radiologists in the early detection of breast cancer by effectively extracting and selecting critical characteristics that could improve patient outcomes and potentially save lives.

Histopathological Patterns and Outcomes of Triple-Positive Versus Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Cancer Center.

Background One of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in females under 45 years old is breast cancer (BC). The definition of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the lack of expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) as well as progesterone receptors (PRs) and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2) gene amplification. Triple-positive breast cancer (TPBC), on the other hand, is defined as tumors expressing a high level of ER, PR, and HER2 receptors. This study aims to assess the phenotypes of TNBC and TPBC by comparing their individual clinical behavior patterns and prognosis throughout the course of the disease in a tertiary cancer center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods Our study is a retrospective study using electronic medical records (EMRs) to identify all female patients diagnosed with BCusing the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) codes (between C50 and C50.9). About 1209 cases with primary BC female patients were recognized based on histopathology reports. Further subclassification into TPBC and TNBC was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using Rv3.6.2 (R Studio, version 3.5.2, Boston, MA, USA). The descriptive data were presented as means and standard deviations (SD).Survival curves were approximated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The comparison between survival curves between both groups was achieved using the log-rank test. The multivariate model was constructed based on the identified predictors using univariate analysis. Results Univariate analysis of overall survival (OS) showed that mortality was higher in TNBC compared to TPBC (HR = 2.82, P-value <0.05). However, in a multivariate analysis, molecular subtypes did not show a significant effect on OS with a P-value of 0.94. We found that age at diagnosis has been associated with a 4% increase in mortality risk with a yearly rise in age. Conclusion In this limited retrospective cohort study, we found that TNBC may not be associated with a higher risk of death than TPBC. However, other factors, including age at diagnosis, surgical intervention, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), have been observed to increase the risk of mortality. On the other hand, patients with TNBC were found to have a worse prognosis in terms of local recurrence.This information cannot be generalized to all patients with BC given the limitations of this study. Further, larger cohorts are needed to explore biological and treatment-related outcomes in patients with TNBC and TPBC.